germans who got out of the nuclear power business. so making nuclear threats in countries like germany really resonate. and that's -- he's playing the nuclear card. and the fact that his former prime minister, dmitry medvedev a day ago also threatened to pull out of the new s.t.a.r.t. treaty, that would lead to a new nuclear arms race. that would take us back more than 70 years when neither russia nor america's nuclear arsenals were under any kind of limitation. so they're really uping the nuclear ante. >> what now is either the symbolism or the direct messaging from germany today when the chancellor olaf scholz says they'll look to increase defense spending. is that germany, you know, standing up to putin in a different way? >> yes, i think this is a threshold moment for germany.