past. this -- it -- it won't be easy to hold and move forward for the russians, will it, in a political or social sense? >> well, this is a country that fiercely values its heritage and its independence. and it is going to fight desperately to hold onto that against russia and from everything we have seen, the russian soldiers -- many of them don't even know why they are there. some of them don't even know where they are. so, um, there is a sort of fierce determination at the top spurred on by mr. putin, and at the bottom there are a lot of russian soldiers who are semi-motivated. ac of course wungs you get shot at, you either fall back or get aggressive. but thus far, the army has underperformed what our expectations were. that may change in coming days. they have certainly got the overwhelming mass and as they come and circle in and around kyiv, and cut off the ukrainian forces that are outside kyiv, it's going to be a tough fight.