Pleasure of introducing to you i said to him, Cardinal Turkson, what can i call you . He said how will that peter. I will not use peter, i would use Cardinal Turkson. He is at the forefront of the ideas we have been discussing this morning in the few minutes we have gotten started as we have laid out the imperative of this conference. He has some familiarity with the united states. He went to school there. He went back to ghana, became an archbishop and then a cardinal, first nominated by Pope John Paul ii. Pope benedict brought them here to the vatican and pope francis has given him this new response ability. Here is what hope francis said handed this responsibility which begins january 2017. He will be competent in issues involving migrants, those in need, this sick, excluded and marginalized, as well as victims of armed conflict, natural disasters in all forms of slavery and torture. You have your hands full. [laughter] Cardinal Turkson that is quite a case. Good morning to all of you. Very glad to be in your midst this morning to share these thoughts of frances with with you. If the government dealt with this, i dont know how many ministries they would have. Hope francis, as part of his reform, decided to bring the different offices. There used to be in office that ,ealt with migrants humanitarian assistance and health care and sanitation. It has been a very good arrowhead for effectiveness. He decided to bring them all together under one head. That is what he is preparing for. From the beginning, we decided this should not be a marriage of offices. We decided to formulate a new vision of pope francis for the involvement of the social arena. In the process of formulating when we were done, we saw what offices we need to carry out this vision. Charlie you had a lot to do with the popes encyclical of the environment. Connecting what happened with the environment and poverty. I want to pick up on this theme. Tell me what you think of business and what you think might come out of this conference in terms of what business can do and what the church can do in a very concrete way when attacking questions of poverty and inequality . Cardinal turkson concretely now, i came to the vatican in 2010. This was the middle of the financial crisis. We thought it was our responsibility to provide a way of looking at this financial situation for business because of banking and all of that. One of the first things we did was help and encourage the pointing,stop accusing the world of business. We produced a small booklet called the invocation of the business leader. We invited Business Leaders to come and tell us what they do. Us, when people want to become priests, brothers or nuns. A invitation to businesses for the Resources Available as cocreators, partners with god. Making the resources of nature set of rules of humanity. We say that god created the tree, not furniture. We have business transform trees into furniture and minerals. That is what we think a business is. Inis a partner with god bringing the resources of nature to the contribution of humanity. I think business not only those who enable business, who go to work, so the investors, but also those who need to benefit from business. We encouraged business to do that. Sometimes we have to encourage people to recognize the reasons. Seellls ishat what it dignified. To ensure the wealth is also good wealth. And to ensure that the customer, the relationship is good. When this is observed, businesses are very dignified in the role of society. Business vow oes their responsibility to stakeholders and the public . Cardinal turkson they invest to bring in business deals. The character of business depends on more than who bring in the money. If we are dealing with a mining company, for example, there is a place to go to. A lot of people lived on the terrain. Peoples lives will be transformed by the mining activity. Thanved in this just more for the investors. We encourage a holistic view of business. By the end of the day, bottom line for us is that everything that happens should serve the worlds wellbeing. The human person is the only thing god created for its own sake. Everything else was created for the wellbeing of the human person. The human person was created not to serve anything else. When therefore the exercise of business or any other human ndsivity of engagement te to make man set another goal and they suffer distortion. Everything should help the human person. The human person cannot be reduced. Charlie do you believe that, or does the church believed there regulation it is not so much the market economy itself, but the ideology behind it. Marketception of the which exists in political oversight and regulation. What did the holy father mean . Cardinal turkson you will meet him tomorrow. He were probably tell you what he meant. [laughter] i think there is something from this we can pick up. When i got here, we produced a small booklet. We called it reforming the Financial System and went on to say in the life of a global authority, Global Financial authority. The booklet was well received in several places. It got to frankfurt to the bundesbank to discuss with businesspeople and all of that. Of thelysis we made crisis was accepted. Identified technological causes. When it came to establishing global authority, to exercising oversight, there we had the greatest resistance. The establishment of any form of authority to regulate this is not easy. That is probably why the book was referred to. The only time we can guarantee all so well. Hat alsit thereds to be fixed and is the problem of who controls it. A certain out of control is the ethical ensure these. All of charlie in america, they call it dodd frank. [laughter] the idea of the dignity of work. Charlie in you have asked us, the world to consider the dignity of work to be aboutwe ought having machines pe perform the work of human beings. Cardinal turkson this i think will be a problem that will engage our creativity for quite a bit of time. Ii, we were invited not to produce work. Its objective creations. We have been invited to recognize what work does for the human person. We have been invited to recognize the objective and subjective character of work. Not reduced to what we produce, but what it does to the worker or person. Nity not because of salary or putting bread on the table, but creating a human person that can provide opportunity and wants to exercise its own creativity, put the work his own talents. The sense of work is not to be limited to the recognizeoduce, but does it improve the subjective nature, character of the person who exercises the work. The dignity of the person himself is what he does. That is how one person resembles god, producing himself out of his own creativity and talent. Charlie the dignity of family. In the washington post, a columnist said the thing about globalization and the rise of populism and all of that it said globalized elite are leading participants in a system with removing capital and rapid innovation. During the past 20 years, it has taken one billion people out of extreme poverty around the world. This is arguably the greatest humanitarian achievement in history. Without debating the greatest, that is a remarkable achievement. So, the point here i keep coming back to it what is necessary to make sure that business withos, all the resources, the opportunities, on the Human Capital businesses have, the best and brightest in many cases how do you employ it along lines of morality and profit . Cardinal turkson the statement you just quoted of business, lifting a lot of people out of poverty, it goes on to say why. Charlie it does. Cardinal turkson lifted a lot and inequality has been increased. It would be great lifting people out of poverty does not increase inequality in any way. Exactly what does it require . I think it is to be commended helps. De and commerce give opportunity for occasion to people to exercise their own creativity, talents. But, it will be great if in the also able toe are make the threat of business and avenues of work does not inequality from this. It isnow how many best not to go into countries. Introducedcases, it a lot of work but also widened the gap between the rich and the poor. Charlie the question is could it have reduced it lifted so many people out of poverty without increasing the gap of inequality and what is the pathway to do that . What can the church do . [laughter] think you doson i this by asking them not to make profit the Main Objective of business, investment and activities, but to recognize as a main goal of business the lifting people out of poverty. I know that business requires investment, but profit may not become the objective. As for what the church can do, i think they can give us an outlet for promoting and lifting people out of poverty by directing resources and investment to needy areas. And, we have a case before us now were looking at haiti and south sudan. Povertye places with and we need to build a model that enables to get them out of poverty. Next year, one of our concerns would be to try to see thew paths that have failed and adopt new ones. We have the means to change the orbit in which people live and do that in the case housing, work and access to work. So, housing, work and, if you want, what we call land. Access the property to property. Have roof overem, their head and work to sustain their lives nand ultimately something they can call their own personal capital, we will succeed in transforming the orbit in which people live. Charlie there is a call for action that a colleague of mine said you can do well and do good at the same time. Cardinal turkson we wish we could do well. I think there is a lot of goodwill out there. Thee the beginning of appointment of pope francis, there has been a lot of goodwill to the call to action by pope francis. We have received gifts from fast food chains who said we heard what the pope is singing, what can we do . Begin by looking by your supply at your supply chain. You will have helped many people. There are some of that say we recogniz success of energy is a problem in a lot of countries. They want to help with production and scale so that people do not struggle with smoke and lung cancer. That is something we welcome. On bit of information account of this, the access to 2017 in in the new forms of energy for the huge or. The vatican decided to participate. We are learning about new technology in form of energy. Trying to tell a story that tells the origin of humanity. Again, the hands of humanity. Bad . D good, is god and that emphasize lifting people out of poverty. It is energy within all of us. We identify that as spiritual energy. That leads us to pray, meditate and do good things. Charlie thank you so much for coming. Cardinal turkson thanks to you all. [applause] charlie here is what i want to know who is watson . What is watson . John most people think of watson as the game machine on jeopardy the infamous match almost five years ago. Watson is much more than that. Watson is the beginning of a new era of computing. You think about computing which has almost a century of calhnology mechani switches and then we moved to programmable systems that we tell what to do. Watson is the first of the next generation of computing, built andbig data and extracting understanding massive amounts of data to help humans make decisions. Charlie tell me about watsons intelligence. Its watson gains intelligence from the data it gathers or given. It has no inherent intelligence as it starts. It is essentially a child. As it is given data and outcomes, it learns which is dramatically different from all computing systems in the past which really learned nothing. Data,re it interacts with the smarter it gets. Charlie what is its potential . John i think it is unlimited. Data keeps growing every day. Troubles every year. Data, they continue to work on this. As it interacts with humans, it becomes smarter and never forgets. Charlie it is almost like watching something grow up. You have seen it passed the test, get smarter, assimilate more. You are watching adolescence. John that is a great analogy. On the jeopardy game five years ago, when we put the Computer System on television, we had no control of it. Ioften feel as though as was putting my child on the school bus and i had no control over it. Charlie it was reacting to something it did not know. John it had no idea the questions it would get. I could not touch it any longer and it has learned ever since. Fastforward five years later, we are in cancer now. We worked with the best people in the field, the best computer scientists. More importantly, we work with the best oncologists. They helped us teach watson. They told us what data to feed watson. They told us the best human knowledge. Watson learned over that time. Charlie would watson does is helps find information . John no, it helps us make better decisions. The analogy i would use is the search we use on the internet helps us find information. Charlie watson does what . John watson goes through the information but understands the information. It reasons on that information. It builds a model for what is being said. It understands relationships. It is not just looking for keywords and it will come back to an answer for question or in observation we cannot see. Charlie it is only as good as the information you put in it. John correct. The more it learns, it consumes more information. It has dates on every clinical trial, drug discovery. Charlie every medical document, every clinical trial, everything of importance to making decisions in the medical arena. That data is already there. John yes, it is updated every day. Charlie how does watson analyze . John watson takes it in and has a series of computer learning engines that tries to make sense of what it is seeing. It has already built a model of its world. As it gets new information, it assimilates that knowledge and tries to put it into categories like we do. Charlie how much control do you give it . John we control through the data we feed it. Relevant it will learn on. Charlie do people say to themselves when they hear about intelligence and here watson, named after one of the founders, and they say how smart can it be and can it be as smart as human beings . John it can be it depends on your definition of smart. Intelligence andit can be smarg information, reasoning information and getting insights on why is it too large . When i speak to doctors or lawyers, they always tell me im in cognitive overload. I cannot keep up with this information. I need a system to support me and give me reasons. Charlie and watson becomes their best friend. John in the health care industry, it is referred to as their learned colleague. Charlie how do you give watson voice and image . John on the day of the original jeopardy game, we created the voice that is infamous with watson. It is computergenerated. Charlie how did you make the decision on what it would sound like . John we could have given it any voice. We did a lot of Market Research and we wanted a voice that was difficult. It have to sound Something Like a machine. Charlie why was that important . John we wanted to represent what technology can now do. We were not trying to recreate a human being difficult. Or human knowledge. Charlie putting hair on it. John it is still a machine. Charlie does it have personality . John today, it does not have a personality but you can understand your personality and can take your language and understand the words in the pattern of your speech. Based on that and its knowledge of technology psychology, it can build charlie it can make a profile of me. John based on the words you use and the profile. As we get into neurological diseases and diseases of the brain, we are finding that watson can pick out patterns of speech which often are early indicators of neurological problems. Charlie that is crucial, isnt it . John it is crucial. Charlie it is early detection. John thats right. It opens up a whole new set of possible therapies. Charlie how does it do that . John it listens very carely to the words you use and the patterns. It says it will affect speech. Actually your speech is a tremendous window into your mind. Often, neurological diseases manifest themselves in speech patterns first. Charlie people who have a. L. S. Have said to me they first noticed it in voice. John and we can clearly see speech patterns in pete who have schizophrenia and other things. Charlie there is knowledge, and then there is ethics and morales . John it only knows what we teach it. Charlie so you can teach it ethics . John it can only learn what our ethics are. It doesnt develop its own ethics. It can look at our patterns of conclusions and minimalic that. Charlie is there any reason for it to be an ethical or moral machine . John there is no reason for it to be one way or another. Charlie what do you wish it had . John when we did the original jeopardy match, it did one thing and did it well. It under stood language and open do main questions. But it had no oiblet to understand images. If you feed is a digital image, it had no idea what it was. Since that time we have taught watson bakely how to see and how to analyze images. So much of the worlds information now is images. 2 3 or 3 4 of the data in health care now is in images. Charlie because it is about the brain. John that is right. It is about the brain, not the eye. What watson does is it looks at images. We tell it, this is it and this is that, and it learns on its on to then go forward and understand images. All we need to do is tell it what is what to begin with, and it will extract its own understanding and machine learning. Charlie but is that the way you teach it, just by the information you give it . John yes. That is what is so different about this era of computing. In the past we would have to go in with programmers and tell the machine to do something differently. In this case you dont reprogram watson. You give it new information. It develops and reasons in new ways and gets new insights on it own in working with humans. Charlie when did you make the decision that that was the way to go . John in early 2000s were looking at what at the time was Artificial Intelligence. Everyone before this effort had tried to build systems that directly mimiced human understanding, human learning. They were developing all sorts of rules. They were trying to Program Systems to be like the brain. There were some tremendous breakthroughs in i. B. M. Research that said we are not going to do it that way. We are going to do it differently, purely statistical. We are going to put learning engines in, and we are not going to tell the system. We are going to give it the ability to learn. That was a tremendous breakthrough in technology and will be a tremendous breakthrough in history. Charlie and that was the history you based the company on . You basically said to i. M. B. This is our future right here . John thats right. We have fundamentally made the decision this was about helping humans make better decisions. Charlie rather than try to imitate or duplicate . John tats right. Charlie why is that the better way to go . John we have proven time and me again that man plus machine will beat man or machine. Charlie any doubts about that decision . Have you been confirmed in that decision by everything that happened since you made it . John yes. And we see cases in every industry and every do main now, domain where that things, an of expert in a field make a better decision in a timely matter. A doctor only has a few minutes to prepare for a patient. Bring that capability together. Now the doctor can make a better decision with the patient. Charlie what has surprised you in this . John there were many times in the early days when we were bringing up the watson system that it would answer a question, charlie, and i was stunned. It was how did it do that . We would go back and look at all the computer traces to figure out how it did it. I thought i was shocked and surprised at that time. But when i look at what watson has done in areas Like Health Care in the last three years, it has basically gone to medical school, through its residency and has become an expert in some forms of cancer in three or three and a half years. Charlie so your child has gone to medical school and is now an expert. John it is true. Charlie do you feel a certain fraternity . John i am proud of the team. I am proud of the i. B. M. Company who made the investments in this. It is now bigger. There is a whole new field that has resurrected in the i. T. Industry, and i think it is going to transform not just the i. T. Industry but health care and all the other important questions for society. Charlie the other thing you have been witness to is the cultural shift in terms of artificial spell janssen. Everybody was instantly attracted to the idea. Then there was the lull. Now every company that i know that is a tech company in the forefront of their business is thinking about an Artificial Intelligence component of their business. John thats right. Charlie you watch this happen in a short time. John a very short time. People studied Artificial Intelligence in the 40s and 50s. The best universities and companies failed at it, but they were trying approaches that wouldnt work. The break through here is to try an entirely different approach. I think the watson has stunned people, and now it has attracted tremendous attention. Charlie talk me through the jeopardy challenge, what it was, what it meant and how you handle it had . John i think it was a tremendous inflection point. Charlie because you had done chess already and learned something from that. John thats right. These games are often viewed as man versus machine, but we are trying to focus our technologist on some thause was a milestone. The goal here wasnt the jeopardy match. That was just a demonstration of its ability. Charlie i want to know ottawa what i want to know you learned from chess . Could beat w they kasparov. John we built a very large computer that could make all gary ly moves faster than kasparov. That but was take tackle a deep search problem. Watson is aimed at an entirely different problem. The worlds data now is so large, and people cannot deal with it and extract knowledge quickly enough. So we are trying to improve decisionmaking versus do deep searches in a game. Charlie so the jeopardy challenge represented what . John we felt the jeopardy challenge was interesting because it tackled the natural language problem. Natural language is very difficult for a Computer System. Charlie what do you mean by natural language . John our speaking english. Very difficult for computers. It wants to be written in computer languages, which is what programming is all about. We wanted to teach this system to understand first english and other natural languages. So much of our knowledge is in natural language, written in books. Now it is all digitized. So we felt the first milestone was to really crack the natural language and to be able to answer any question in any field quickly better than those two human beings. That was quite a challenge. That was a major milestone. We were looking beyond just into images. E, charlie how long did it take you to get it ready . John we started about five years before the match. At that time it was taking watson hours to answer one question, and it never got it right. But i knew about 12 to 18 months before that match that we were going to be headtohead with those human beings, and it was going to be a very close match at that time. I remember when i introduced the match to the audience that day, i said to the audience, you know this is not a question of if. This is only a question of when a machine will be able to win at this game. I dont know if we will see it today, but we will see it soon. Charlie there is some story i read somewhere about a bunch of people at an event, and there is a television on in another room, and they all rush in there they all want to watch jeopardy. That taught you what . John we love grand challenges inism b. M. What is a problem a system has never done before . We had a bunch of researchers in a restaurant, and at the time there was a famous jeopardy match on the tv over the bar. My team got up and ran name got up and ran in there. We said if we can build a machine to do that, that is a big goal. Charlie that is a big day you realize if we can do this, the future is ours . John thats right. The day we realized if we can do that, the future is ours. And then the day that the team said we are going to do it this way versus the old traditional base . Charlie was it a sure bet . John not at all. You know how to access all the orlandos information. John everyone had failed at this before. For decades. Charlie why had they failed . John because they had tried to basically, in structured ways, recreate the human mind and recreate human intelligence, which we still have no idea how to do. Charlie they failed because it was man plus machine. John thats right. Our goal was to only help humans make better decisions. Charlie so tell me about the final jeopardy challenge. I mean your heart was beating faster. Maybe you have done all this work for naught . John yes. But you know, charlie, the day before we would have told atson to dont embarrass i. B. M. Or try to play the other two players or play to win no matter what. We told watson play to win. Charlie how do you tell watson to play to win . John you tell it to bet more money and get more aggressive to try to win. You can imagine what the outcomes could have been. Charlie it is like a boxing match, and you are telling your fighter go for the knockout, go for the win. John it was big for i. B. M. Anniversary in 2011. More importantly for our industry, where are we going to take technology in the future . It is not just about gadgets that are cell phones and things. It is about how are we going to hit humans make better decisions . How are we going to solve the health care problems, the climate problems, et cetera . While winning that game fell good, to me it was a confirmation that we could go on and change the borland with this technology. Charlie you really believe you can do that, change the world . John yes. Charlie change every industry . John thats right. In fundamental ways. Not only are we going to take the cost out of the health care system, which is bankrupt cant countries, we are going to improve the outcomes. They systems are going to help doctors save lives. Charlie you know people are going to doubt you . John yes. Charlie why do you think they doubt you . John they doubt because technologies like this have failed in the best. But i think while they doubt, closely. Us very been an here has explosion of spell janssen in the tech industry. This is one you cannot miss. Because it is a learning system, longer you wait to get on the train, you further behind you will be because that machine is learning every day and getting martyr, and smarter and smarter. Charlie smarter today than yesterday but not as smart as it will be tomorrow. But you are saying you have to get on board now . John yes. This is not a technology where you let the early adeposit ters do it, wait until it is debugged and then get on the train. Because the train will be way out of the station, and it is accelerating because we are feeding it more data. You want to be an early adopter, and you want the machine to start learning in your domain. The earlier the better. Charlie in the evolution from jeopardy to fighting cancer, what was necessary to go that distance . John well, three to five years to get it done. The first thing is watson had to understand the language of health care and the language of cancer, because it is different. Charlie so one thing watson had to do was understand natural language, and then it has to understand the language of cancer . John of cancer, which is very sophisticated. It then had to ingest all of the information in the medical literature about cancer. Then we had to have top doctors help to train watson to say that this means that, this means that, to basically prime the pump of learning and get watson learning on cancer. Charlie m. D. Anderson is there, and a lot of people identify them a the cutting edge. When you came to them with the possibility of this, what was their response . John interestingly, they came to us. They came to us. The top docs said i have never seen a tool like this. I think we can do this with watson. I think we can go africanser with watson. I think we can scale our knowledge, the best in the world not just to make the very best better, but to help the rest of the oncologists who dont have access to those facilities and the leading edge information. This system has been trained by the best, learns all new relevant information every day, and in seconds, any oncologist has access to the worlds best language. Charlie it is dependent on what has been fed into it. Can it make a missed diagnosis . John it can. Watson is never perfect. It has the ability to mean it is more right than wrong, but it is never perfect. It can be very, very precise and accurate, often better than human beings. Charlie often . John in cases where watson has had sufficient data and sufficient time to learn, it will be as good or better than the best because it has more data to ingest than any other human being. Charlie success is termed by return on investment . John it is in business. This may separate i. B. M. It is the core of our strategy. It is one of the reasons we are 105 years old in addition to the ability to change. But we want to help society. We chose health care as the first place to aim watson. Yes, it is big, and digitized and we want to have a big business there. But we felt the impact that we could have on human lives was beyond anything we could have in any other industry. We are started there. Charlie but you have to be careful. You cant over promise . John that is correct. But the potential of this, i have been in this industry0 aids. 1 2 effect i have bibblet some of the largest super computers. I was involved in the system that beat kasparev. This is like something i have never seen before. What is most exciting to me is not that it is a bigger faster computer. It is going to transform health care. They are working with Artificial Intelligence. They are applying it to their own business model. They took on the game of go recently. Charlie and won. That is even a more complex game than jeopardy i would argue. John no. Would say it is like a chess game. More complicated in the sense there are more moves than a chess game. But you are basically looking at combinations of steps. That is a different problem. Charlie could you have beaten go . John well, if we had focused on that problem, that was not our goal. We wanted to go after the big data problem. We wanted to go after industries. We wanted to help humans that were basically in this cognitive overload because of information, and we wanted to help them make better decisions. Charlie is any of this scary to you . John not at all. Charlie allpowerful Artificial Intelligence, knows where we are, what we are changing, and some suggest one day may control us. John it only knows what we feed it. Charlie is it possible for it to be more powerful and the person who fed it . John who we are and the things we bring to decisions that watson can never do. Every new technology, everybody will have some fear of what it could do. Locomotive trains. They are going to accelerate forever, and we are going to be in trouble. The way i look at it is what is the cost of not pursuing there . There is no other technology that is going to help us find better cures for cancer and treat things per than watson. It will always be limited by the information we feed it and the interaction with humans. Charlie i know a lot of other people who have reservations in addition to bill gates and others. John some people, to be honest, still think of the old idea of Artificial Intelligence. Charlie a lot of things to keep up with. John they keep up with technology, but if you really understand how a system like watson learns and what it cant learn without certain information, it can be comfortable. Charlie what tech changes will make watson better today than the next five years . John the Wonderful Technology we have brought to the cloud is an advantage. We can access watson any place on the planet instantaneously through the cloud. That has been a tremendous break through. But still the quantity of deity generated by human beings is surpassing what Underlying Technology can keep up with. We need real breakthroughs in nderlying microtechnology. We need new mathematical algo rhythms, new technologies that can find more subtle information. Charlie so watson has put a demand on everything that is known now, and to go further, they have to get per. They will or even watson wont be able to keep up with the amount of data that we are generating. Charlie in that arena, what excites you the most, the arena of things that watson is demanding you do in order for it to do what it is capable of doing, given, updating, modifying, improving, creating new . John the merging of data from different sources is producing new insights. We are working with a medical divides company, fascinating, around the disease of diabetes. We have taken the knowledge plerned through the medical literature, the millions of things we have access to in dive particulars, and we take machinegenerated data, we bring all of that together, and for the first time ever, watson was ability a hype t the onset of guys mick attack hours ahead of it. There is an alarm that goes off when you are almost in critical condition. Charlie almost, but not . John but not, but you had better get to the emergency room instantaneously. You are going to have severe problems. Charlie if you look at watson today, is it at 10 of its potential, 25 of its potential, 509 of its potential . John it is only at a few percent of its potential. I think this is a multidecade journey that we are on with this kind of technology, and we are only a few years into it, and we are just starting to learn about the capabilityles of these systems. We are only a few percent into the ultimate potential of this. The way we are generating data, the capability is on a exponential curve. Charlie it is a giant voyage into the new world. John it is, and we are at the very beginning. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org asiapacific stocks joined the relief rally. Gold at its lowest level since february. Oil touch as 16month high after opec invites independent producers to discuss output curves. South koreas political scandal has seen some of its Biggest Companies holding to parliament for question. And japan considers legalizing casinos