I am pleased to welcome bill gates back to this table. Welcome. Bill thank you. Charlie ive read the shareholders letter which will aftereased tonight right this show. Here is what seems to me, with all of the concentration on the station, all of the great things that have taken place, two things come out of it. One is agriculture and your understanding of how crucial agriculture was and second is energy. So you pose this question. If you could have a superpower, what would it be . You could think about being able to defy gravity. Being able to see through walls. Anything. But you said what . Bill i said energy. Getting energy for everyone would transform their life as much as anything i can think of. The idea of flipping a light switch on or setting the temperature to hot or cold, if you went to somebody in africa who does not have energy and said that was possible, it would seem as bizarre as somebody flying or seeing through walls. It really is a kind of superpower. Americans have the equivalent of 200 humans pushing an axle on their behalf so their lights light up and materials get made and their food gets made. You know, it is that much modern life is that much about energy intensity. Charlie you showed two things of interest. You showed a map of africa at night, and parts of africa are almost dark. Thing to readary that 18 ofer is the population do not have electricity. Bill in africa, unless we do better than the current expectation, 80 will be without 80 of the people without electricity will be in africa 30 years from now. They have not progressed to that much. When you go there at night, melinda and i were at the suburbs, it is eerie because all of the light is people burning things in big oil barrels. You think that this is some strange movie, not a city at all. Charlie the goal is to cut Greenhouse Gases by 80 by 2050 . Bill yeah, as long as you are emitting Greenhouse Gases, co2 in particular, it stays in the atmosphere for hundreds of years. Not all of it, but most of it. The rest of it goes into the soil or the oceans, and then you have acidification problems. That long residence in the atmosphere means as long as you are increasing co2, you have a positive warming trend, and that warming trend is what creates the Strange Weather and causes crops to not grow as well, and particularly in equatorial regions, you are getting up to heat levels that plants and humans do very poorly at. Ironically, as you go to northern latitudes, there is a net benefit there, but a lot of humanity, particularly the poorest, live in the area where the heat will cause terrible problems. Charlie the majority of the Worlds Energy is produced by fossil fuels. Bill overwhelmingly. And if you take the forecast made, without some incredible innovation, that will continue for 40 years. Very responsible forecasts of the path we are on today, we will not be able to make a change away from that. Charlie unless we do what . Bill innovation to me is the answer to most problems, including energy. I think of india as paradigmatic because they do not have electricity, they are collecting firewood. Its destroying their environment. The women are breathing smoke. They get respiratory disease. It is awful for their health, even if they survive. They do not have light at night to read. They cant get protein in their diet. There is every reason why india should have electricity. Its great for their people. Unfortunately, their straightforward path to get there is coal. Yet india is big enough, theres enough people, if they go down that path, we will not meet any of our Climate Change goals. And yet, today, we have no alternative that is even close to as cheap, including reliability, which is always a fundamental characteristic of energy systems. You cannot power india as cheaply with the other things as you can with coal. Only through innovation can you square the circle and say should india electrify as fast as it can or should india avoid Greenhouse Gas emission . But they will not admit as we fullt even if they go the course, they will not have forted as much as we have 100 years. Charlie is this your biggest passion . Bill it is the long lead time thing that requires so much coordination and science and politics come together i am very fascinated by it. I still have polio eradication and our health stuff as the things where i feel it, gosh, we are on track. We know what to do. This one is in the category of great importance and if you wait 20 years to get started, then the time it takes to invent, to change the system, you are really going to miss the window on it. It has a funny kind of urgency even though the damage in the next 20, 30 years is not that dramatic. Charlie youve got to get it started . Bill absolutely. Charlie you believe you could get to zero by the beginning of the next century . Bill i believe innovation there are so many different paths. We only need one of them to work to get us the cheap, reliable energy, yes. Then you have to deploy that and get to these what are wildly ambitious goals. Charlie talking about innovation you talk about an energy miracle. What would that be . Bill well, anything that is half the price of todays Energy Cheaper than coal and totally reliable, does not depend on the wind blowing or the sun shining, that is an energy miracle. For example, if you could take sunlight and directly make gasoline from sunlight, that is called solar fuels, and there are scientists who can do that. Now, its about 100 times less efficient than it needs to be to make any sense, and so, that one is not even ready for a startup company. That when needs to be in government labs Getting Research funding, three or four times what it is getting today, and with luck, it will get to the point where companies will get started and high risk, high return investors will come along. Charlie you are looking for a miracle. Now isu want to do est private funding and has a role in this, at the same time you want to make sure the government has a role . Bill that is right. Basic research. Their unique role is basic research. The universities, the private labs. You will not get private investors to fund the level of research because thats just the very beginning, material science , stronger magnets, tensile strength, things that are will be critical, just like in the medical sector. There is a great pharmaceutical industry, but the u. S. Government spends 30 billion a year on basic health research, and it has been fantastic for the country, it has been fantastic for the world. In energy, we are down at less than 6 billion, and that is the number i am hoping, and the commitment was made in paris by 20 governments, including the United States, to double their energy r d over a fiveyear period, and that will raise the supply of innovations and make it easier for these amazing groups of investors. Charlie this Foundation Letter who is it addressed to . I had the impression you are addressing this to high schools students. Bill right, that is a new thing for us. Abouto themes, i talk energy and melinda talks about how women have to spend lots of extra time, more than men do in the household charlie melinda writes about this . Bill right. A kid in the High School Newspaper in appalachia, kentucky, great high school, asked us about superpowers, and she said time and i said energy. As we talked about it, that really pointed out to us that those are such basic things about the experience of poor people, and even in the u. S. , people appreciate how importance energy is. There is still a time imbalance. Those became the theme, and yet these are not problems there is some 10year solution to. The Younger Generation there voiced their willingness to look at things in new ways. You know, i hope the invention will place and i expect it in the next 15 years. Todays teenagers will be in their 20s, and a lot of them, the thinking that drives innovation comes from that group. Charlie what are three crazy ideas you think might have potential . Bill i mentioned the sun being used to generate fuels. That is unique because, unlike generating electricity where batteries that store electricity are super expensive and do not last very long, storing gasoline in a big gasoline tank, you just make the tank bigger and they can sit there as long as you want. When you want the energy, you just burn it and it is very dense. It is 10 times more dense in energy content than the best batteries we have today. That would really be special. Taking Nuclear Energy and overcoming a number of problems, the cost of the plants, this safety of the plants where people worry, will you have another fukushima or even chernobyl type accident, that is a path we can go down. We could take wind that is way up in the jet stream, and capture that. Now that requires materials that are ultra strong, which would be valuable for many things. I mean, you could build bridges that would last forever. We are really on the verge of that type of understanding. There are two things that people think about. You can take solar and wind and make them very cheap. Thats probably not too hard. Then you could have a battery that is 10 or 20 times better than any battery we have today. Charlie what is so difficult about finding better batteries . Bill the problem is its chemistry, and the number of charges you can put into an area, those rules, theres not like some semiconductor thing that lets us just jam those things in. What happens is you are going between a liquid phase and a solid phase. As you do that, the solid tends to degrade. If batteries could last instead of 400 cycles of charge discharge, if they could last 4000, that would change. There are ideas along those lines. Batteryoney in many a bunchs and there are but i would say all of them are having a tough time because proving that something does not degrade in some physical way over 4000 cycles, if not something you can test overnight its very pragmatic stuff. That is why batteries over the last 100 years have not improved as much as we would need them to to make this the path to do that. Now that is a very possible path. We should invest in the research and the companies along that path. But that is the one most people think is going to come and its not as easy as they think. Charlie 50 years . Bill you cant put a time on it. Im confidentson if you take 12 paths nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, the batteries theres a total of about 12, including taking and burning hydrocarbons and capturing the carbon from the chimney stack, thats another one. If you have five companies on each of these, so 60 total, and they get the basic Research Backing them up and they get the risk capital, he even if individually they are only 20 likely, if you pursue those 60 different things, then in aggregate, the chance of success is very high. And that is what i think we should do. Charlie a twopart question before we turn to health and all youre doing. Have climate deniers gained strength or where would you put that component of our population . Bill the problem of climate denial is not a huge problem outside the United States. Charlie why is that . Bill thats a good question. The policymakers on many issues like agricultural crops like gmos, europe is more Skeptical Science on that than the u. S. Is. On Climate Change, we are uniquely skeptical, particularly in terms of telling policymakers, hey, look askance at that. Theres another group that is a little bit of a problem who believe the climate is a problem but think it is easy to solve. Ok, hey, as soon as the utility guys dont stand in the way of rooftop solar, this thing is solved, not just for the u. S. , but the entire world, not just for the power sector, but transport, industry, home, everything we need. That notion that there are stands inutions also the way. Until the 2015 november talks, the idea of improving innovation, the r d was not discussed. Im actually still amazed at that. The 20 countries did commit including china and india. All the big ones you would want to. Even india, all made the doubling commitment. We have put a lot of money into the demand side for clean energy. We have tax credits. We have what are called renewable portfolio standards where utilities are required to buy a certain percentage of their energy from these renewable sources. If you take the effect of payments that increase the price taxlectricity and forgiveness, we put a lot into that demand side so does germany and japan and others we need to have a balance where we are driving the supply innovation as well. Charlie let me turn to this recent experience, everybody is talking about the zika virus. What did we learn from the ebola crisis . Bill in the case of ebola, the private sectors ability to make diagnostics and drugs and vaccines, that was together very slowly. There is no road map for, hey, wheres our liability . Where is the regulatory path . If there are three or four Companies Working on it, which one has the best one and should work twice as fast, which should drop out that was chaotic. Only now do we have these good ebola tools, which if that had spread a lot faster, we would have felt terrible about that. Zika is, of course, different. It is spread by mosquito. Not by human contact. There is still a lot of measurement being done to understand, is there some narrow part of your pregnancy where you can be affected . Is it required you also had dengue fever at some point . Its great the emergency was declared. This time, figuring out the private sector innovations, and including in this case killing mosquitoes, because this particular mosquito, aedes aegypti, lived in urban areas along the equator. One of the great heroes of said weealth long ago should wipe out this type of very close toame it. Now we wish that we eradicated it. This mosquito carries dengue, zika, chikungunya, and historically most important was yellow fever. Charlie you have said mosquitoes are the most dangerous animal on earth. Bill thats right. In terms of what kills the most humans. Do humans kill the most humans . Do lions . Do sharks . Humans killing humans is a strong number too. But unless war gets extreme in some year, the 600,000plus kids who die of malaria, which is a mosquitocaused death, that is the animal that generates the most mortality. Charlie and malaria . Bill its all malaria. Theres a few others, but malaria is 95 . Charlie what should we do about the mosquito . Bill there are a couple ideas for changing the mosquito we have been funding in order to work on dengue and malaria. Work on dengue and malaria. One idea is that you put a bacteria into the mosquito, and then it doesnt carry the all. Ite hardly at so, we have done field trials on that, and it appears that also does work it works for dengue. It appears it also works for zika. An even more powerful tool that spreads faster, but more controversial, is to take our new Gene Editing Technology and have male and female mosquitoes pass along either something that prevents them from carrying the virus or something that kills the progeny. Those are both approaches. But use gene editing, gene drive, which means all of your children, male and female, inherit something, even if only one of your parents have it, that it is dominant in that generation to either not survive or to not carry the bad virus. Charlie if you were working at a high school today if you come in a high school today, knowing what you know in terms of what is happening in genomics you just mentioned gene editing, and what is going on in technology which field would you enter . Bill it is a hard choice nowadays. Charlie because the others are so exciting . Bill the digital stuff in terms robotics continues exciting. Not without challenges, but mostly positive enablement. Its a wonderful field and would generate tons of jobs people would want. The medical work is also an incredible thing, understanding how these genes work. In some cases you are using the Digital Tools to track the genes and understand them. There are Companies Working on roboticassisted surgery that could raise the quality and lower the cost charlie coming together between genomics and technology. Bill exactly. Genetics,em cells, is amazing. I also want to say energy because we want bright minds there as well. Charlie and not having energy, they will not have full development . Possibly great minds. Bill as we uplift more countries, then they get more educated and contribute more the u. S. Leads in science, but countries like china now will also contribute. Charlie and you mentioned the letter i mention it again, the idea is clean energy. Not just innovation, but clean energy. Bill thats right. Greenhouse gases has constrained it would be nice if it was only a 20 reduction, but essentially eliminating it from root Country Energy systems, that is daunting, but necessary enough that all of this parallel work is needed. Charlie you have mentioned Artificial Intelligence. Part of that has to do with robotics and finding out what that means in terms of jobs and what does it mean in terms of population that may not have a job. But there are also things that concern you that concern other people. Just you. What is your concern about Artificial Intelligence . Bill in the long run, the scale of the intelligence is unbounded. Charlie we dont know how smart it could get . Bill no, it will get a lot smarter than us. It will get so smart, we can say, hey, how smart are you . And it will tell us. The nearterm problem, predictably in the 20year timeframe, is labor substitution, not super intelligence. That is kind of an embarrassment of riches. You should be able to reallocate, help every kid in school, every handicapped kid, every elderly person. You should be able to reallocate hey, if you are not needed to work in that warehouse, go out and do other things. Charlie this dovetails into what melinda says about time. Bill thats right. It will free up time doing the drudgery things, so all the things about spending time with the kids and being more connected socially, we should be able to do more of that. Charlie there is a wonderful story in part of the letter, i guess it was a family in africa, and the wife spent all of her time going to get water and bringing it back, and finally she is about ready to leave the marriage, and he comes home and the bags are packed and he says, what can i do . Says, im she said, im doing all the stuff. Im doing everything. All the stuff at home, and you need to help me. And he agrees. He starts taking the water himself. They split that. All of a sudden, he gets involved and they determined there are smarter ways to do this. They start collecting rain. Her point is, freeing up people to have time to participate in all of the issues jointly. Bill yeah, that was interesting because when he first helped out, he was ridiculed by the other men. He was like, well, no, im going to keep doing this. What they told melinda was, that set an example for that village. We have a tiny case of that where i was driving when i was ceo of microsoft our children to school quite a bit, and apparently i dont know for sure, but otherwise used that to encourage their husbands [laughter] bill they could not say they were too much more busy than i was at that particular time. Charlie back to Artificial Intelligence what is the timeframe on this . Bill for labor substitution, it will be substantial in the five totwenty year period. Warehouse, security, things that computers used to not be able to see and we are really good of physical good at manipulation. Cleaning up,d, upstairs. Patient the amount of adjustment and ability, its quite incredible. But once Software Achieves those things, it is unbounded. Like sorting parts in a warehouse. Picking things out of a bin, computers are just now getting to human level. The problem is, 10 years from now, they will be at three or four times the human level and humans are not on that same type of improvement curve. Its like farming. Saying tractors will destroy the world. Because that took generations, people did adjust. Here, the speed will come a little faster and some people do not think it will happen because we have been saying that this would happen before it did and its like, they have been saying that. And it is true. Wolfied, wolf, wolf, wolf amd and next damn we know, heres a wolf. Charlie on the more concerning side in terms of intelligence, is there a breakthrough necessary or is it so underway that it is just time and accumulation of technological advantages . Bill on the labor piece, hardly any of the experts in the field would disagree that that is coming. On this piece about intelligence you could get the very best people in the field and half would say that will never happen or it will take forever. I am amazed that it is not a subject of which there is consensus. Charlie are you as worried as elon musk . Bill yes. Charlie who says it is more dangerous than Nuclear Catastrophe . Bill yes, because if this happens it changes life as we know it so life is changed for the entire population. Charlie what is the worst scenario . Bill that the machine is far more intelligent charlie and therefore, they control us . Bill and therefore, our sense of purpose, and which humans are in control of it, or are they in control of it, will have profound consequences. Charlie how long before that happens . Bill when people answer that question they are a little bit guessing. I dont think it will happen in less than 40 years i cannot say for sure it will happen in less than 100. Charlie 40 years is 2056. Bill thats no time at all. Charlie this is in the lifetime of your children. Even if its 100 years bill the thing about this one is not to panic charlie in 50 years machines are smarter than humans . Bill because humans created them. Charlie but they will determine charlie but they will determine the future of the world. Bill or the humans that control them. Charlie so humans can decide what goes in or comes out . Bill certainly the likely place to start out is some subset of humans who control those machines. They . Are bill the private sector is doing more state of the art Artificial Intelligence work than the public sector. Charlie but great advances, including the internet, came from the defense department. Bill in the early stage yes but then they had contractors like bpm and eventually the infrastructure got on the private side. The i. T. Revolution has largely moved to be private sectorfunded. Charlie but you are saying its no longer happening there. Artificial its all in the private sector. Im finding out people in Venture Capital are pouring money into it because they believe it will unlock some kind of future. Bill even if you focus on it as a narrow thing you may be creating a general capacity for intelligence. Charlie there is a lot of that now even, as you would know. Bill so its a thing where the discussion and the debate ought to begin. Its not like banning that research would be a good move because that just pushes it to less visible locations. Charlie speaking of a public debate that ought to begin, lets talk security versus privacy, encryption, apple, the fbi and the federal government. Where do you stand . Bill it would be valuable if the safeguards the government had, in terms of information it was acquiring, when it would go for that information and how it would deal with it, that people felt comfortable with that because if the government is blind, then things like tax evasion, child pornography and most importantly terrorism enabled by nuclear and biological weapons our government is not able to fulfill some role of stopping those things. Protection. Bill so, its great that people are talking more, post snowden and everyone about how do you feel about those safeguards. If we cannot as a society discuss those safeguards in a and build them in a way we feel good about, then the government will not be able to fulfill its function. Charlie if you are responsible for the decision as to whether apple should allow the government onetime only to come in and provide in their Labs Software so the government can try to have access, are you in favor of that, in favor of a private company in this circumstance, apple, particularly in their own lab, and they are able to destroy whatever they create after they do this for the government one time only, should they do that . Bill in every case up until now when the government has come in and said, whats the banking information, you know, banks like to keep their customer information private. But no bank has ever defied the government, and i think apple at the end are just forcing a complete judicial process. I dont think apple is saying that when it goes to the supreme they aredont think saying they will defy the government. Charley no, they are not, but they are saying right now they will not do it so it will be appealed to the District Court and appeals court. Im just asking, what would you do if you were the executive . Would you do the same thing as tim cook . Bill i think they are saying that as a society, we think this discussion of safeguards is important. I dont disagree with that. Day at the end of the charlie nobody disagrees with that. Bill at the end of the day we want a government that has visibility and we trust it to use that on our behalf. That is where, in order to stop innovation in biological weaponry from being turned against humanity, you really need government to have a role of trust. Governments, the cases, theyome have not always earned that trust. But i claim its important for the public that we figure out the structure that would put us back into a situation where the u. S. Government has the safeguards and we do trust it so that if the courts rule against apple we are not saying that is a terrible thing. Charlie but i still dont doerstand what you would wellversed in all of this as anyone i know. Bill the only choice that apple has is to decide whether to comply with the lower court or wait for the higher court ruling. They have chosen to wait for the higher court ruling. Charlie which . Bill which over time i expect the government will decide not to be blind and it will exercise its sovereign power not to be blind. There will have been a debate about what visibility they have. Charlie are you ok with tim cook waiting until it walks through the judicial process . Is it possible to do a onetime only, in this case, in this one computer, one iphone that belonged to a terrorist . Bill apple agrees that it is possible. But by doing it, it proves that they can do so. But they have already admitted they can do so. Your bank can take your banking information and give it to the u. S. Government. They have that ability. Your phone company can take your phone calls and give it to the u. S. Government. Charlie but they have an encrypted iphone that does not allow them to do that. Bill that is false. The information that the government is seeking is not in the security processor. The logic about challenging the security processor with the pin is not in the security processor. There is not a technological question here. Charlie what is the question . Bill the question is, what will the final court rule on this issue . That is really the only question. Charlie why is it so hard to get you to say yea or nay . Most of Silicon Valley is supporting what apple is doing. They say we do not think the government should be able to access an encrypted phone. Apple says we dont how to do it, but we know that they do. Bill right. Endorsing the idea of all of the endorsing the idea of all of the governments behavior with accessing information in the past, nobody would want to do that. There are cases where the government overused more j edgar hoover, its more clear. So the idea that you are forcing the discussion about, gosh, what would it mean if you cannot trust the government ever to get banking information or Call Information or iphone information it would be great if we could agree on what safeguards would get us back to saying that at least this government is working on our behalf when it is trying to track down terrorists. Charlie apple must have known this was coming because between ios 7 and ios 8 you have a very different situation. In terms of encrypted phones. Yes or no . Bill the information on that phone is accessible to apple. If anybody was confused about that, now they are not. That information is accessible to apple. Thats a technological thing. Which doesnt really matter. Its like your bank saying we cannot possibly access your account information. They can and they can resist court orders if they choose to as well. Charlie this is a hard case because of terrorism, because there is no violation the person who had the phones, two people are dead. Bill right, so the issue is the precedential effect. Government who safeguards informatin and wil hey use this revealed capability in an appropriate way . Charlie that is why you have judicial standards, is it not . Bill and why we have a democracy that sits and debates about what should the patriot act version one through four look like and congress could decide that the government never gets to see Bank Accounts or travel records. Its all political. The statutes in question here were enacted by the United States congress and it turns out they are using one from a long time ago, but eventually as it has been with the patriot act this will all be subject to democratic discussions. It wont be corporations in the end although they can talk to congressmen just like anyone else. Charlie this is one thing i dont understand. And maybe you can help me understand it. Obviously apple knows they can do it if they are directed to do it, Supreme Court says the law of the land is that you have to do it, they will do it but they said are fighting it because there is no such thing as a onetime only fix. If they do this for the government that all the people who have bought iphones under the assumption that they were protected will come after them. Attorney the district i havenew york said, about 120 cases in which it is about encrypted data in an iphone and every one of them i would like to see opened up because it will be evidentiary and important to me. Apple says in china people bought those phones because they thought they would be safe from challenge. Now they believe that you cannot have a onetime only solution here. That in fact, if apple does this, what their Business Model was about, what their marketing was about, what their relationship with their customer was about will be voided. Are they right or wrong . Bill they can access this information. Charlie you have said that three times, i know that. But they say if they access it for this case than everything we have built bill just like your bank or phone company, thats right. Anyone who says they can override a sovereign may in the end not be able to do that. Charlie how is microsoft different . Bill all of the Tech Companies are insisting that the government have really formal orders for anything that they do. No tech company is ever going to volunteer information. There is still some discretion about, do you force us to go to process, but the basic view is that this is a political decision about when governments can access information and what those safeguards look like, and i would say that Tech Companies are for good reasons saying hey, lets really have this debate about safeguards because in the digital world, and the amount of information about your larger. Already is in some cases like london where they have cameras, they have dropped crime rates and various things, and is that ok . In the u. K. They have decided that the net benefit of that is that countries will have different rules about these things. Charlie i think you did a thing in london on the desert isle. Did you . Bill yes. Charlie what did you choose as the music you would bring to the island . Bill there is a Willie Nelson song that he happened to sing when he came down by surprise and its called blue skies. I gave her that surprise and she did a custom spoof version of economist where all of my friends wrote articles that was her equivalent gift to me. Charlie you also talk about Richard Feynman as being the teacher you most might have loved to have had. We all know him from the spaceship disaster and he figured it out. What was so great about him . Bill he was so tough on himself in terms of whether he understood things. He understood physics in a deep way, so his lectures explaining physics that he gave in the 1960s i still consider the best way for somebody to learn why physics is interesting and why it was confusing and how they straighten themselves out, and what it means to run experiments. Caltech . T bill this lecture series was at columbia and then he goes to caltech and does the most grueling freshman physics course ever done. Even he thinks man, i made it too hard. That leads to the feynman lectures on physics, which, it is a high bar to read those. They are extremely well written. If you want to test your physics knowledge or refresh it, there is nothing better. Charlie did you read them . Bill yes, but slowly. Its the slowest thing i have ever read. [chuckling] charlie do you deeply regret not learning a Foreign Language . Bill yes, i feel like some isolationist, lazy person. Charlie why didnt you . Lazy you are not. Bill i got fanatic about software and kept putting it off and still to this day im hoping to get around to it. French is easy enough that i should do that. Mark zuckerberg learned chinese and gave a lecture. My chinese speaking friends say it was impressive. So, hey. Charlie there is still time. You are 50something and he is thirtysomething. Bill i should do it. Not chinese, i am too much of a wimp. Charlie i saw something about how you acknowledged that you had hacked into computers. Bill yes, that was between ages 14 to 16, we had limited access to computer time. There were timesharing Systems Computers were expensive so people used phone lines to dial into a big expensive computer and you would have 50 people all dialed in the same time. Computer time was rare and scarce. I knew where on the universities there were a few computers and i would get up at 5 00 in the hourng and if there was an would useur free, i it. And in a few cases, we figured out how to get on computers we would not have been given access to. Charlie software is the second love of your life . Bill i was obsessed with software from a young age. My 10,000 hours was devoted to learning how to write software. Charlie is that your core competence . Bill math got me involved in software and i got so deep that it later helped me with math but the thing that you do obsessively between 13 and 18 is thing you have the most chance of being worldclass at and i only have one thing that i one thing obsessively from 13 to 18 which is try to write good software. Charlie did you . Fascinating, ias thought i was really good and fi thought i was really good and then when i was 15 i got to work on this project and i realized this guy is better than me and he critiqued me and then a year and a half later i got critiqued again and i said, this is better. So that was super helpful to have my comeuppance about how did my code compare to other peoples code and eventually i was a bit on my own, but yeah, i had to be pretty tough about how good you can get. Charlie my impression of you is that you did what you wanted to as a teenager . Bill after age 13 my parents were reasonable and fairly busy and i had a very good deal as a teenager. Charlie yes you did. Bill they sent me to a private school. There were lots of smart kids there. Charlie they sent you to a therapist as well . Bill that was my real transition where i was thinking that fighting with them was something i could really prove something and they were smart enough to send me to somebody who said that was kind of a war that i had every advantage in. So it was a waste of my energy and i was not going to prove anything because it was almost unfair. He got me to set my sights on ok, what am i going to do after high school . My parents were really more allies than barriers in terms of thinking of that framework. So he encouraged reading in areas i had not done. Freud and psychology. Charlie so what are you reading now . You write these book reports. It is said that you read two to three books per week . Bill i try. I try. I end up on average reading one per week. I just finished sapians, which is quite good. I read this one only for old men called younger next year. Learn fromat did you that . Bill it beats you up about, dont kid yourself, if you do not exercise like mad and eat well, you are in decay. But on the other side, it says until your 80s, if you exercise six days per week and eat reasonably, then your decline from age 60 to 85 with any luck will be very mild because you are telling your body to maintain bone strength and muscle strength, so i found it helpful. Charlie you are listening to that . Bill i have never done Strength Training and it says you need do that twice a week so ive taken a vow to do it. But ask me next time im here whether that will take. I have done zero days of Strength Training as of today so you can see the result. If i come in looking buff you will know that this book had a profound impact on my behavior. Carol welcome to Bloomberg Business week. Im carol massar. I am oliver renick. Carol how vulnerable is Americas Energy infrastructure . Is building more pipelines the answer . Oliver Paul Manafort is back. The controversial First Campaign for donald trump away, though. Nt carol how the military is inspiring ibms Cyber Security training