Reid it depends on the day but almost always a breakfast meeting. External to dropbox or greylock. That is what can do the most range. It is either at greylock or linkedin. If its greylock, its meeting with a bunch of entrepreneurs and if it linkedin, its product people. Charlie products people . Making linkedin a Better Network . Reid not only, but there are a lot of products within linkedin. Getting Business News and business intelligence. There are ways of building a strong conductivity with your network. Depending on how we evolve the products, and how do we evolve it so they are better for members. Charlie what is your core competence . Reid blending thinking about human ecosystems with individual humans. Psychology with sociology and economics, thinking about the design of the system and the individual member as an inventor or investor. Charlie we see you often at conferences. Which i assume for more networking than for the new information . Reid not the new information that comes from the stage but the explanation i comes from talking to people. Charlie [laughter] because you simply know most of the things people are talking about because youve been involved in and engaged by them talking to people before everybody else knows about it. Reid one of the things i think is part of being on the network age is rigorously talking about asking people questions about what they are seeing and learning. Knowing what those are early is very helpful as an investor and an entrepreneur. You sit down oneonone. What is the thing youre worried about . What is the keys of new technology that might be really big that you would be shy on saying in front of a bunch of people. That can give you a signal to navigate much better. Charlie you are probably too young to think you have done the best thing that you have come to do. Reid i hope not. The vision i have for linkedin is that its still in its firstinning in terms of a baseball metaphor. And then, part of what im trying to figure out, how do i improve the design of human ecosystems so we are better off as individuals and as a society . I hope theres a lot more to go there. Charlie when you look at what happened in paris, they are using apps to encrypt. Explain that to me. Reid with encryption, it it protects kind of individual or pairwise communication against outside. It there is good and bad use for it. In good use, its individual privacy. In ability to encrypt financial communications. In bad use, it is used for terrorism. The challenge is we have both a good and the bad case. What do you do . The reason why Silicon ValleyTechnology Companies very broadly come out strongly in favor of encryption is that they have to look global. What tends to happen is how db do you be right to your individual members and customers . There are bad things that happened in paris but we should not break everyones encryption in order to solve that. We have other ways to solve that. Siliconthe general valley perception. Charlie where is the relation between that and what the fbi wants you to do . Reid most of the Silicon Valley companies are global in nature. How do we protect their interests the right way . Not how to protect isis. But your everyday citizen in any particular country . The right way to do that is to do something globally. Now, ive been thinking about this and i said, look, if the governments of major world countries can get together, we all agree on a global treaty. This is easier for the Tech Companies to do that because they are not playing one country against another or one citizenry against another. And a collective set of citizens can say this is what we want and dont want. Charlie the citizens would choose the level of encryption they wanted . Reid you might have one answer in france, one in germany, one in australia. One in india. If there is a global standard in terms of the major countries, that is something that is easy to build two. That is easy to build to. Charlie is it a rule of thumb that there is always somebody out there that can leap ahead of them and gain access . Reid it is so difficult that it can take a long time and is hideously expensive. Charlie what is likely to happen because of paris . Reid maybe utopia, dystopia. A utopia is a collective agreement between various countries about what is the way that we should share our intelligence. They have a lot to stop evil violence against civilians. Or dystopia. You essentially try to break you know, well, it could be a number of them. The reason im pausing, there are some of ways it could be wrong. Encryption is that everywhere. I would say that there is a lot of different ways for what may be going on. It is something that we generally value in the west and is a right that is important. Charlie and that was so much that was discussed after charlie snowden. Reid yes. There are interesting startups. It is a way you can share a single intelligence from multiple sources without having massive breaches of privacy that can get you some of the desired outcomes. And they can share that signal intelligence and do so in a fashion that meets enough of the privacy norms and prevents charlie Silicon Valley and the fbi now, are they at loggerheads over this . Or is one giving up a little in order to recognize that there are other interests . Reid i think they are at loggerheads. I think fundamentally, the reason is that most of the Silicon Valley companies are defending certain rights of individuals and to have a Global Customer base. And as such, i think the only thing that kind of brings them back collaboratively is an agreement to say that we will not have backdoor illicit spying on the member base that doesnt go through an effective judicial process. Charlie ok, let me move to some other things like blitz scaling. What is that . Reid Silicon Valley is an interesting place. We have companies called unicorns, billion dollar that have never gone public. Mostly that havent, and some that have. Charlie why did you start calling them unicorns . Reid they started thinking that it is a unique beast. If you have a herd of unicorns, are they still unicorns . There is only 4 million people. What is the secret of Silicon Valley. Not formally and technologies but 4 million people. How do we create so many of these companies . The usual answer you get is startups. Talent, immigration, universities. So there you go. Actually, the visible secret that very few people talk about is that theres a whole skill set and Talent Network for how you get global scales fast. How you build of the organization. Charlie what is the global scale . Reid facebook, Linkedin Charlie thats a pretty high mark. Theres a Global Market that is not facebook or linkedin . Reid you get there faster or more aggressively. For example, uber is not a spread virally property. But they say its really important and they will launch cities really aggressively. That kind of playbook is the kind of playbook that Silicon Valley has actually in fact learned. And, i coined a turn for it. There are militaristic parallels but the nature is similar. Armies would only advances fast as their supply chain. What happened is the germans blitzkreig, said if you pack light and move fast, your big choice is a halfway turnaround point. You lose big or you win big. Blitz scaling is the same technique applied to businesses and growth. Charlie look at facebooks valuation today. Pretty attractive. Theit seems increasingly market is more appreciative of that. They made sure that advertising on mobile worked. I assume linkedin can show that. Reid were obviously a much smaller property than facebook. But how do we increase productivity. It is network and platforms. Charlie dont scoff at that. Reid i guess we done that. Charlie we are past that threshold. Reid exactly. But part of me that part of what interested me is, how do you have everyones real identity . Part of the reason why facebook and others are justifiably super interesting companies, they are these platforms that help you navigate your life much better. Charlie and the 1. 3 million 1. 3 billion users, you have a market platform . You have market power. Reid thats right. It can be this one is that i can stay in touch with my friends. In terms of their pictures. Now i can also be a Global Communications network. Each of those things is a different kind of at. That is why facebook broke out with facebook messenger. This is a distinct app that can even be its own platform. We should run it separately. Charlie did you see the future of social because you watched facebooks success . Or did the idea come from some other place for you . Reid for me, i was one of the first in that first round of facebook. Charlie thats why im asking. Reid a little bit like an earlier answer. How do we get our ecosystems better and have our relationships in a way that navigate the lives better for us. As it is i saw the internet, i knew patterns like this charlie when did you study the internet . Reid i saw it as an undergraduate but i did not know it would be commercialized. Charlie had you defined this role that you have . Your like a public intellectual. A guru of the village. Its true. Reid part of it is that when i was an undergraduate, my aspiration was to become a public intellectual. It is because, how do we get individuals . We share great ideas and we talk about it. I talk with great folks like you. So fundamentally, how to we share earnings . And that helps you build great relationships. Charlie and the other thing you have a huge degree and i have ability to do this because of what i do. It to read people, understand and maximize their ability to make a contribution. I can understand if things arent going well, how to shift and do something else. I can read all of that stuff and i can read ambition and motives. Peter thiel is one of the more successful investors out there. He said you have the uncanny ability to understand what drives individual founders and entrepreneurs. Reid part of the question about being a great partner is you understand that this person will have the drive and the learning curve and you know how to partner with them. You look at someone and you say, youre a really good Product Designer. Talking about Product Design is irritating to you. This part of organizational building and creation of Company Culture where this particular thinking is something i know. We will be allies at how we are going about this. Charlie reid hoffman. We will back in a moment. Stay with us. Charlie she is by any measure the most powerful show runner working today. The creator of grays anatomy and the smash hit scandal. And the producer of the emmywinning series how to get away with murder. She controls all of abcs thursday night primetime programming. Her shows are known for their twisting plots, steamy relationships, and diverse city of the cast. I am making Television Look like the world looks. Gay, straight, single, divorced, searching everybody gets a seat. Heres a look at her world. [video clip] stop talking about god and country and admit you want to do this. I do. Hes laying on a table in there and they are inside his chest. You dont get to cry about that. Mark my words. He will not make it to the end of his term. Are you thinking that divorcing your wife and moving in with me is a tiny bit of a problem . Its a problem. Clearly. This is criminal law 100. Or as i prefer to call it, how to get away with murder. Charlie her new book documents are rise to the top of hollywood. In the years she decided to stop saying no and said yes to everything. I am pleased to have Shonda Rhimes at this table for the first time. You have all these hits, i said to you, what is the magic. Reid i love my job. You have to love what you do. Charlie to be a good writer is one thing. To create a Television Program and do anything that involves more than just being able to put one sentence after the other even with the command of language. Shonda i love it in a way that i feel has been intrinsic to me. I say that for me, it is somebody who feels like they have a piano talent. I have been able to play. I have been able to write. It is natural. Charlie are you a great storyteller . Shonda i hope so. Charlie you have to be to have the success that you have. What does it start with . Shonda usually for me, it starts with either an image or a little piece of dialogue. It starts with a sense or the idea. Grays started with sort of the idea of really competitive people and what that felt like. To feel like youre going to kill somebody on a bad day. Charlie is that an environment that you knew . Shonda no, not in any way, shape, or form. I was never good at science but the idea of being a competitive person, i am terribly absolutely competitive. I do that world and those kinds of women. Grays anatomy was my first job in tv. Charlie where did you come from . Shonda i had been writing movies, gotten out of film school, struggled as an assistant. Wrote a couple of movies and thought, im going to try writing a tv show. Graysurned out to be anatomy. Shonda you wrote it and the network said this is terrific. We will take it . Charlie you wrote it and the network said this is terrific. We will take it . Shonda i think it was less interesting than that. The big guns were number one immediately. They were huge phenomenons. We were the little engine that could and nobody was really paying attention to us. When we came out, it was a surprise. Charlie and then there was scandal. Shonda one of my producing partners introduced me to judy smith. She worked with Monica Lewinsky and had done other things. We set down the talk for what i thought was going to be a meet and greet. Four and a half hours later we both were starving but i had ideas for 100 episodes in my head for just talking with her. How she fixed peoples problems was fascinating to me. She is talking about their most personal problem. I think she offers the ability to reorganize their lives instantly and put order to whatever chaos happened to them. Charlie olivia pope is her. Shonda olivia pope is definitely her, i mean, inspired by her. I had to give her a completely different life. Charlie which brings me to kerry washington. It seems like perfect casting. Shonda it does in hindsight. I shouldve just picture and picked her and moved on. Charlie but you didnt. Charlie the first africanamerican role in a leading lady in 37 years or Something Like that. I felt surreal real i felt a real responsibility to let every actress in the age range audition. It was like cinderella. We had everybody try that she the shoe on. And it was perfect with her. She embodied the role in such a beautiful way. Charlie did abc say yes . Shonda it was very clear immediately that she was the right person. Charlie what is amazing is to be the show runner for one show. How many do you run . Shonda i only run two. I am helping other writers create their shows and have the space to create them. Charlie a show runner often does not right. Write, not necessarily or often does not write. Shonda in my world, i do. I like it. Charlie what is the skill . Being able to find the perfect words to put in the right math . Shonda you have to understand the long game of your story. You cant just tell a story because its witty or funny or that moment will be great. You have to understand the journey you are taking your character on. And you have to be able to tell a story visually in an interesting way. Television might be television but people want cinematic television now. Charlie then comes along how to get away with murder. This may be the perfect casting. Shonda viola davis is incredible and having her at the helm of that show is fantastic. A roller coaster ride of a show. You can watch that woman read the phone book and its going to be good. Charlie did you just come along at the right time in her life that she was prepared to think that she will try something new . Shonda i think it was fortuitous. She thought maybe i will think about television and i dont know how many scripts she had been presented with and we gave her the right one. Which we were very lucky to do. Charlie define the character for me. Shonda shes a defense attorney that is volatile. When you first meet her in the pilot, she is clearly there has been a murder that happened. You are not surewho. The show is told in flashbacks. Someone has murdered her husband. The show is told in flashbacks and you come to understand this woman who is supposed to be the most outstanding woman in the world also might be a murderer. She has students she is teaching. Shes charismatic. And it is a really powerful role. Charlie what is the best description for you . What resonated with you . Shonda i dont know. I think its interesting because theres a lot of grandiose descriptions that i find kind of hilarious. Charlie thats the point, really. When you see these grandiose descriptions of you, power, talent. Shonda im a writer. Thats the best description of me. Charlie the spread across so many. As i said, to have one Television Show is a demanding task. Its not easy. You have a stable of writers and it is still not easy. Shonda no, absolutely it is not easy. But we are creating worlds here. Once i have established the worlds of grays anatomy and it exists and breathes on its own two feet, it is a living being. I dont have to kill myself to figure it out as it exists. I dont need to tell you what color shoes meredith needs to be wearing. Its almost like its a fantasy land for me. Charlie a fantasy land you own. Shonda yes, its almost it is just inherent in my knowledge of what going to happen. Charlie everything about the character. What they would read, eat, what they would wear . The kind of person they would want to have a relationship with. Shonda when you get to know the characters, you do. 200 something episodes in, i really know them. Say, imes much easier to know this so well that im not leaving it at a vulnerable time to go do something else. Charlie why did you write it . Shonda i wrote that completely not planning to write this book. It was almost an accident. I had been having this year that had been started by my sister. I am the youngest of six and my oldest sister said to me one day, you never say yes to anything. You never go anywhere, you never do anything, never take any of these great invitations. You have a fancy Hollywood Life that is not fancy at all. Anything. Say yes to thought, she is right. Im really not happy and im not living. I thought, im going to start say yes to anything that scared me. I could not give an interview or stand on a stage without terrible stage fright. And i did. And a year into it, one of my agents said, he should probably write a book about that. I said, i dont know. But in saying yes to everything, so yes. Charlie were you worried about losing all that you had . Supremelyu confident in knowing that you had the code . Shonda i think it was partly that. One step at a time, you start to lose these things. You say no because youre working really hard and you want to do well. I was very aware of the stakes. If i failed, when was there going to be another Television Show with a black woman in a leading role . It was very clear. I felt that urgency when i spoke to anybody. Then i started saying no because it felt easier than saying yes and then you forgot what it was like to be the person that says yes. Charlie you said you hug the walls at social events. Shonda absolutely. Charlie what makes it so satisfying . Yes, egan to say the newness of experience . Shonda it turned out to be incredibly transformative experience. I would say yes and do something terrifying. Giving a commencement speech or speaking at something else, i would stop being afraid of the thing i was so afraid of. The felt like i had discovered a superpower. Outside of your realm. Charlie outside of your realm. You had confidence as a writer. He had done that on a big stage and a big arena. Shonda i wanted to be Toni Morrison. And she is already Toni Morrison so that was not going to happen. Charlie people say that they want to be shonda rimes. Shonda i know, and i say, you dont want to do that. Im not leaving my job. But be yourself. I took every opportunity presented to me. Whether or not i thought it was to be. Wanted going to film school happened because i read it was harder to get into Usc Film School than it was to harvard law school. I was bored in my advertising job. So i applied to go and discovered how much i loved writing tv and film. Charlie why did they accept you . Shonda i was a good writer. Literally, im nothing if not a very good student of anything. I got their thinking film school might be interesting. I discovered that this is where my writing really settles in and feels good. It makes more sense to write scripts then a novel. Charlie what else did you say yes to . Shonda guest starring in the mindy project. It was wonderful. A lot of small things at first. Jimmy kimmel live. The public things. And then it got serious. I started saying yes to saying no to people that are frilly manipulative. I got rid of toxic people in my life. I lost 117 pounds. I shed a boyfriend, a fiance. There was a lot of things, like deciding i did not want to get married. It transformed me into knowing who i was in a way that existed outside of work. Charlie when did this happen . Shonda two years. Thanksgiving of 2013. I finished the book in august of this year. Charlie soon enough they will have a reality show about you. Shonda no, they wont. I will never do a reality show. Charlie its wonderful to meet you. The year of yes. How to dance it out, stand in the sun. Back in a moment. Stay with us. Charlie peggy noonan is here. She is the author of nine books on american politics and american culture. Her new book is called the time of our lives. It chronicles her career in journalism. In the reagan white house, she president s primary speech writer. I am pleased to welcome a colleague at cbs, peggy noonan, back to this table. Peggy thank you, charlie. Charlie what do we have here . Why the title . Peggy because it is derived from an observation. Not only we are living our own lives but the life of our times. Charlie do you look for themes, looking for dividing chronologically . Peggy we thought of all different ways. This is what i decided to do. I wanted to collect the things i had written over 30 years. There is old cbs stuff. Charlie like radio scripts for dan rather. Peggy i had all of my work in big white boxes in the backs of closets and in warehouses. I got it all together and i surrendered myself and started going through everything i had written and i found that naturally it divided itself into themes and topics. I love this. I dont know about this. And, oh my god, i hate this. Charlie if you are writing for Ronald Reagan, you write for his voice. And if you are writing for osgood and others, you are writing in their voice. And when you write a column, you write your voice. Peggy yes. Its what writers do. It comes straight out of your head and your heart. You know, your whole self. And you sound like yourself because you are yourself. You dont have to channel anybody else. Charlie but as a writer, finding your voice is a crucial ingredient in great writing. Once, someone asked me did you have trouble finding your voice . I worried after working for reagan, such a vivid presence and as such a vividsounding human, that i would have trouble getting back to my own sound. I wrote my first book and i had no problem at all. I inescapably sound like me. To the extent i have a voice, it is just my voice. A wonderful man for 15 years now on the wall street journal, also a writer, named james toronto. Charlie what does he add or subtract . Peggy he looks at what ive written and will sometimes question things. He will say, peggy, i am not sure about this. Charlie so what is content and style . Peggy it is primarily factual content. James is the person that says it did not happen in the winter of 2012. It happened in early spring. He looks out for me. You can make mistakes of judgment that to you seem just like an honest point of view sometimesrrect, and james will just say, really. Are you sure . Just him saying that will make me think, am i sure . Charlie ive never met anyone that could not use a good editor. Peggy oh god, if you dont have a good editor, you will get in trouble and it wont he is much fun. Charlie charlie saffire, a paid white house employee for richard nixon. What did you learn from him . Peggy he was wonderful. He took me under his arm a little bit and was sort of an advice person. Did i say that the right way . He took me under his shoulder. Charlie bob bartley, the former opinion page editor. Peggy he called me and had me come in and write oped pieces at the wall street journal informally. And then one day he picked up the phone and called me up in a lighthearted way and said, theres this new thing called the internet and the journal is going to have internet editorial page and internet columnist. Will you be one . I said yes not knowing it would become a major part of my life. He offered me x dollars a month and i asked if we can add 10 of that so that in retrospect i felt like i drove a hard bargain. He laughed and said yes. We shook hands over the phone and charlie you should have said 50 . Peggy i shouldve had you there. Charlie who is jane jane . Peggy my great aunt, my maternal grandfathers sister who had a great impact on me when i was a child. I spent a great deal of time with her in the summers at a very quiet and lonely little home out in long island. And learned much about life from her. Charlie if i read all of your columns, what would i know about peggy noonan . I know shes a good writer. I know shes passionate about politics. Peggy i love politics. As i put the book together, i had never told people before that i loved politics. I saw my own love for the greatness game, over 30 years, and the excitement of it. I think you probably know i am a christian of the catholic variety. You would probably know im a woman living in new york. Theres a lot of walking the streets of manhattan. You know i am a conservative. I hide nothing about it. It is the subject of a column. Coming up at some point. Look charlie an emerging question in this political debate that the republicans are having. Peggy look, let me jump. I think something really huge and fundamental is happening this year on the republican side in politics. In 1976, Ronald Reagan went up against gerald ford to decide one question. Will the Republican Party be conservative . Thats it. Moderate liberal or conservative. 1980 landslide, answered the question, reagan landslide. The modern Republican Party will be conservative. This year, i think we are answering the question, what does conservatism mean . What does it mean in the 21st century . And the entire Republican Party is having a brawl about it. Conservatives have been having brawls about it for a while, as you know. It as part you see of your responsibility to help them define what it means to be conservative . Peggy no. It is, in part, my responsibility and joy to share my thoughts about this. About where conservatism should be going. And where the party should be going. But, i dont feel any pressure being a guide or a guru. Charlie because of Barry Goldwater and then Ronald Reagan. First bill buckley, then Barry Goldwater, then Ronald Reagan. Aagan was what was called it movement conservative. That still exists . Peggy it does, but thats a bit fractured. I mean, and there are three or four things. Not higher taxes, lower. Not regulation higher, lower. Its all gotten a little bit more complicated now. It became complicated in the george w. Bush era. When things started to fall apart. Why didnt fall apart . Because there was great argument about the war and he felt it necessary. Charlie he came to power saying he wanted to be a compassionate conservative. Is conservatism compassionate . Peggy that is a wonderful question. It can be. It should be. It does not always look that way. Conservatives can be pretty conservatives can be crabby, especially when they debate what conservatism is. We have a party that says the conservative way to look at entitlement spending is that we made a deal with the people. And you keep your deals. They have a moral right to everything they were told to expect from those programs. American spending is out of control. Our kids will carry the burden of our spending. It is uncompassionate to them to make them carry the load. All these things will have to be adjudicated. In this election cycle, and maybe also in the next election cycle. I am not sure when it ends. I mean, immigration is a huge issue. It is never going away. Charlie this may sound like a stupid question. Do you love writing . Not just writing, but your own writing. The idea of being able to in the famous words of john kennedy, i am paraphrasing loosely, he took the english language and took it to war. Peggy yes. To fight for us. Charlie the idea that words and ideas have such power, enhanced if they are said in such an inspiring and precise way. So that they touch the spirit and the mind. Peggy i never considered being anything other than a writer. There were times, you know, there was a wild when i wanted to do an actress. An actress writer. Then i was going to be a nun. A nonwriter. Then i was going to be a reporter. Writer was always just what i was. I enjoyed writing as a kid. I enjoyed reading which is sort of how you come to love writing. You love reading and, does a person do this . Who is that person . Part of like my image of myself. It is like being irish catholic. Charlie did mitt romney disappoint you greatly . Because you were there for him. ,what you wrote. Peggy i was trying to be supportive of the conservative candidate. Which i do sometimes. I cant say he disappointed me because he never struck me as a great political talent. I have to tell you. And part of me thought, i never wrote this, but part of me thought that when he sadly lost in 2012, as i said to friends, we dodged a bullet. On the republican side, we need some kind of political genius to succeed and that was not a political genius. That was a man who was great at life, not a politician. Charlie great family and the right values. Peggy yes. Good man. Charlie when you think of political genius, do you think of Ronald Reagan . Bill clinton . Real political talent. Who has it on the republican side . My answer when asked that is, large gifts are best seen in retrospect. I really cant tell you at the moment. Charlie you dont see emerging talent . Sheer political talent . You want to see sheer political talent . Marco rubio has share political talent. Ted cruz has different kinds. Charlie how is it different . Peggy marco puts himself forward as someone who cares about ideas, programs, policies. With ted, you get this sneaking suspicion that ted cares very much about ted programs and policies. There is just a sense of, it is kind of about ted and his own drama and forays to independent action in the senate. And so that makes you see him in a different way. But does he look deeply articulate and smart and bright charlie one is defining himself as a man of the future and another who wants to go back to certain principles and ideas he believes in. Peggy maybe. We will see. I need to watch a little bit more. Im doing the best that i can. I am dancing as fast as i can. Charlie size of the field so far. Did the debate we just saw change anything . Or is conventional wisdom right . Everything pretty much came out of there in place. Peggy i think so. I think that. I think the field has to get narrower for us to have a sure sense of what we think. A little surprised and disappointed that john kasich just doesnt seem to get beyond his wobbly beginning. You know . This is a real political talent and we dont elect resumes in american politics, nor should we. But he has one of the greatest resumes ever to run for president. And he is a serious guy. Charlie bush 41 had a great resume. And he was an ambassador to the party. A lot ofs, but it those were appointed. John kasich has been elected to his posts though. Im big on edmund burke. To me, the meaning is respect reality. See it and respect it. Do not be a jerk. Charlie what did you about disraeli . Peggy i love to disraeli. Woody mean . He was one of the greatest political survivors and maneuvers, leaders, and putoffers of his opposition. He danced on his head. I think about him somewhat. Charlie american culture, are we debasing it . In the words of peggy weve made it bizarre and gross. It worries me. Not for the adults. Nothing you watch or see on the computer or watch on tv or here is going to hurt you. But for kids from families that go here, kids who are the object of a certain amount of negligence and inattention to be brought up in this culture is, to me, a scary thing. I worry about it a lot. I say in my essay in the book that when we were children, nothing was ever heaven. Our parents were not ward cleaver and misses cleaver. They would look at you after breakfast and say go out and play now. And they would like if you came home about 6 00 p. M. , but you could go and play in america in those days. People cant anymore. It is absurd in a way that people cannot quite articulate, i think. Charlie this is what some nice people of said about you. He said what we need is more heart wise historians. Heart wise, noon and certainly is. And here from matt drudge, her words and essays have swept through decades, capturing events and moments with grace and optimism. She confides in the reader as she would a dear friend. Henry kissinger, Peggy Noonans columns and essays are exquisitely written and perceptively argued. I am a devoted reader. Her writings illuminate the issues and provide a vision for our future. The book is called the time of our lives. Peggy noonan. Thank you. Peggy thank you, charlie. Very much. Charlie and thank you. Thank you for joining us. See you next time. Emily its new here in hong kong. We have an update of the top stories. Retail stocks pulling asia down as pressure on Industrial Metals pushes copper and nickel to their lowest in years. A five day climb was snapped while chinese shares are on the retreat in hong kong. Asian energy and material stocks are down 13 this year. Sharpe has had the biggest threeday gain in years. The bank may forgive the debt strapped companys loans. Sharpe has seen almost 10 billion in losses over the last four years. China has sent an antigraft inspector to the shan