To force the politicians here to deliver air fit to breathe. And the beauty of the brain. Fergus walsh meets the researchers unlocking the science of thought. The tribal areas on the afg han pakistan border have long been associated with militancy and lawlessness. The ancient tribal customs, with their emphasis on both revenge and hospitality, have been challenged in recent years by violentjihadis, imposing sharia, not tribal law. North waziristan became home to alqaeda, the taliban, and jihadists from all over the world, but as Owen Bennett Jones reports, after a long and bloody military campaign, the Pakistani Army is now firmly in control. For years now, these remote areas on the afghan pakistan border have been a haven for violentjihadists. In 2014, the Pakistan Army launched a campaign to win back this land, and today virtually all of it is under army control. The militants left behind this roadside bomb factory. Capturing facilities like this has made a difference. There used to be thousands of bomb attacks in pakistan each year, that is now down to hundreds. The army reckons its operations here are the most successful anti jihadist campaign the world has yet seen. This is sub conventional warfare. It is not conventional warfare. So somewhere it was the ied that was a threat to you, somewhere it was small ambush or different, so different incidents happening in different areas when we were trying to get them. Just like aleppo and mosul, the army caused massive destruction fighting the jihadis. When the battle was raging, the entire population left. The effort is now on to get them back. Around a Million People from North Waziristan fled when the conflict was at its height and the question now is will they come back . So the army has built facilities like this school, that can take 1,000 children not open yet but it is hoped this will attract people to come back thinking there are ways they can live here, and get their children educated. A few hours drive away in the city of peshawar, traders say the number of bombs has gone down, but they still have problems. The survivors say they are determined to resist the militants, by leading useful lives. If you dont get over it, you dont get to live, because you see, if people become stuck in that psychological depression and that kind of thing, you cant cope with your studies, you cant cope with the world, you cant see the beauty of life, so you have to cope up, and all we did, we all did there is a growing nationalism in pakistan. Some militant groups remain strong and havent been challenged by the state, but there is also a rejection of those jihadis who Attack Targets on pakistani soil. 0wen bennettjoan, bbc news, North Waziristan. In china the government wants to invest billions on renewable energy. They want to encourage the use of new vehicles. Carrie gracie has taken to the streets of beijing to find out. Everything in china is on a massive scale. The problems. And the solutions. Cars are to blame. It is scrapping the worst offenders. But this ritual in the wreckers yarde is a losing battle against 30 million new cars taking to the roads this year. If these people want clea n this year. If these people want clean air, then they have to change their behaviour. Clean air. China has two kick its addiction to fossil fuels. For this beijing couple, the Morning Commute is a his and hers divide. He is part of the problem. And she is part of the solution. Meek little blue, harmful emissions, zero. To beat the petrol heads, China Subsidises Electric Vehicles and makes them much easier to licence. 0n smoggy days, little blue does not face restrictions like other car is. This woman is proud to do her bit for a cleaner air. Translation the pollution is terrible for our health and for the image of beijing. But i dont have to feel guilty even on smoggy days. I tell my friends they should get one, too. Gathering winterfuel allowa nce. One, too. Gathering winterfuel allowance. To beat the smog, all of the villagers have banned the burning of coal. And this 70 year old farmer is forced back to the old ways. The fire heats their brick bed. The government did give them an electric heater. But on their pensions they cannot afford to switch them on much. Winters are a sub zero. He tells me he is more worried about his Electricity Bill than about the cold oi Electricity Bill than about the cold or the smog. He is wearing thick layers of long johns. Beijing can clea n layers of long johns. Beijing can clean the air when it wants to. Like now for the annual session of its rubber stamp parliament. But it cant do it for a long because despite the push for a cleaner vehicles and cleaner heating, the chinese economy is still fuelled by coal. And in the I Party State there is little the public can do to force the politicians to deliver a fit to breathe. Carrie gracie, bbc news, beijing. Its one of the most prestigious awards in the world of science. A prize of almost £1 million for Cutting Edge Research aimed at understanding the brain. This year it has been won by three british neuroscientists further work on how the brain uses a system of chemical rewards to help us make choices. They have been speaking to fergus walsh. How do we motivate ourselves in life, whether it is the choices we make about the food we eat, cream ca ke we make about the food we eat, cream cake orfruit, we make about the food we eat, cream cake or fruit, to the friends we make . Thanks, fergus. The pleasure ofa make . Thanks, fergus. The pleasure of a hauge, or make . Thanks, fergus. The pleasure ofa hauge, orthe make . Thanks, fergus. The pleasure of a hauge, or the goals we set ourselves artwork to succeed or by a better car. What underpins our Decision Making is a chemical in the brain called dopamine, which is released whenever there is a reward. This sense of reward, which can sometimes be equated with happiness, pleasure or simply a desire to do something, has been crucial in newman evolution. The three neuroscientists who shared the prize in denmark have spent 30 years studying the Dopamine Reward Pathway Command say it underpins all our choices. You look at a menu in a new restau ra nt. Choices. You look at a menu in a new restaurant. Should you explore a new type of cuisine . You make a prediction of what it might be like and you try it. If you try it and it is better, it gives a positive signal. Next time you return to the restau ra nt, signal. Next time you return to the restaurant, you are likely to choose it. If it is not, you will choose it. If it is not, you will choose it. There is a dark side. Dopamine can reassert poor Decision Making and leads to compulsive behaviour. Parkinsons disease disease. Drugs that boast boost Dopamine Levels can sometimes bolster addictive behaviour. Can often have negative effects, leading to excess gambling. I have had numerous patients who, when treated with these drugs, have resorted to gambling, often secretive. This has resulted in the tragedy of them losing their entire life savings. The three prizewinners are all based in the uk, which has a track record of world leading brain research. Their work will help in the development of treatments for patients with psychiatric illnesses, like schizophrenia, where the Brain Reward System goes wrong. Fergus was, bbc news. That is all from reporters for this week. From may, philippa thomas, goodbye for now. From me. Good evening. We had quite a bit of sunshine in the north west and the south and east today. Where the sun shone it was lovely. This sunshine allowed the temperature to spring to 18 celsius. For Northern Ireland we had the warmest day of the year so far. We do have a love of cloud in central areas. Not all have enjoyed that weather. This was in essex in the sunnier slot. You can see some sunshine in guernsey. We had quite a lot of sea fog around the Channel Islands recently. This is earlier in the day in dorset. The haze remaining. That will fill back in overnight. The Weather Front that has been giving damp and dreary conditions is being joined by another Weather Front coming into Northern Ireland late in the night. With all the cloud around and the patchy rain, it looks like a fairly mild night. However, it will be freddie gray and missed the first thing with some coastal fog and hill fog. Sandwiched we are sandwiched between those to Weather Fronts. Between them there will be decent spells of sunshine for part of the midlands, northern england. Further west, the next Weather Front and advancing. Initially the east wales doing well. Morning rain for Northern Ireland. Soon clearing away. Hopefully the rainjust Northern Ireland. Soon clearing away. Hopefully the rain just off the east coast of scotland allowing eastern scotland a good deal ofjoy and bright weather. The Weather Front coming in from the west really staggers slowly eastwards and fizzles out, as does our Weather Front in the east. Still a lot of dry weather on offer. Just a little bit patchy rain drizzle. After the dull start, hopefully things will pick up. Temperatures dipping behind the second Weather Front. Still around average for the time of the year. Under clear skies tomorrow night it would be a cold night. We start monday morning with tempered as close to freezing in some parts of scotla nd as close to freezing in some parts of scotland and northern england. Temperatures. We had a ridge of High Pressure which will bring drier, brighter weather. The Weather Fronts towards the north will. More cloud further south. But still dry. This is bbc news. The headlines at 11 00pm famine in parts of africa and The Middle East could lead to the biggest humanitarian crisis since 1945, according the united nations. A retiring judge is criticised for saying women can protect themselves against potential rapists by not getting too drunk. Diplomatic Tensions Mount as the netherlands prevents the Turkish Foreign minister entering the country to attend a political rally. Paying the price. Online touts who bulk buy tickets and inflate their value could face unlimited fines. Storming to victory in the six nations. England Beat Scotland by a record 62 21, to win the tournament for a second year in row
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