members in europe. this map on the nato website. there's russia in the east — the light blue coloured countries are all nato members. some of them are former members of the soviet union. something putin says is a broken promise. we won't move one inch towards the east they told us in the 1990s, and what happened? they deceived us. they brazenly tricked us. the west denies this, but russia remains outraged. not least when ukraine takes part injoint military exercises with nato. or when the the eu says this: as ever, the european union stands by ukraine in these difficult circumstances. we are very firm in our resolve. russia wants nato to pull back, nato says it won't. russia wants ukraine to turn away from europe, the eu says it canjoin. and if those are three longer—term reasons, here are three reasons why this has escalated.