the average cost of a chest x—ray, £100. an ultrasound of the abdomen, around £360. and a total hip replacement, like brenda's, could be around £11,000 for each hip. for replacing a heart valve, you're looking at more than £20,000. one in 10 people in the uk have private health insurance to cover some of those charges. for those who don't, the options are limited. the independent think—tank, the king's fund researched the impact of covid on some of the poorest people in the country. is there a concern that we are seeing the beginnings of a serious two—tier health system? i think that's one of the risks that the government and national bodies in the nhs are absolutely going to have to manage because we have a choice as a society where we go after this pandemic.