including looking into any potential biological factors. we know, for example, if you're black and asian, then you handle glucose less well. so we know you're at much more increased risk of gestational diabetes. we also know that the balance of bacteria in your vagina is different in black and asian women to white women, and we know an imbalance in the bacteria in your vagina has been associated with miscarriage and preterm birth, so that's another area we can look at. researchers don't know if black women in african countries, for example, are also at greater risk. the data is simply not collected. there's clearly a myriad of compacts and difficult issues at play here, but the longer we don't have answers to some of these key questions, the longer so many women will continue to suffer needlessly. one idea professor quenby and her team are already working on in the uk is an app where women will be able to input their clinical