potential biological factors. we know for example if you are black and asian then you handle glucose less well. so we know you are at much more increased risk of gestational diabetes. we also know that the balance of bacteria in your vagina an imbalance in the bacteria in your vagina has been associated with miscarriage and preterm birth, so that is another area we can look at. researchers do not know if black women in african countries for example are also at greater risk. the data is simply not collected. there is clearly a myriad of compacts and difficult issues at play here, but the longer we do not have answers to some of these key questions, the longer so many women will continue to suffer needlessly. one idea professor quenby and her team are already working on in the uk is an app where women will be able to input their clinical details like ethnicity, weight and whether they have had any previous miscarriages.