Desire by the majority in Scotland is very different to that choice than by much of the rest of the uki Scotland has rejected borders Johnson and the Tories and yet again we have said nor to breaks it e.u. Leaders meeting at the European Council summit in Brussels have cautiously welcomed Boris Johnson's clear victory saying they're ready to tackle the next phase of Brecht's it the council president shall Michel said he hopes parliament in London would soon ratify the deal for Britain to leave the e.u. The pound has risen strongly following the Conservative Party's decisive victory they've also been gains in share prices during early London trading with the latest for us there he is Andrew Walker the election result is seen in the financial markets as removing one layer of uncertainty it now seems that the u.k. Will leave the European Union at the end of next month and enter into a transition period during which trading relations will remain unchanged the result has removed one prospect that many investors were concerned about a Labor government with plans for a substantial increase in public spending and a program of nationalizing some important businesses however there are major uncertainties that remain notably what the trade relationship with the e.u. Will be like in the long term that is still to be negotiated Andrew Walker Well news from the b.b.c. The president of new Gerrard's paid tribute to the $71.00 soldiers killed on Choose day in the country's worst ever jihadist attack at a military airbase in the capital in the arm a bomb are do is sue food described the incident as a dark day and a terrible ordeal for the army on the ground where rows of body bags each one covered by new chairs orange white and green flag. The Indian state of Andhra Pradesh has passed a new bill designed to speed up criminal cases of rape and sexual violence under the bill the police investigation trial and sentencing should all be completed within 3 weeks it makes provision for special courts which would deal exclusively with serious crimes against women and children and for the death penalty for those convicted of rape and gang rape the opposition in Poland have criticised the governing law and Justice Party over their plans to bring in disciplinary measures against the judiciary the bill introduced introduced to parliament on Thursday would allow the government to fire judges from Warsaw Adam Easton reports also a district court judge Igor to layer said Poland's judicial system would soon resemble the Turkish system if the proposals take effect opposition m.p. Bodies would go said the aim of the bill was to subordinate the courts to the governing party governing party m P's introduced the bill to parliament on Thursday to stop what they called political acts by judges both the European Court of Justice and Poland Supremes court ruled the Polish judges should question the independence of other judges nominated by a newly politicized body several of already done so Adam Easton and German police say at least one person has died in a huge explosion at a block of flats in the eastern town of blank in Bourke over 20 more were injured several severely the authorities say they don't know at this stage what caused the blast photos of the building show several windows blown out and the walls inside blackened by the explosion and that's the latest b.b.c. News. Thanks You're listening to the newsroom from the b.b.c. World Service with me the miles in the last couple of hours Boris Johnson has returned to Number 10 Downing Street from Buckingham Palace having sought Queen Elizabeth's permission to form a government he had called a general election in the hope of achieving a strong mandate to in his words get bricks It Done It was a challenge the British people indorse delivering the largest parliamentary majority for the conservatives in more than 30 years this was the prime minister's reaction in a speech to his supporters with this mandate and this majority we will at last be able to do what was happening pay attention to this election means that getting Brits it done is now the irrefutable irresistible and arguable decision of the British people this was the prime minister's reaction and from reaction from voters as well. We can't get to that clip of Fred but we can bring you Naomi grimly who's been watching all this from Westminster She's a political correspondent now a resoundingly victory that resoundingly victory was important on several levels was known for the conservatives absolutely this was really quite a feat that Boris Johnson pulled off and the predictions that he get perhaps a modest majority have definitely turned out to be you know more of the sort of pessimistic scenario for Mr Johnson in the end he comes up with a majority of nearly 80 and what he managed to do with take a lot of seats in northern towns towns in the Midlands these are ex industrial towns and he managed to turn them from labor traditional strongholds into conservative seats say these are places like state contraindicate Tony Blair's all constituency of said filled in the northeast also leaving Greater Manchester which had a Labor majority of 10000 he managed to overturn that and make them conservative seats of course the big question is you know can he turn the sort of support of those voters because many will not be natural conservative supporters yet this is an issue and also what he does with this mandate now in terms of breaks or will come out of that in a moment but let's talk perhaps for a moment also about the Labor Party was a cataclysmically bad evening for them the Labor Party lost much of its traditional Harlem move as you've been saying this was the reaction from the Labor leader Jeremy Coleman we put forward a manifesto of hope of unity that would help to right the wrongs and the injustices and inequalities that exist in this country and a manifesto that gave hope in dealing with the environmental crisis the world faces however breaks it has so polarized and divided divide as in this country is overridden so much of a normal political debate. No a lot of grassroots activists say that it was unnecessary just bricks which did for the Labor Party was germy Coleman himself indeed and in fact I mentioned Tony Blair's seat earlier as said failed the Labor candidate he was trying to win that seat back and failed tweeted Not long after that it was mendacious nonsense for the Labor Party to argue that it was just about bricks that he said that he found but Jeremy Corbyn had gone down like a lead balloon on the doorstep and there were many fronts on which Labor disappointed I think there were worries about its economic plans it was proposing a 4 day week there were worries about Jeremy Corbin's ponced and whether he'd stand up for Britain security and perhaps most toxic of all his failure to deal with anti semitism allegations inside the Labor Party I think that was incredibly toxic for for them and as we've seen the British people did in the end very much renounce the idea of Corbin's vision for Britain so Boris Johnson and the conservatives have got a big majority that is important because now they're not beholden to the right wing of their party over breakfast where does that go from now you know well I mean that's certainly true in some ways he might have a bit more leeway he's less in the stranglehold of those on the right of his party like to reason May was he's got to get his withdrawal agreement 3 parliament but we expect him to do that on schedule by the end of January but then in a sense the bigger questions are posed about what will be Britain's future relationship with the e.u. And I think therefore Boris Johnson that the problem will be that this slogan of get bricks it done suggests that it's something that you can easily sort of swipe aside and then get on to the issues of education and schools and hospitals and I think that's where his biggest protests. Still to disappoint some of these new voters who've come to him in this election may lie because we know that getting bricks it done will not be an easy task for any British prime minister and it will drag on for a very long time yet and there may briefly he's also got the challenge of perhaps sort of restore the trust of the electorate because this was an electoral program that was really not trusted by many people in Britain at all was it I think the key point here is that during the television debates every time Boris Johnson talked about trust in politics many of the voters in the audience lofted him so there is certainly a big task there is also questions about in the manifest States things like promising to bail build 14 new hospitals there's questions about whether they will be able to deliver that when the public finances a say constrains. Many thanks for the well the conservatives only Anyone seeing huge gains after this election in Scotland the Scottish National Party secured 48 seats out of the country's 59 their leader Nicholas Sturgeon has been speaking at a news conference within the past hour or so Westminster has ignored people in Scotland for more than 3 years last night the people of Scotland said enough it is time for voters Johnson to start listening. I accept regretfully that he has a Monday for breaks it in England but he has no mandate whatsoever to take Scotland of the European Union the Scottish results have reignited the call for a 2nd Scottish referendum on independence the last one back in 2014 resulted in a decision that the country should stay within the u.k. As the Scottish correspondent James sure how likely a 2nd referendum now is what Nicolas Sturgeon has said I mean the strategy such as it is that she's laid out is that within the next few days she will make a formal request to the u.k. Government for a referendum under the law as it stands at the moment that is what has to happen the Scottish government doesn't have the power to hold a legally binding referendum on its own it has to seek that power from Westminster shit so she will do that within the next few days with a view to having an independence referendum towards the end of next year in the 2nd half of of next year now we do already know to resume a the previous Conservative prime minister made it clear Boris Johnson has made it clear in the past that they will not give that authorization for another independence referendum so that then leaves you in this kind of confusing situation what happens when these 2 bits of government Westminster and Holly Rood the Scottish Parliament come together and disagree how can that be resolved how indeed I suppose it's going to be a very difficult situation because I magine if the whole of the u.k. Leaves the European Union then and then Scotland is out and they will be out of the European Union then it may well get independence but it will be out on its own not a particularly palatable position economically to be in no and that is going to 3 or 4 stages in the future ahead of whatever. Strategy The s.n.p. Have to try to get to that objective and I think what they will not do in the way that happened in Catalonia they won't hold a referendum which hasn't been authorized which is not going to be legally binding because they've seen the complications that can arise if you pursue that kind of strategy so I suspect what the s.n.p. Will do is try and build up momentum and popular support if they can behind this idea that Scotland has to be able to decide if it wants to stay in the u.k. After breakfast and I suppose the hope would would be from their point of view that the the popular clamor the popular voice for independents would be become so strong that it would no longer be possible for a u.k. Prime minister like Boris Johnson to ignore it so I guess in a way the s.n.p. Will be playing a long game although as we've discussed already it looks as though they want things to happen quickly it may be that they will be forced to rely on a kind of slow change in the mood in terms of how people feel in Scotland and perhaps also in the rest of the u.k. How they feel about this possibility this prospect of Scotland becoming independent That was James Shore as we've been hearing Boris Johnson's message throughout the election campaign was get bricks sit down with the British electorate clearly bought into that but is the European Union also on simultaneity Grammaticus is our Europe correspondent in Brussels So I mean what's been the reaction so far to the election result. Well if I can sort of sum it up German Chancellor Angela Merkel speaking in the last few minutes here in Brussels has said of course while we all she said that meeting e.u. Leaders continue to deplore the fact the Great Britain side to leave the European Union in a way we've achieved some certainty now and we have to congratulate Boris Johnson and that I think is that is the view that e.u. Leaders do not. Not happy to see the u.k. Leaving the e.u. But are pleased that this election has delivered a certain outcome which means that the BRICs it process can move forward from here they've called for swift swift process in the u.k. Parliament to get the withdrawal agreement that's already been negotiated through and say that they will then be ready to move on to talks about future ties very quickly in the New Year yes and to a certain extent the president of the European Council Sharma shellers has burst chorus Johnson's bubble a bit on that hasn't. And then there is a word shells Michelle and others have been saying is exactly what they've been saying all along they they've said today they have reiterated you say best is Bubble what they've reiterated is that if the u.k. Wants in the future once it's left to continue free trade with the e.u. . Tatic tariff free access for all u.k. Goods with no quotas no impediments then the condition is that the u.k. Must sign up to e.u. Rules and that means things like environmental standards products standards labor standards social standards all sorts of things that the e.u. Will say you have to follow our rules you cannot undercut us from outside expect free access to our markets they've said that many many times in the past 2 years and yes you're right absolutely very clearly it was the message they immediately sent again today and ever people again the last half hour not just shells Michelle the president European Council is chairing the summit but e.u. Leaders 2 leaders like the Irish t. Shirt who said the same thing the president of the commission a civil on the line and she described this so-called level playing field she said as of the utmost importance to the e.u. Yes it may be something that Boris Yeltsin doesn't want to hear because it will make a deal with the United States more tricky later on we'll hear from Washington later on a little bit about that but for now Tammy Grammaticus many thanks. You're listening to the newsroom from the b.b.c. World Service Chris has the headlines Johnson's Conservative Party has won its biggest parliamentary majority in more than 30 years the prime minister declared it was irresistible proof of the British people's decision to get brakes it done after a surge in her support to the Scottish Nationalist leader Nicholas sturgeon social Now press ahead with demands for a new referendum on Scottish independence and European leaders meeting in Brussels have given a tempered response to Boris Johnson's victory Meanwhile the pound and shares have sought on news of the election result confirmation perhaps that the financial markets hate nothing more than uncertainty I asked our economics correspondent Andrew Walker we've certainly seen one layer of uncertainty removed as a result of this election outcome in the sense that it does now appear that the u.k. Is going to be leaving the European Union the end of next month and another thing that was bothering financial markets was the particular program that the Labor Party were putting forward in this election with substantial increases in public spending borrowing and also a program of nationalizing some important businesses now that's very much off the political agenda for the for the forseeable future and so financial markets have taken it really pretty well there's been a strong rise in the value of. It was it was more than 2 percent up one point slipped back a little bit but did get to a level of more than $1.35 and we've seen some strong gains in the stock market as well the $100.00 share index is up about between one and a half and 2 percent the next level down though is particularly interesting that's the next $250.00 largest companies after that top 100 they are much more exposed to the British economy on the whole the very biggest ones do an awful lot of international business the 250 the next largest ones saw gains into. For going on for 4 and a half percent and we've also seen if you look at some particular sectors house builders banks sectors that are very exposed to the British economy they have made some very strong gains over much as 15 percent in the case of a couple of hospitals that was Andrew Walker So a lot of positive reaction on the financial markets to Boris Johnson's election victory but the Conservative Party faces some huge challenges as we've been hearing in the months ahead nailing down that trade deal with the European Union after breakfast is one but so is reaching an agreement with the other nations particularly the United States Gary O'Donoghue is our correspondent in Washington so Gary am I here on that front there's been some welcome news in the fall of a tweet from Mr Trump. Yeah congratulations from the president and indeed from his daughter who's one of his senior advisers for Boris Johnson and his victory and also throwing forward as you saying there to this potential trade deal with the u.k. He says we could there's a potential now from massive new trade deal as he puts it far bigger and more lucrative than anything that could be struck with the European Union that makes it sound incredibly easy I don't think is going to be that easy because there are whole range of sectors across across which those negotiations would need to take place and there are lots and lots of businesses in this country who are champing at the bit to get the best possible deal for them and as we know the president is interested more from the not in trade deals that are kind of a 0 sum game where he wins so the British government may find themselves on the receiving end it's a very tough negotiating when they do get the chance after the transition period of course to strike some sort of deal with the u.s. Yeah it's really tricky isn't it we were hearing from Jamie Grammaticus in Brussels this idea that the European Union wants this level playing field what kind of areas would Donald Trump and the American government as a whole try to push for in terms of trying to overcome those level playing fields. Well I think one of the most contentious areas been as what's been sort of agricultural products and and meat exports has been a lot of concerns inside the e.u. As you know about the way meat is produced in some cases in this part of country with hormones as the famous chlorinated chicken question isn't there of course those things in particular but also I think one of the other big contentious areas which don't trump tried to lay to rest last week when he was in London for the NATO meeting was the question of Britain's National Health Service that is a massive hot potato for any British government it's something that you touch at your peril and there was some suggestion earlier in the in by Donald Trump that any trade due would would involve he's businesses here American businesses having access to run services in the n.h.s. And drug companies sell drugs into the u.k. . And that was something that caused an awful lot of something made that was made a lot of by the Labor Party the opposition Labor Party in the election now Donald Trump is wrote back on that said you wouldn't we wouldn't be interested in your hands on a silver salver is what he said last week but we'll see what happens when the actual nitty gritty of the negotiations come about because bear in mind Britain's national debt and h.s. Is a huge purchase a has huge purchasing power and not many countries would want to part of it I mean while there is talk of a trade deal between China and the us hasn't been confirmed yet but if that is confirmed it will be proved perhaps to Donald Trump that he's been in Getty attitude works in Britain will same easy pickings when it yes that's true I mean we've been almost there on a number of occasions before so we'll see what actually gets signed but there are some new tariffs that a Jew to come in quite shortly on Chinese goods coming to this country and I think Donald Trump has taken the view all along that China has more to lose out of this trade for the u.s. Because China is. Paul exports a lot to this country and not much goes the other way Ok Gary Donahue Many thanks and Chris is here with some other stories from our news desk a South African court has ruled that the children of undocumented immigrants have a right to an education regardless of their legal status in the country the case was taken to a High Court in Macand in the Eastern Cape Province by local advocacy groups representing dozens of children who'd been turned away from schools the court also ruled that South African children without birth certificates or identity documents cannot be denied education an estimated 900000 children across South Africa did not have the required documentation this year. The governing party in Zimbabwe is holding its annual conference amid a deepening economic crisis and a drought that has left millions facing severe food shortages president Emerson min and gang will be seeking support from Sanny p.f. Members at a time when his leadership is coming under increased criticism more now from Will Ross the thousands of Zanu p.f. Members will cheer and applaud President Emerson and as he calls for everyone to rally behind the government's plans at the conference in got to Monsey east of the capital Harare he'll repeat the line that the governing party has the answers to revive Zimbabwe's economy but that's a hard message to swallow when there's soaring inflation and the drought has also contributed to a severe food crisis it's clear that the Zimbabwean government is terrified that the opposition could take advantage of the current situation in order to stop that happening human rights are once again being trampled rallies have been banned and it can be dangerous to criticize the government well Ross with that report and lawyers in Pakistan holding a nationwide strike angry about police action against dozens of lawyers who stormed a cardiac hospital in Lahore on Wednesday images of the lawyers apparently assaulting medical staff and damaging hospital property sparked public condemnation legal associations are now demanding that lawyers who've been arrested should be released the lawyers were enraged by the alleged mistreatment of a colleague by hospital staff last month and the posting by a doctor of a video clip which they considered mocked them 3 patients died while the hospital was being ransacked Thanks Chris So after 5 long weeks of campaigning it's all over the Conservative Party has a majority of $78.00 seats here in the u.k. And will be governing the country for the next 5 years to end this edition of The Newsroom our political correspondent Rob Watson looks at what's to come for Boris Johnson in the next few days so I think what we're going to see on Monday is just a few little changes needed to vote for the government to replace some people who either didn't stand again at the election and I think we're going to see pretty rapidly now. What's known as the withdrawal bell which will complete Britain's exit from the European Union at the end of January that will come back next Friday so in other words will be able to turn around the country and say hey look we've got all of us under way before the Christmas holiday while I'm a little bit of a break for Christmas because my goodness is everybody sick of politics and then we'll come back again and do this early in the New Year but I do think you know we don't know whether this is the rover's Aleutian of the BRICs crisis we don't know how much strain this this election is going to put on the very existence of the u.k. And we don't know whether that sort of realignment those voices that we heard there is this permanent or is it all temporary and we don't know which Boris Johnson is going to come out into Number 10 or is it going to be the heartbreaks that Boris Johnson or the soft breaks that Boris Johnson because perhaps now that he has this big majority he doesn't need to rely on the members of the the hard right within the party it's an immensely good question and I think it will be one of the key questions now because Boris Johnson that's worth reminding everyone I mean essentially Up until this point he had been a has his main job been like r.c. Been a journalist while a columnist really an entertaining writer rather than a reporter as such he's done a couple of spells as the mayor of London but no one's really sure about Mr Johnson I guess we're about to find out whether there's any there there to Mr Johnson or whether it's all show it was our political correspondent Rob Watson reporting on all the developments this morning after the British Conservative Party won its biggest parliamentary majority in more than 30 years plenty more analysis on the b.b.c. Website b.b.c. Dot com forward slash news you can hear the latest at the top of thanks Peter. This is the b.b.c. World Service and 9 with news of the next world big club Here's Harriet Gilbert's a lakeside property in a forested area just outside Ballin is the setting for our next book visitation by the German writer Jenny up and back no way in the house is a knot of all the stories that are leaving food this place is a chain of owners of loving happy memories and of terrible dark tragedies for 2 minutes she confused offend beneath her shoes then he takes off her shoes for ever and goes to stand on the board to be sought I notice that the book is dedicated to Doris Cup land is there any connection there is couple and worth the girl talking to best selling author Jenny Aplin Bank last of all the name of the girl herself is taking back the name no one will ever again call her by World Club at b.b.c. World Service dot com slash World Club. You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service with me Ed Butler where today we're looking at the celebration of ignorance why is it in the modern era that certainly experts from science politics economics are simply disbelieved by sections of the public it is a big thing this is the fault of the Internet age the financial crisis or is it valid smart skepticism experts quiz business daily after the news. Britain's Conservative Party has won its biggest parliamentary majority in 3 decades in an election that's redrawn the political map of the u.k. The Prime Minister Barak Johnson has promised to fulfill his campaign slogan get Bracks it done he's met the Queen to ask to form a new government the opposition Labor leader Jeremy Corbyn has insisted he's proud of his party's manifesto after it crashed to its worst result in more than 80 years some defeated Labor candidates have turned on Mr Corbin and demanded his immediate resignation he's promised to step down but not until a successor is chosen the Scottish 1st minister Nicolas sturgeon social ask next week for the power to hold an independence referendum after her Scottish nationalists made sweeping gains for the 1st time in Northern Ireland the seats won by parties favoring a United Ireland now outnumber those of unionists European leaders have cautiously welcomed Boris Johnson's clear victory however they've warned that the time frame for finalizing a breakfast deal will be very challenging in other news Algeria's Election Commission has announced that Abdul Majeed to Boone is the winner of Thursday's presidential elections but demonstrators have continued to demand the sweeping away of the entire political establishment a South African court has ruled that the children of undocumented immigrants have a right to an education regardless of their legal status the court also ruled that South African children without documents cannot be denied education. The un High Commissioner for Human Rights says it's concerned that India's controversial new Citizenship Act is fundamentally discriminatory it paves the way for migrants from neighboring countries who claim persecution to become citizens but excludes Muslims and the opposition in Poland has criticised the governing law and Justice Party for its plans to bring in disciplinary measures against the judiciary the bill introduced to parliament on Thursday would allow the government to fire judges b.b.c. News. Hello there I'm Ed and welcome to business daily from the b.b.c. Today we are examining a curious global phenomenon much observed but also commonly stead down directly why do so many people think trained experts are wrong we are just educated enough to think that we are educated quite a lot universal literacy which is a great achievement of the modern world has also convince people that they know more than they know yet the democratization of knowledge of theme today why it's led so many to think they know more than they actually do business daily from the b.b.c. . People often talk then they about a new era as a time of radical change up he will even populist revolt but if that means anything it may mean above all there's a new era in which experts those formally unchallenged peons of knowledge of science of economics and medicine they for so many are no longer considered quite so expert. Dictatorships when done up into work today there's too much scaremongering from so-called experts there's too many organizations and businesses . And later a study craftsman type. And they just seem to make a living out of it and I don't believe that they know best I don't think I know but they're just ordinary people buying phones and they get stuck in this little bubble of what they're doing some u.k. Punters with their opinions there but as you may have guessed this is a worldwide phenomenon experts and that facts are simply no longer believed before the Us 2016 election for example 2 thirds of Trump supporters said they distrusted official economic data in Britain before the break said referendum most breaks it as thought the government was concealing real immigration numbers how widespread is all of this disbelief Well what enough for Professor Tom Nichols to write a book about it that's now been translated into 11 different languages it's called The Death of expertise. What initially prompted me to write it was in action with a student who disagreed with me about Russia which is my area of expertise so I speak Russian and taught and written about Russia most of my career and he said. I just don't think you understand Russia let me explain it to you. He said No I'm not going to do it that way and I sat down and I wrote a blog piece of his you know therapy asking this question well how did it happen that Americans not that they doubted experts which is normal but that they thought they were smarter than experts and it's measurably demonstrably true across many areas of expertise he's saying yes doctors were a huge constituency for the book because they're tired of patients walking in and saying here's what I have and here's what you're going to do but I also found that just talking with you know electricians or plumbers that homeowners will follow them around and say what kind of pipe or using their wire using that wire I mean people have no background in this whatsoever we'll you know ask completely inane questions a lot of it comes from narcissism this notion that we all have to be equally important but also it's a sense of empowerment that you know if someone's walking around fixing your house or about to stick a needle in your child it's empowering to say well I know about this too so I want to have my say what do you think as triggered this I think that the rising level of affluence around the world has created a kind of comfortable and easy narcissism among people in developed countries who think that things are easy who really don't understand how much the world around them works really well because of people doing really hard work. And so they feel free to say Well nuclear arms control how hard can that be vaccines I know about facts as you know one of the big anti vaccine crusader I went to the University of Google and I should add here it's not just the Internet I mean this was a the culmination of 40 years of a very therapeutic approach to education of encouraging a culture of egalitarianism running rampant to the point where we don't really respect the division of labor and yet we are surely in most measurable ways better educated than we used to be how come this cult of ignorance is now taken home well we are just educated enough to think that we are educated quite a lot and that's a big problem I think universal literacy which is a great achievement of the modern world has also convince people that they know more than they know some would argue that the current us President has successfully traded on that assumption that the educated elites half as smart as they think they are. Yeah the American president has had that both ways which is that the elites are not as smart as they think they are and that knowledge itself doesn't really matter very much that gut instinct matters much more than learning and he has promised his constituents a government without experts and we're seeing the real time execution of that concept right now I think it's been incredibly destructive because Americans rely on experts all day long and they don't even realize it expert on expertise brief as a tool Nichols arguing that the president Donald Trump has promoted a view that expertise is for mugs How does that really apply though in terms of the way he governs Well his one specific piece of research on this offered by Michael Lewis the best selling author of the big shortened money bull among other books has now a new one the faith risk which assesses perhaps a little considered corner of government the civil service and the extent to which the 45th president has neglected. Normally after an election there isn't a massive transition effort hundreds and hundreds of people have been prepared by the administration it's just been elected to go into the government and receive it Trump fire that entire effort the day after the election and so you have this odd situation where the Obama administration had thrown vast resources into preparing for that they hand over the government and they were sitting there waiting with parking spots and little sandwiches on plates and so on and so forth and they probably mysteries and just basically didn't show so the idea of the book was to ask the question What don't they know what are they missing by not learning about what they're supposed to be running and we know already that there are dozens of vacancies still outstanding on the normal positions that will fill during the Obama administration simply still not filled under Trump there's not a permanent civil service that runs the thing all the time there 4000 political appointees that the president's responsible for making who actually manage the United States government and their kind of 700 senior jobs and of the ones that are filled largely by a wholly inappropriate people people who have no clue about what they're supposed to be running who saw a qualification where they were completely loyal they don't from I don't think Donald Trump gets elected if people have any sense of what their government does because they wouldn't tolerate this degree of neglect and malice really towards the enterprise but there is an idea in the States my strong prevailing idea that you know big government is a hostile thing a slightly scary thing no it's a dream expenses so Trump is very much a symptom of this idea we've had decades now of propaganda largely coming from the right that the government is the enemy and it's been starved of resources it's been abuse the people in it so the question is like who's there what are they doing what motivates them what happens if they're disabled and I decided to look at places where essentially the news media wasn't paying much attention I start with apartments where I asked my friends at a dinner party what does it do that have no clue such as the Department of Energy. I mean it sounds innocuous but it's largely misnamed it would it really should be called as the Department of Nuclear Weapons it runs the nuclear arsenal and indeed the Department of Energy Trump put a fellow named Rick Perry who had been the governor of Texas who call for the elimination of the department energy in a presidential debate without being able to remember its name but you know a lot about you can't name the 3rd one. The 3rd agency of government I would I would do away with the education. Act the Commerce and let's see I can't the 3rd Reich Yeah so. This happens over and over in American government people walk in slightly dismissive of it contemptuous of people who are there the minute they get there they realize oh my god it's absolutely critical this place has to be run if you don't manage the nuclear arsenal all kinds of bad things might happen give me an example of what and he also has been chargeable should be in charge of doing right now in terms of cleaning things there's a really interesting example that in eastern Washington state the United States government spends $3000000000.00 a year cleaning up the residue from the plutonium manufacturing that occurred during World War 2 And there's thousands and thousands of acres of land with men in hazmat suits trying to prevent hundreds of millions of gallons of liquids from leeching into the Columbia River and poisoning the Pacific Northwest and no one knows whether they're going to be able to quite stop it from getting there and people pay no attention to this it just kind of motors along the question sort of I was asking myself it is you can get away with this for a while there is a civil service that's around to 10 things for a bit while the political people are not showing up but this enterprise the federal government manages this massive portfolio of existential risks and what are the prices we going to pay for having it essentially unmanaged for this stretch of time it's a curious problem because it's a very long term problem in the public's not very aware of the consequences of a lot of the problems in the electorate therefore is not a West in the sense that there's no incumbency on the residents of pay Do we need to pay attention to it at all I you know I mean you're not scare mongering here you know kind of implying whereby I have some gusty nuclear accident in the next 5 years just because Donald Trump as an investment he don't know what it is. It's going to happen the range of possibilities is so vast we've assumed a basic level of competence in the government that manages these risks you can assume it anymore so you know he's been very lucky up to this point he hasn't had a big crisis he's out a few hurrican you know it hasn't gone that well we don't know quite what the death toll in Puerto Rico was but it was thousands and thousands of people this is a strategy or is it just incompetence it's more incompetence in this tragedy largely they're not in the jobs because they know something about the subject all those people were against Donald Trump in the campaign both sides Republicans and Democrats so there really wasn't anybody left put in the jobs who are except a bill to trump because they were insufficiently loyal Surely there's a point at which these appointees will step in and get high on that clearly is a risk they're going to spot their own ineptitude people don't do that well what has happened is in a handful of cases the person who rolled into the job was so radically unsuited for it that there was a popular outcry So for example inside the Department of Agriculture it's got a 3000000000 dollar year budget to make basic science grants and the science is all about adapting the food supply to climate change I mean just critical for how we're going to eat 50 years from now and into the job a point of a talk show radio host who had absolutely no science background and eventually he got drummed out in part because he had connections to Russia what happens when I don't know Rick Perry has a nuclear crisis on his hands and he doesn't know anything about it I just don't know. Michael Lewis and his new book The 5th risk now so let's say that assessment is accurate how come the celebration of ignorance has become such a big thank. God. Somebody has even drafted libretto about all of this honoring Puccini as you can hear perform here by the singer at Ray Brown ones at last year's ignoble awards. The. One the laughing about is the so-called Dunning Kruger effect it's named after the 2 psychologists who measure the innate human reflex to believe yourself knowledgeable when you are absolutely not Professor David Dunning from the University of Michigan is one Hoff of the Jews in simplest terms with a Dunning Kruger effect is the fact that if you're incompetent or lack expertise or like knowledge you don't know that you lack x. Parties or lack now and sure so we've done a position to know you are not sharp enough equipped enough to understand your own fallibility That's right often to recognize lack of expertise requires expertise it goes back to Socrates isn't it that only the wise understand their own ignorance or fallibility That's right I mean Socrates got there 1st we just got there 1st in terms of numbers is it measurable and Yes Well much of it is measurable I mean how do you establish a verifiable prove this effect we ask people how well he performed in some task or task. And then compare that to objective reality and often what we find is people at the bottom people performing the worst are almost as confident in their performance or their knowledge as our people at the top for example in a survey where we went out to a shooting contest and asked people about their knowledge of firearm care and safety and discovered that people who didn't know that much thought that they knew well enough that they were doing just fine in our quiz when in fact they're doing anything but how is it to disabuse the ignorant of their ignorance it depends on the reason for the ignorance some people just are young they're naive you give them a little life you give the little instruction they do just fine the group that might be the hardest to deal with though are the group that are defensive that is they don't know that they don't know and they absolutely refused to believe that fact they're known among my colleagues in medical education as the resistance student and it turns of these are the students they spend most their time dealing with whereas in an area where information of some sort is 30 widely available thanks to the internet do you think that has changed the landscape for the dumbing Krueger phenomenon. Yes I think it has changed the landscape there is a lot of good information out of the Internet the truth is out there and if you can find it you can become well informed but the problem with the Dunning Kruger fact is that when they are uninformed but rather when people are misinformed that's the real problem and the Internet can fuel be a missing form citizen to an amazing degree Professor David Dunning and Socrates what do they know that's almost a for this edition of Business Daily just time to ask can this problem if problem it is be fixed a final thought from Professor Tom Nicholls it is kind of daunting if you think about the time when people really respected experts and when experts were asked to really exercise their abilities in the modern era it's the period between 1905 and roughly 985 maybe and there's a reason we were rebuilding the world after a war that killed 65000000 people so I'd like to see that respect for experts come back but skipping that middle step of a horrendous war or a global depression or a pandemic people have often asked me you know how will the same vaccine business how can we finally stop this and I said well when enough kids get measles or God forbid polio or something people will start taking vaccines again and I hate to be this pessimistic but it may just be that people will have to touch the hot stove of stupidity enough times before they understand why it's a bad idea. Was. Back. Hello you were listening to the b.b.c. World Service and now witness history with me. Today I'm taking you back to the 13th of December 2001 when the Indian parliament was attacked by 5 gunmen. It was only a couple of months after the $911.00 attacks against the USA that militants targeted the Parliament of the world's largest democracy. Congress Member of Parliament Renuka Chaudhary was just arriving outside the parliament building but she was already inside the security fence when she 1st heard the shots it was so surreal because it was bright sunlight and this was a situation we had always imagined or seen or anticipated but never did. And they were it was happening and that that was terrifying terrifying humbling and also the anger that someone dares to take India so lightly but. It was a pleasantly sunny even the morning when the attacks started around 11 30 am some M.P.'s were voting for their cards outside the parliament building after a debate are those who are still in sight when suddenly a white Ambassador caught up with the Home Ministry sticker on it and 3rd the complex to one of the security gates the car was driving very fast the gunman wearing military style uniforms and in an official looking car had been allowed through the security cordon. The parliament security guards tried to stop the car in all the chaos the driver lost control and rammed the car into another car the 5 men who were inside the Embassador got out and started firing indiscriminately. The security guards immediately swung into action and urged all the M.P.'s to take refuge inside the parliament building many of them had to. Crawl on their hands and knees parliament had just adjourned but 100 M.P.'s were said to be still inside the building when the shooting began 4 injured policemen were taken away an ambulance when the attack 1st started raining actually did not really understand what was going on I was fretting that I was running late for Parliament and I was in my car and I suddenly started hearing cracks like like as if crackers were going off. And I was a little surprised because I said why would anyone around Parliament burst crackers that do in broad daylight and I remember subconsciously because I was reading a man magazine in the back a news magazine in the backseat of the car and so I said why why the crackers pursing around Parliament that's surprising that was my subconscious and that when she got out of her car to go into Parliament she found all the doors to the building was shocked but she still did not realize how much danger she was in there was a lot of activity within the Parliament compound and I could see security personnel running helter skelter and I walked up and I said what is happening and they said they wouldn't reveal what happened then they said something is happening something is happening one chap said that I think there has been a terrorist infiltration. My car had gone back there drop me and they had pushed off well before I could understand to establish anything and I walked towards another founded area where the usual cars are parked so I walked up to there and I told them that moved the cars far away from each other because I was apprehending that if one of the cars. Tanks exploded then that would create an additional problem when the parliament security guards Soriano got children in the parking area they told her to take shelter behind some big pillars she had just managed to hide behind a pillar when she saw something really dangerous there's a guy who dumped sort of the car and he had he had some kind of baggage like a knapsack or. You know carry bag back back or whatever and in the front he looked very stuffed and there was a wire running from him he was a few side bomber and she was watching he did donated his. Explosive belt. The blast was so powerful that some of the journalist reporting on the attack thought the attackers had blown up the whole parliament building Meanwhile nobody outside the building knew vocal happening in sight because the mobile network was jammed and the M.P.'s could not be contacted not of my colleagues were watching everything what was happening outside on the. But we were genuinely concerned because we weren't too sure if nobody was within parliament if and when they didn't been treated into the parliament and we want to show how many people it actually got into the compound where they were hidden Where has the Had they been any deployment of any explosives or systems or weapons after hearing the explosions and shooting onlookers had started to gather on the road outside the campus they all come around in groups to watch what's happening and I kept telling them move back back this is not entertainment go back push back there is a problem there is a problem please move back and I kept telling citizens who had flock together there were a lot of people watching from a distance cars which had been stopped at a distance and people were gathering there and everyone was watching. Several people died in the attack volleys of gunfire rang out in the morning the militants killed a gardener and policeman before double shorthaired by security forces. Was full of praise for the parliamentary stuff I think it is such an exemplary coverage of the parliament security personnel because they're not armed and they didn't hesitate for one second to secure the doors of Parliament and to secure the members of parliament and some of them were shouting from the top telling me to be careful and they will lean over from their very obviously they were soft targets they could have been hit and eliminated in any moment she sees one of the security guards Indian vice president Krishna conflict he was exiting from the his door and his vehicle was parked and he was walking out not realizing that all this development had happened and I see was leaving from there one of our security personnel flung himself body in a spot and quickly shut the big wooden doors that take the huge thick wooden doors with brass embellishments on top and he quickly flung himself and he shut the door and one of them got silly. He was hit so he literally saved the life of the vice president who would have been felled by this bullet India blamed the attack on the Jesuit Mohammad militant group which it said was backed by Pakistan Pakistan denied any involvement in the attack. The Indian prime minister addressed the nation on television a valve to crush terrorism horrified that someone. You know has the audacity to even think of targeting India's parliament because it's as good as attacking India and India won't will not never shall take such things lying down we may have our mistakes our slip ups but no if push comes to shove we know how to hit back and how the attack triggered an Indian military mobilization in retaliation Pakistan also sent troops to the border with India tension kept the 2 countries on the brink of war for months the standoff only ended in October 2002 after international mediation 4 people were arrested for helping to plan the attack one of the accused absolute was hanged and another was sentenced to 10 years in jail the other 2 accused were acquitted due to a lack of evidence or a new cultural Drew says she will never forget that day the one image that remained warranted to my memory is that you see Parliament House and you see the flag. And there was a mild breeze I saw my flag standing tall and fluttering in the wind. That was there that was Indian politician Renuka Chaudhry speaking to me from hot Bondi overtness history on the b.b.c. World service if you would like to listen to more of our programs we have got a huge archive on our website just search online for b.b.c. Witness history. This is the b.b.c. World Service and on the inquiry this week I'm slightly Hatten the world has around 2000 billionaires some believe no one has the right to make or keep that much money they want to tax well so billionaires will become a very rare breed others aren't so sure so we're asking should we ban billionaires the inquiry at b.b.c. World Service don't comb slash inquiry. You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service Washington Antony So as more our South America correspondent Katie Watson reports from Brazil Europe regional editor Mike Saunders is here in the studio America's editor counter Spirit began by telling me about owning their own line on the smartphone and really smart Speaker this is the b.b.c. World Service the world's media station. Welcome to News after the b.b.c. World Service Hello I'm James Menendez today we're live at Westminster the shadow of the Houses of Parliament as the Prime Minister Barak's Johnson celebrates a resoundingly lection victory for his conservative party and his promise to take Britain out of the e.u. Is the party's best performance for 30 years as the nation hands us this historic mandate we must rise to the challenge and to the level of expectations he says BRICs that will go ahead next month but what then we'll get reaction from the European Union I am sure that a lot of remain as voted for George Johnson because they are fed up of not knowing what is going to happen and they want to just to have a Finish finish faster they wanted to have the clarification that is at best a fair.