Didn't killed in Mexico and how many a boiled sweet help the stranded woman survive near Crete You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service Hello I'm Danielle Yoffe at Scott with the b.b.c. Nice Iran says it will make a major new breach of the commitments it gave in its nuclear agreement with the u.s. The Europeans and others president has an Rouhani has announced that a step towards uranium enrichment will begin will begin at an underground site south of Tehran earlier this year Iran gradually began breaching technical agreements in the international nuclear accord following President Trump's decision to abandon it the B.B.C.'s Kasra Naji has this analysis is a cry of help Iranian style in the sense that Iran is telling the international community particularly the e.u. Countries Britain France and Germany for to Gillie that they have to be able to sell their oil and if they cannot sell their oil there is no point in them staying in this the the nuclear deal that Iran signed with the international community in 2015 relatives of an American Mormon family ambushed by a suspected drug cartel in northern Mexico say at least 9 people died in the attack including 6 children and their mothers they said some had burned to death after their car caught fire other children appeared to have survived the ambush the victims belong to the Le Baron family part of a breakaway Mormon community who've been based in northern Mexico for decades this relative spoke of his loss this is for the record. Need and for my grandchildren her. Show up. Right on the road a lot more. The president of Mali has urged people to unite behind the country's army following the jihadist attacks that have killed around 50 soldiers over the last week it were him Kater said the stability and the very existence of the country were at stake Africa regional editor Well Ross reports it's taken the president of Mali 3 days to make any comment on the latest devastating attack on the country's military Ybor him Boubacar cases call for people to unite behind the army and not to undermine its morale comes at a time when there's growing anger that the highly mobile jihadists appear to be winning the war not for the 1st time 7 years ago Islamist militants seized most of northern Mali a move that prompted France to intervene thousands of French troops are still in the region but along with soldiers from several West African armies they've been unable to stop the attacks by the Islamic State in the greatest horror and al-Qaeda linked jihadists the Italian government has called an emergency meeting with the steel maker Arcelor Mittal after the company pulled out of a deal to buy a steel works in Toronto from the state are slim metal said a decision in Parliament to withdraw immunity from prosecution for pollution had made its plan for the Elva plant untenable the steelworks is a mainstay of the southern city employing around $8000.00 people in an area of high unemployment while news from the b.b.c. . The Takesh president Regine says Kurdish forces are still active in northern Syria despite agreeing to leave under deals brokered by Russia and the United States Mr Adelman said he did not believe reassurances from Washington that the Kurds had left the zone which Turkish forces moved into last month. The European Union's top court has ruled against judicial reforms in Poland that fueled street protests from Warsaw Adam Easton has more details the court in Luxembourg ruled that a 2017 law that made Polish female judges retire at 60 a male judges at $65.00 violated the use anti discrimination laws previously all judges retired at $67.00 it also said that handing the justice minister the power to decide which judges could stay on after they reached the new retirement age could undermine judicial independence Bolen's government reversed the changes last year after the European Commission began legal proceedings against the reform the author is in Nigeria's southwestern Ohio State say they have rescued more than 250 people from an illegal detention center in the city of. A police spokesman said many were shackled in chains and some had been there for as long as 10 years Israel's Supreme Court has upheld a decision by the government not to renew the work fees are often official from the campaign group Human Rights Watch the verdict was given against here a us citizen who represents the group in Israel and the Palestinian territories. A senior British Conservative politician Jacob Reese Mark has apologized after suggesting that victims of one of Britain's worst fires lacked common sense in a radio interview mystery Smaug said residents of tower in west London should have ignored the fire brigades advice to stay in their apartments 72 people died in the inferno in June 2017 b.b.c. News. You're listening to the newsroom from the b.b.c. World Service with Mark Lobell it's another blow to the previously celebrated deal which restricted Iran's use of nuclear power in an exchange for sanctions being lifted the Iranian government says it will resume enriching uranium at an underground site south of Tehran Iran began breaking commitments this year following President Trump's decision to abandon the Accord the other signatories to the deal have begun to react with the e.u. Saying it is concerned by the announcement a response Iran's president has an Rouhani certainly expected warming as far as the batter me though we are taking the stand from Wednesday and I will give the order to the Atomic Energy Organization now to instruct them to do so we will start gas and traction at Ford or they might start making a fuss about it asking us why do you want to do this in forto we know all about that. Well b.b.c. Persian Special Correspondent Catherine Adji told me why the President Rouhani has made this decision is a cry of help Iranian style in the sense that Iran is telling the international community particularly the e.u. Countries Britain France and Germany particularly that they have to be able to sell their oil and if they cannot sell their oil there is no point in them staying in this deal. The nuclear deal that Iran signed with the international community in 2015 the basis of that agreement was that Iran the old sanctions against Iran would be lifted in return for Iran curtailing its nuclear agreement now because of the u.s. Sanctions Iran cannot or doesn't have access to these banking channels abroad so Iran is saying that you have to do something to the Europeans or there's no point in staying in this deal cry for help but the international community really looking very closely at this to to work out whether the deal the nuclear deal is close to collapse or can anything save it now it's very difficult to remember for the record Maurine. Foreign 1st chief of the just a couple of months ago she was sounding very On sure that this deal could be held together much longer because of the pressure from the Americans President Trump has reimposed sanctions on Iran very severe sanctions that makes a mockery of this basic premise of this deal Kasra Naji after more than 2 weeks and more than 20 deaths the unrest on the streets of Chile shows no sign of abating the country's president Sebastian Pinera has attempted to defuse the crisis by increasing wages and pensions. But he continues to face criticism over the security forces harsh crackdown on protestors President Pinera sat down for an exclusive interview with the B.B.C.'s South America correspondent Katie Watson in the last 2 weeks we have experienced 2 different phenomena 1st and this was absolutely an expected a huge wave of destruction violence that some people put in place in a very organized way that balance cannot be admitted that's not within the law and the other story a very different story is the legitimate manifestation and protest of the senior citizen people have the right to protest and we recognise that and we protect that right because that's part of our democracy it doesn't feel like that rights being protected you know I've seen parents running crazily with their children in buggies away from tear gas being thrown water cannon peaceful demonstrations when they have this organized crime groups that use all kinds of violence that's a small amount with them it is an all out now of course that's why I made it a distinction between those organized groups that are willing to destroy everything and we cannot allow that at the same time we have millions of children there but it for me and for my government the commitment with human rights is the most high and most strong commitment that I can have of course there are many allege complaints about excessive use of force or even crimes that took place I can guarantee you that will be investigated by our our prosecutor system and they will be judged by our judiciary system there will be no impunity Chile's President Sebastian Pinera talking to Katie Watson and Katie joins us now on the line from Santiago a lot of pressure on the president there Katie what do you make of his performance did you find it convincing. I felt he was obviously he was very strong in saying that there were 2 factions you heard there were violent protesters in the peaceful protests as he certainly put a lot of emphasis on the violent protesters saying that that's what he was doing was trying to protect wider society from them my feeling on the streets of Santiago and I've been at these protests is the vast vast majority are calling for change peacefully but there is a heavy handedness from the authorities to the most current thrown you know very quickly and that escalates the tensions on the streets in Santiago and elsewhere in the country and I feel that perhaps didn't really get a grasp of of what happens on the streets on a daily basis and how his how his troops behaved with those crowds will have there been any developments on the street since you spoke to him. Whilst I was talking to him there was a super Monday protest taking place there were 'd huge numbers gathering once again people saying that they're not going to give up and in calling for change so this is the battle that he is facing There are lots of different calls for change people want to shake up politics there are lots of demands for health care education for general trying to improve it inequality in the country and that his task is trying to address those concerns and he said himself that people want to see change now I'm unable to change in a 2nd and what is your assessment of whether the reforms he's announced are going to be enough or do you think his days are numbered. Well that's the 1st question I asked him you know people have been calling him to resign here on the streets all the time you see on the graffiti scribbled everywhere in the city he says he's not going anywhere yes he has got a huge challenge to try and get those reforms recognized really in for people to to to believe in Him Thanks Katie to Mexico now where a convoy of Mormon families were on their way from the northern state of Sonora to Chihuahua when their cars came under fire according to the relatives of the victims 3 mothers and their 6 children were ambushed and murdered in their vehicles by what local German spill evil members of a drug cartel a relative of those who died saw the burnt out cars this is for the record. Need and for my grandchildren Bert. Show up. Right on the road of the more. Well our Latin America editor Vanessa Bush Luter told us more about this attack the details are still emerging so it's still relatively unclear in that clip there we heard a man referring to need that's short for Ronnie to Miller Live barren or who is one of the confirmed victims who died in the car and alongside her 4 of her children died 2 babies twin babies and an 8 year old and a 10 year old what we know is that group was traveling from one town to another town to visit relatives and they were traveling in 3 S.U.V.s and it seems like they were ambushed by a drugs gang it's not quite clear whether one of the cars was ambushed 1st this one car had a puncture apparently and the other 2 cars had gone back to the nearby town to get help but what we know is that in that 1st car that mother with the 4 children was killed they were shot out and then. The vehicle was either satellite or caught fire when the hail of bullets hit it and what more do we know about the victims and their citizenship. We believe that some of them may be dual nationals they come from a community that was established by Mormons in the 1st half of the 20th century they've been living there this community for a long time many of them are Mormons But some Catholics have also moved into the area this area has been beset by violence by 2 warring drug gangs so there has been a lot of violence there and this community has taken a very firm stand against it one member of the family was kidnapped 9 years ago or 10 years ago in 2009 and he was kidnapped for ransom and the community said we're not going to pay money to get him back because that will only encourage more kidnappings so they took a stand and actually this man Eric Le Baron was released without any ransom being paid very briefly is the small town of the base pay known for violence and not a town itself but this area in the north of Mexico is where many of the drug smuggling routes run through and to local gangs aligned to rival drug cartels one of the seen a lot of the the other one is the Juarez cartel who wore to control this area and the lucrative drug routes through it the Knesset Bush looter there you're listening to the b.b.c. World Service Danielle has the headlines Iran says it will begin enriching uranium again at an underground site in a major breach of the international deal on its nuclear program the president of Chile has told the b.b.c. That he won't resign over continuing anti-government protests. And at least 9 members of a Mormon community in Mexico most of them children have been killed in what appears to be an ambush by a drug cartel Thanks Daniel France has announced the launch of a new joint military operation with the king of fast so a country suffering from nearly daily terrorist attacks the French and Burke an ape soldiers are to be deployed in the coming days at the border with Mali a major where several militant groups have been operating out West Africa correspondent Louise the West reports Mali and increasingly Burkina Faso have been struggling to contain the spread of on groups linked to Al Qaida and the Islamic state group especially around the border area is the situation has been particularly warring in Brick enough fast so where tanks have claimed over 500 lives and displaced nearly half a 1000000 people since 2015 it's not the 1st time that the French have intervened in Burke enough Fassero But this latest joint operation is a sign that their presence in the country is growing it's unclear how many soldiers are to be deployed and for how long but France's minister of defense claims there is no mission creep even though an estimated 4500 French soldiers have been deployed to the Sahara region since 2013 because there are concerns that the violence could spread to coastal countries Brooke enough masses government has been under pressure to step up their response and one of the ways to do that is with international support despite some reservations on foreign intervention last week the u.s. Air Force an ounce they had started intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance operations from the new base in New Jersey and next year the u.k. Is scheduled to send $250.00 personnel to Mali to support the un peacekeeping mission in the country at the same time an increasing number of observers believe that I'm. Military approach in the So how might not be enough to address the root causes of violence Louie's the West it's an operation involving 6 countries but then it's about rather a lot of money but lation Investigators say they're working with 5 countries to recover $4000000000.00 worth of assets bought with money stolen from the State Investment Fund $1.00 m d b It's the latest twist in the investigation into what happened to the vast sums of money that were meant to fuel economic growth in Malaysia or Asia Pacific editor Michael Bristow told me more about the case well just to step back a little bit one m.t.b. This was a government investment for the century Malaysia tried to lots of money about 10 years ago supposedly to fuel economic growth most of the money appears to have been stolen over the last year since the new government took office in Malaysia a lot of that money has been recovered but a lot of it has not up until now we've been on clear exactly how much money we're talking about what he appeared to run into the billions what the Malaysian government has done today has actually put a figure on that about $4300000000.00 us dollars which it thinks was taken from the phone and it's going to investigate where this money when it's investigated me $5.00 other countries they haven't given much details officials who are not exactly sure what this money was spent on In fact they don't appear to know exactly where it is but they think they know the figure that they're trying to find Ok so they know the figure but what more do we know about the main suspect they seem to have in their sights this is a gentleman called Jolo a businessman who is wanted in connection with the theft of this money he's on the run at the moment interestingly hasn't gone to ground so he wins a website for example given his point of view and just last week he came to an agreement with the Us authorities to hand over 7 $100000000.00 worth of assets to the us authorities so people know where he is in. The Malaysians Ancel say we know where he is they don't name the country they know where he's living or inhalations is saying is that the country where he's living the authorities there were fusing to cooperate with them and hand them over they also say that he's had plastic surgery in order to avoid detection and he appears to have be going around the world on a superior passport so he's still on the run over some people know where he's Michael Bristow there the Rugby World Cup win in South Africa are about to arrive home to a rousing hero's welcome but there's further bad news for the captain of losing finalists England Owen Farrell is one of a number of the tournament stars who play their club rugby at the English side Saracens now there's no suggestion the players have done anything wrong but the club has been fined about 6 and a half 1000000 dollars and docked $35.00 points for breaking rules about how they have paid them Joe Wilson reports Saracens have become the dominant club force in English and even European Rugby Union they won the Premiership title in England in the past 2 seasons they employ some of the best known rugby union players in the world or in far all morrow a top Jadeveon a poll of brothers for example Premiership Rugby imposes a salary cap too they say ensure the League remains competitive and clubs are financially stable in their investigation they found that Saracens failed to disclose payments to players and exceeded the ceiling for payments to senior players as it stands the punishment must threaten Saracens continued viability as a major sporting force the club say they are shocked and disappointed and will appeal against all the disciplinary panel's findings Joe Wilson if you were on a dinghy in the Mediterranean with no way of steering and no fresh water to keep you going you'd probably start to get well that think sinking feeling but a 37 year old tourist from New Zealand stayed afloat and was finally rescued after 37 hours adrift in the Aegean Sea her survival tools included a mirror a red bag and a handful of. Boiled sweets Jonathan Savage has the story Priscilla Stein's ordeal came to an end on Sunday morning when she was finally located by a search and rescue team of 6 vessels a helicopter and an underwater drone the experienced sailor was helping a British man take a yacht from southern Turkey to Athens mistyping took a break from the yacht and rode the dinghy to a nearby island on our way back one of the oars dropped overboard and strong winds pushed the dinghy out to sea knowing that her life was at risk the 45 year old wrote her mother's name and phone number on the side of her vessel she sucked on boiled sweets to keep her energy up and put a red bag on her head to make herself more visible whenever a plane flew overhead Miss Stein used the mirror and the sun in an attempt to attract attention she was eventually discovered 100 kilometers north of Crete because Sheila Stein was tired and the hydrated but alive and with one boiled sweet left and her Russian Jonathan savage with the most read story on the b.b.c. News website now Danielle has some other stories from our news desk Frances to introduce quotas a migrant workers from outside the European Union for the 1st time next year the labor minister Muriel Penney Co said the government would draw up a list of jobs covered by the new rules in the coming months the far right National rally party's long pushed for stray in style quotas the French Prime Minister Edward Phillipe is due to announce on Wednesday new limits on welfare benefits for migrants a Russian court has sentenced a Jehovah's Witness to 6 years in prison as Moscow continues to crackdown on the religious movement Russia outlawed the Jehovah's Witnesses in 2017 calling them an extremist organization a spokesman for the European Association of Jehovah's Witnesses said members were astounded by what he called the cruelty of the punishment a new report from the International Telecommunications Union warns of a growing gender gap in internet access the report from the un body shows that on average 58 percent of men are. Around the world have access to the internet while for women the figure is 48 percent in poor countries the gender gap is growing the Americas are the only part of the world which have reached near parity in internet access imagine folks reports from Geneva over 90 percent of the world's population lives within reach of a 3 g. Or higher network but getting online requires money and skills and that's why the long standing gender gap seen earnings in education are now reflected in internet access in African and Arab countries the gender digital divide is growing the new report warns that in an increasingly digital world winnings lack of Internet access could become a vicious circle excluding them from many jobs from basic communication and even from health and education image and folks Thanks Danielle now a year today we will all know America's verdict on Donald Trump's 1st 4 years in office whether he's been handed the keys to the Oval Office for another 4 years or booted out in a viscerally Delap divided country right now many recovered Republicans show every sign of sticking by President Trump as he faces an impeachment inquiry but there's still no clear front runner among a packed field of Democratic Party candidates our Washington Correspondent Jane O'Brien has gone to the New Hampshire has gone to New Hampshire to take the pulse amongst voters there the state holds the 1st Democratic primary in February will be an early indicator of how the rest of the country may be thinking. Bernie Sanders the 78 year old senator from Vermont is a hot ticket in New Hampshire. One of the prime instigators of the Democratic Party's of the to the left he remains a firebrand the socialist movement but while he still commands the brand following his recent heart attack some supporters at this rally in the college town of Cain question. In his final I'm afraid that his time is past and that we need him to stay in the Senate he doesn't have the arm and I don't want to say the negative about Bernie but we've got our man what about job. Security now. He's too old we got a boat got to go forward I'll take him over truck the. Democrats certainly have plenty of alternatives the field is huge and the serious contenders won't fully emerge until voting in Iowa early next year and the 1st primary here in New Hampshire that's why this state is so important and the reason every candidate keeps coming back. To the source code for the. Tech entrepreneur Andrew Young is 44 and coast himself the math guy he's betting that concern in the White Mountain region about jobs and wages that helped propel Donald Trump to the White House in 2016 remains a key issue but perhaps more surprising was the subject he didn't mention we heard a lot about policy tonight but the thing we didn't hear about which is been consuming Washington is impeaching President Trump why don't you think that was mentioned here we are just sick and tired of hearing about it we don't even know what's going on it's more government just beating each other up the 2 parties beating each other up that that's not a good way to do we want to look to the future. There's also the possibility that presidential election itself only a year to go then until we know all those aren't says just keep listening to the newsroom from the b.b.c. World Service for all that news and our mind of today's main news Iran says it will begin enriching uranium again at an underground site in a major breach of the international deal on its nuclear program thanks for listening from me and the rest of the team good buy. This is the b.b.c. World Service Now take a moment to listen to this commitment I think every one of them knew this was going to be an incredible achievement for humankind and determination we have to follow if it installed a stunt that this route is what it would what feelings of unease I was not to go to the street because some people there were looking at me as if for my sin for person or loss this building represented my life it meant everything to me the human experience the ballot has always been in the imagination of the Mexican people they came to hear the music but they experienced a whole other there is always in Richmond when 2 cultures come together documentaries on the b.b.c. World Service She looked down at 3 form and looked back up at me and male of the words to no Sharath to listen go to b.b.c. World Service dot com slash documentaries. You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service I'm Ed Butler today Business Daily is hearing from a remarkable woman professor Esther do flow she's this year's joint winner the youngest ever of the Nobel Prize for Economics and she's in the 2nd woman ever to receive that although she tells us how her work is now changing the way we understand the economics of poverty that's in a couple of. B.b.c. News with Daniel Yet Iran says it will make a major new breach of the commitments it gave in its nuclear agreement with the u.s. The Europeans and others president has done Rouhani has announced that a step towards your reign in enrichment will be taken at an underground site south of Tehran that's will be injected into the centrifuges that could carry out the enriching process France has called for the decision to be reversed. Police and the armed forces in Mexico are searching for several children who fled when their relatives were killed in an ambush by a suspected drug cartel at least 9 people including 6 children and their mothers are believed to have been killed in the attack on a convoy of cars on the border of Sonora and she was a state's a relative of the victim say it they might have been mistaken by the attackers for rival gang the president of Mali has urged people to unite behind the country's army following the jihadist attacks that have killed about 50 soldiers over the last week it were him Kate us at the very existence of Mali was at stake the Turkish president. Says Kurdish forces are still active in northern Syria despite agreeing to leave under deals brokered by Russia and the u.s. He said he didn't believe reassurances from Washington that the cuts had left a senior British Conservative politician Jacob re small has apologized after suggesting that victims of one of the country's worst fires lack common sense mystery Smaug said people in Granville tower should have ignored official advice to stay in their flats. In rugby union the English and European champions Saracens have been fined nearly $7000000.00 for breaching salary cap rules they've also been deducted $35.00 points by England's top league the punishment follows an investigation into business partnerships between the club's chairman and its players Saracens say they will appeal and that's the latest b.b.c. News. Hello and welcome to business daily here on the b.b.c. World Service I'm Ed Butler and it is 3 weeks now since the Nobel Committee the world's most prestigious prize giving body announced this year's economics laureates giving the award to 3 economists average it banner g. Michael Kramer and last but by no means least Esther do float the 3 had produced a body of work examining specifically and practically how people in poor communities respond and adapt to various financial incentives the committee said the trio had dramatically improved their ability to fight poverty in practice Well Professor to flow of Mit is in fact only the 2nd woman ever to win the economics prize she's also at 46 the youngest person male or female to do so she came into the business daily studio yesterday to tell me about all of that pioneering work that she's been doing and her latest book coauthored with her husband Ben a-g. On the economics of poverty we were quite flabbergasted flawed. No word gets through to people in your position on those no words to get to know I mean the prize I guess was for your collective work on that book pour economics which of course was a nifty book of the year in 2011 a detailed assessment of how people in the poor world respond to economic challenges in incentives and how that differs from established economic modeling without be a right way to describe the book. Yes I guess the established way to do economic modeling and to some extent to do police see making as well is to try and take the whole question of poverty like all at once how are we going to solve poverty in the world and of course that's a question that doesn't really have a simple on so instead it's much better productive to break it into thousands of moment edge of questions which is for example how are we making sure that kids learn something when they're in school or are how can we make sure our that people who have a business idea can finance it how can we make sure that people do not die because of bad what are but air and once you ask these questions which 1st of all of the merit of being clear and understandable You can also find better than most rigorous which to answer them one of the presumptions I guess also the reason it is that conventional economics has failed because it is misunderstood the way that people in stressful economic situations behave around money and around the options or the possibilities of changing their circumstances yeah but of the problem maybe of the way that we tend to we from the Western world is you tend to produce poor people to caricature us they have been any number of caricature as one of them is that the poor are completely disparate and they have no choices and they just do what they can. Be I mean whereas in fact. People who have money are quite sophisticated on money and they are tying to do their best with the little they have and then on the opposite we have people who instead say well all of the poor are incredibly sophisticated and they are not sure I don't propose and all we need to do is to lend then someone even has a higher rates and they are going to pull themselves out of poverty and that is also incorrect in the sense that the poor like the rich have complicated shortcomings in the way that they and their lives problem and think about them so they could be perfectly sophisticated in how they handle business and at the same time make what would look like mistakes for example not their children precisely because they are so obsessed with is putting food on the table and we need to kind of keep both sides of this coin in mind at the same time one. Really treat people as intelligent sophisticated human being regardless of their level of income and to also take on board the fact that we only have so much time and so much bandwidth in our brain to solve all the problems we'll come to some of the detail of that in a 2nd but I mean all of this of course comes in the wake of the global financial crisis and the collapse I think it's fair to say in public trust and faith in economic thinking do you think that economics is genuinely guilty as charged by the population at large that it doesn't get it it doesn't understand it can't be trusted to fix the big questions or do you think that it is just a perception problem so economists are certainly not beloved 25 percent of people who trust it going to mused about economics that's much less than weather forecasters and that's just above the politicians but then just about we are probably let's a pretty low bar here that is a very low about it we'll probably do the least trusted about our own field of expected and I think to some extent it does reflect a perception problem in the sense that people think of economists as the people who are supposed to be forecasting what's going to happen in the economy I think you know reality economics is much more set there are Learn to read and less ideology can't and despite attempts in is but I think it is the fault of the Economist of not having trite to explain what is our walk and how a regular academic economist is actually not particularly ideology care he or she is more like a calf man's or lumber are doing their thing yeah let's just look there I mean your see attempting to answer it or correct some of that problem of perception with your new book good economics for hard times in broad terms what is the idea or what is that the methodology you are using this time to address similar questions I guess around how we look at the poor world and how we look at inequality. So the approach in this new book Good to go makes the hard times take big issues like immigration our trade ghost and said they got big issues and pack them and bring out the facts and sure look for example on immigration let's start by a fact that is going to probably surprise people which was and I can even when they are a lot of my guns immigrants coming to a country the wage of the net of low skilled workers doesn't suffer really is that always generally true overwhelmingly overwhelmingly true and they have been scores and scores of studies showing it even with very messy of movement for example when there was a wave of Cuban migrants who I had in Miami nothing happened to the wage of that was how do you explain that because I mean I for example recently was in Istanbul looking at the huge wave of Syrian migrants who arrived in that city they're working in the garment trade and. I was told anecdotally that that was depressing wages for local Turkish garment workers you're saying it isn't usually the case it isn't usually the keys and at the same time you're absolutely right that people very much have in mind the idea that it has to be the keys in the case of migration the big one is demand which is take the Syrian migrants they also need to eat and they need to find some houses and you need to eat some clues and there are going to restaurants and things like that that creates demand mostly for the type of services that people get fog samples selling food in restaurants or in shops so on the one hand they supply labor on the other hand the demand services and that helps to say one thing is that the did in my Consul not typically competing in the same industries as the net you walk out labor markets are very much markets of polish and shipped so if you've been in a particular workplace for a long time your employer knows you is not about to replace you with a Syrian who arrived yesterday and is proposing a lower wage than not going to a place to talk that's been working in a shop for 20 years to the extent that they do find work it is the walk that walk or don't want to do they are the one who pick up the trash they are the ones who what are the gatherings except era and therefore there is no they I can petition even better because they provide those services it often sadly says that help free up the time of the highly educated woman for example if it's no cheaper to buy food outside of to have a cook or a 90 then the highly educated mom can decide to go and work so the migrants stimulate productivity migrant stimulate poor. Of dignity of workers this is why actually economy Clee you don't have to feel the migrant one of the areas you talk about in the book which I thought was interesting is this idea of stickiness which is apparently you're saying something that classic economics has not picked up on. It's explain what it is 1st of all it's a huge blindspot of economics that we really believe that people will respond very strongly to financial incentives and in particular if you are working in a clothes factory in some small town in the u.s. And that job vanishes because of competition with China you will pick up and go 200 kilometers away and take a job selling new clothes in a shop economist we live on this idea that people will respond to changes in economy condition stickiness is the opposite people mostly stay in place they're not as mobile as we like to think they are extremely immobile but if you've been working in your close factory for 20 years you know the people you're working with you have a place in the community you have an identity as a foeman or someone who works in this factory and when I'm asking you to pack up and go change both your location and also the type of work you do I'm actually asking you to leave behind your social network your dignity your sense of why you're doing this work and that's extremely disturbing to people so pride and dignity have a value have a have an economic value they're part of the equation than the column a should be feeding into his calculus when he or she creates a model definitely and that's a very hard thing to do and how on earth would you put in pride into your equation Well it's not that hard once you start thinking about if you wanted to but even if it were hard if we cannot put in we question then that suggest we have to change the question isn't like we should ask the real world to conform to what our assumptions mothers happen to be we should tie to the right my dentist that capture that a lot of the thirty's you've done have been based on this concept of randomized control trials and then it's a big idea for you that you will use the methods that let's say a medical experiment would use. To look at exactly how a small community acts does that really work in such a complex environment as economics I mean there are so many imports are those so many factors at play that when you just look at one community in very localized situations perhaps you're missing the bigger picture so in fact it is because there are many complex things interacting with is one another that you want to set up experiments because the real world is too complicated to be able to infer from what happened in the real world without an understanding of a situation for example if you want to know why kids are not learning in school there are many factors that can be at play do you come up with an answer to that question so as it dumbs out yes and it takes some time because the very 1st time the most controlled trials and Michael Kramer who got the Nobel Prize this year was with us 1st type textbooks on the most controlled trial and textbooks where some schools got them and some school didn't get them and he was persuaded it would be it would have a huge effect and in fact it had no effect whatsoever. Then she quickly he tried again with lowering the class is having the class size again this had no effect and people have tried was increasing the salaries of the teacher or providing blackboards or providing flip charts all of the stories tell you it is not just input this is something else. And what we stumbled upon is a very simple change in pedagogy if you want them to learn you have to go to the level of the kid you have to teach at the height level so if the kid doesn't know how to recognize let those when they are 9 or 10 there's no point trying to teach them to read stories you have to go back to the letters and does as had an enormous impact on the kids ability to learn so better streaming better streaming within the ability range of those that are streaming and it doesn't have to be like prominently I'm putting a lot Bill on you because the teachers are constantly retesting the kids and they can move from group to group one of the example that you came up with which is of course very contentious right now is this issue of inequality globally in the rising levels of inequality very interesting work you did on high taxes how they could change inequality even before they are applied how how could that work how can it be that even before you raise taxes on the super rich for example you actually reduce inequality. So this sector you point that you made if the taxes on very high income taxes above half a 1000000 pounds a year or something like that are very very high then companies will not feel the need to pay them those very very high wages because off those very very high wages most would go to the coffers of Treasury anyway so this money these wages will never be paid of course the disadvantage is that is just as treasure is kufur will never get the money yeah I mean that's actually been pointed out doesn't it the raising high have very high taxes on very rich people doesn't actually tend to raise that much extra revenue for governments Yes that's actually a very important point high taxes might be desirable because there can squash inequality before it even comes in but high taxes on the very top income is not the way that you're going to generate much revenue precisely because you are not taking money away from to reach your obliterated the rate before they even come in but squashing inequality is an economic benefit for everybody do you hold with that idea there is evidence showing that people suffer psychologically from living in very highly unequal societies we have seen as well that high inequality distort the political field because the people who have reason to keep the status quo or a lot of money to finance companies to keep the status quo so Heinie quality Spanish is Father McCloskey as well and finally very pertinent now Heinie quality is a contributor to global warming because the emission they have likely lead to to how much people consume and therefore if there is very very high inequality there is also going to be very high inequality in how much c o 2 is being generated you are a woman you are only the 2nd woman to have received an economics Nobel Prize you talked earlier about the if you like the straight jacket within which a lot of Economics has worked do you think that male nurse has been part of the economics it's probably. I actually do think so I think the future of economics is much to me at or lover of economics there are too few women and frankly of minorities as well which is even a worse problem in a sense has made the field a little bit you need to mention her and so it is not looked enough at for example the contributions of millions billions of women who either are working or probably aren't working and should be working that could change and benefit the economy as well as of course the poor world that you have already focused for example it turns out that woman economist are more likely to be interested in the issues of other woman or do I must say there are some men who works on gender economics as well. Women also more likely to work on public policy on health and on education so margin early woman come in with a field with a different set of interests there is a bit of a vicious circle because if you go back to the perception of what economics is about that perception is not particularly exciting I think for many women and minority who would rather do work that small meaningful so when hope was displayed is actually is not only because I'm a woman but because the 3 of us walk on development issues and I'm trying to make life better for the poor that is going to make it clear to the bench of young people all over the world from value as ethnic opened races and gender that actually economics can be a meaningful vocation congratulations as to deflect 2019 Nobel laureate thank you thank you so much. Hello now here on the b.b.c. World Service it's time for witness history I might luncheon and today I'm taking you back to the mid 1970 s. When a Canadian on College East led the way for a groundbreaking change in the treatment of breast cancer by proving that breast conserving surgery could at times be as effective as a radical mastectomy we started to raise treatment in December 3 or 4 trips I think it was 3. Every 3 weeks. This is Canadian oncologist Dr Viera Peters speaking to one of her male patients in the 1970 s. Documentary about cancer treatment having completed the turn their sleep without her Dr Peters devoted most of her early professional life to treating people with Hodgkin's disease like the patient we've just heard her speaking to this cancer of the lymphatic system was previously believed to be incurable but Dr Peters was able to prove that it could be completely cured in its early stages with radiation many in print planned. And in the cure. Disease as being really dramatic I think of my mom as being very feminine with a sharp and lovely wit that often she used at times of distress or challenge she also had a strong backbone and was a woman of great resolve this is Dr Peters daughter Jennifer Ingram who's also a doctor she remembers how her mother took a special interest in her cancer patients even going to see them on her way to family holidays I remember her visiting people along our car route up to her cottage 3 hours north of the city we live in and Tronto. And stopping along the way to visit various patients who had become friends who were living through some of the difficulties and I was exposed firsthand as a 9 year old to a woman that had a huge swollen arm so to stop or form vacation to visit a patient must have been quite rare at the time I suspect it was and that quality of learning about the patient and recognizing the impact of the treatment on the patient and the family and their status when that within the 5th family was very much a part of what drove her to always try to do things better also Dr Peters own mother had died from breast cancer so the interest in breast cancer evolved for a whole variety of reasons issues of being very disturbed by some of the outcomes that she would see from radical surgeries. Trying to help people through that and also by a fascination with the potential curative ability in radiation therapy Dr Peters worked at the Ontario radiotherapy Institute of Toronto's General Hospital the majority of the patients she saw there had already had an often disfiguring and emotionally upset ing mistake to me but the oncologist wasn't convinced that it was always the best course of action and she began arguing for less radical surgery combined with radiation therapy There was however no clear statistical evidence in terms of patient survival rates to back her up so Dr Peters went about compiling the data herself so she worked arduously probably for the better part of 2 years finding the cases that would match the cases that she had treated with this breast conserving surgery and if there was a eureka moment it came from her study in the home we were living in I can picture her to this day she would keep on going back redo the figures one more time and replot the figures by hand one more time and she was able to demonstrate that there was an improved survival with the breast conserving surgery in early breast cancer and it was. Statistically significant armed with her research results Dr Peters then prepared to present them to the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at a meeting held in 1975 Jennifer went along to support her mother so was she nervous she was very nervous she. And I shared a room and her presentation was on cue cards. Again it was before the era of rampant use of computers she wasn't a particularly strong speaker so it wasn't surprising to me that she wanted to practice it again and again and I remember sitting in the hotel room listening to her speak to a mirror that tended to be the way we were taught to give a talk to me it looked like a sea of dark blue and black suits all of the men I don't remember seeing a woman there may have been a sprinkling of them throughout and I sat at the back something I in retrospect probably shouldn't have because she looked like a very small figure at the very front. She ran through it and then there was this hushed silence why silence do you think the audience felt threatened by her findings well to that audience I think the more threatening issue was that they would not be encouraged by their patients to continue to do this that their patients would be questioning them and this was an era where physicians surgeons in particular did not broker questioning from patients easily it wasn't the days that we live in now where you talk about the pros and the cons I think the surgeons couldn't help but understand that they were living in an era where women were pushing the boundaries in all sorts of areas whether it was in dating or social constructs in marriage and fertility and birth control in education all across the board how was it how do you remember her that evening did she come have to drink or something. Well I don't remember that part and if I did I'm not sure I'd say but I would say that she was relieved to have it over with Dr Peters wasn't the 1st to suggest treatment other than radical mastectomy for breast cancer a number of doctors in Europe and the us had proposed more localized surgery but she was the 1st to prove that it could lead to similar or better survival rates in 176 Dr Peters retired just a year after her study had received such a lukewarm reception from many of her Canadian colleagues she was says that daughter Jennifer frustrated by haps even dissolutions by the experience she was very frustrated with the reception that surgeons got who wanted to practice breast conserving surgery I think I thing. That was the shocker for me that some of the surgeons were threatened with losing their hospital privileges if they dared to do breast conserving surgery so I I think she was frustrated by how the delivery of medical science to that person is short changed in some cases Dr Veera Peters has since been widely recognized for her contribution to breast cancer treatment in 2010 more than a decade after her death she was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame and today the treatment for breast cancer is much more personalized to the needs and situation of each woman in large part thanks to the work of Dr Peters and others I was speaking to Jennifer Ingram the daughter of Dr Vera Peters for this edition of witness history and if you'd like to hear more unique voices from history just search online for b.b.c. Witness history this is the b.b.c. World Service where each week for big name musicians discuss what matters most to them making music music satisfies me like nothing else because it is really powerful and it just makes me so happy to gal my face every day is just such a beautiful way of articulating what's on my mind and on my heart. Music life at b.b.c. World Service dot com slash music life. You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service Washington Post I'm Tumi So as more our South America correspondent Katie Watson reports from Brazil Europe regional editor Mike Saunders is here in the studio America's editor Countess peered began by telling me about owning their own line on smartphones and smart Speaker this is the b.b.c. World Service the world's media station. Welcome to News Hour from the b.b.c. World Service I'm Reza it Paul Chile's President Sebastian Pinera refuses to stand down and defends how his government has handled serious protests in the country now entering week 3 there are many alleged complaints about excessive use of force or even tribes that took place I can guarantee you that will be investigated and they would be judged by our judiciary says there will be no impunity also in a major breach of the nuclear agreement of 2015 Iran says it will begin enriching uranium at an underground site and we speak to the whistleblower Britney Kaiser who worked for Cambridge analytic of the company that altered how political campaigning is done I will never forgive myself for that company for longer than I should've but I couldn't be more thankful that I have the opportunity to make a change all that lots more after the latest world news. This is the b.b.c. News Hello I'm Jonathan Assad Iran says it will make a major new breach of the commitments it gave in its nuclear agreement with the u.s. The Europeans and others Tehran plans to take a step towards uranium enrichment at an underground site south of Tehran our Middle East analyst Alan Johnston reports President Hassan Rouhani has announced the gas will be injected into the centrifuge devices that could carry out your rainy I'm enrichment at the food though nuclear plant this would violate the international nuclear accord which was struck in 2015 the Iranians began gradually breaching its technical agreements earlier this year they're responding to President Trump's decision to abandon the deal the u.s. Has imposed sanctions in an effort to pressure to Iran to renegotiate the agreement the European Union's climate agency says the last month was the warmest October on record across the world the Copernicus climate change service as it was the 5th month in a row that records have been broken or very nearly broken Europe regional editor Mike Sanders This is the 1st set of global climate figures for October produced from computer analysis of billions of measurements from satellites ships aircraft and weather stations it shows that October 29000 was naught point 69 Celsius warmer than the October average for the period from 1901 to 2010 temperatures were much above average in large parts of the Arctic but much lower than usual in huge tracks of the western United States and Canada because panic is climate change service stands by the accuracy of its data it leaves others to draw conclusions the president of Mali has urged people to unite behind the country's army following the jihadist attacks that have killed around 50 soldiers over the last week you bring him back Ok to call for international solidarity in the fight against militants who have expanded their area of operation to neighboring countries Louise the West reports Mali and increasingly Burkina Faso. Have been struggling to contain the spread of on groups linked to Al Qaida and the Islamic state group the situation has been particularly warring in Brick enough fast so where tanks have claimed over 500 lives and displaced nearly Harve a 1000000 people.