University was one of the researches done messed that dogs of all of that in a very short period of time 30 to 35000 years is what we think about as the time it took for dogs to evolve and that's very rapid So in a short period of time humans selected for this Moscow movement in the women's football World Cup in France the hosts have beat Nigeria one nil in their final group a game to qualify for the knockout phase Norway also went through half through $21.00 victory against South Korea Spain and China have also qualified after drawing nil nil in group b. They join Germany who topped the group defeating South Africa 4 nil. Huge crowds have turned out in the Canadian city of Toronto for the victory parade of the Toronto Raptors last week they became the 1st basketball team from outside the United States to win the n.b.a. Championship hundreds of thousands of fans cheered the players as they toured the set city center in an open top bus celebrations were briefly disserved by shooting nearby that left 2 people injured b.b.c. News Hello this is the history hour with Max Pearson this week the ethnic cleansing that led to NATO bombing campaign on Kosovo 20 years ago how the us tried hard in the aftermath of the 2nd World War to forge a peace between the communists and nationalists in China or a groundbreaking 1970 s. Gay wedding in America and how the artists Christo and John Claude wrapped the Reichstag in Berlin in fabric in 1905. But 1st a subject which has been gaining increasing currency in recent years especially in the richer countries of the world we're talking about the treatment of those with mental illness although there's no evidence to suggest that levels of mental illness are increasing governments and health authorities around the globe are these days paying much more attention to its costs both to the individual and to society and the way mental illness is treated is evolving from the tormenting shackling and incarcerating of the surprisingly recent past to the use of more effective drugs and therapies of today we're going to focus on a breakthrough which occurred in the 1950 s. With the development of the 1st anti psychotic drugs Alex last reports. So far as I'm concerned I still think it was an evolution. It changed everything in psychiatry in the house with us at least you see in my experience in the 1st half of the 20th century the mentally ill in western societies were often simply locked away in psychiatric hospitals and asylums in the 1950 s. In the United States alone more than half a 1000000 were in public mental institutions where in many cases conditions could be very harsh among the most seriously ill long term inmates with those suffering from schizophrenia a mental illness that affects one percent of the population and causes psychotic symptoms to basically defend it is to feel your mind falling apart skids of an extent have a dual personality they have bizarre thoughts and strange feelings then they have a persecution complex believe that someone they're not hear voices see visions use strange language or refused to speak it is in short classical madness these voices of good to be located in the back of my skull they suggested that there was a conspiracy against me there were a number of people who had it in. From a college and I thought it was also surveillance going on our shores it was some sort of recorder transmitter in my head or something of a coward. Psychiatric institutions for restraint and sedation of patients were routine in the 1950 s. Dr Thomas Van emeritus professor of psychiatry at Vanderbilt University was then just starting his medical career working at a large psychiatric hospital in Budapest in Hungary and we were just permanently kind of running around and trying to control the patients eyes that are pharmacologically or physically there was just no are there possibility treatments were tried their effect of Miss varied their benefit the patients debatable some doctor's practice psychosurgery actually operating on parts of the brain more common with therapies meant to shock the system back to sanity there was electroconvulsive therapy e.c.t. Which did work for severe depression but often terrified patients and insulin coma therapy or a patient was injected with massive amounts of insulin to induce a coma then brought back with glucose at the time I started psychiatry we used for schizophrenia patients in the in coma terribly and at the therapy this was a little 2 main treatment we used and in the main 8 patients with their x. . Morphine scopolamine for controlling the excitement education aggressiveness but in France in the early 1950 s. a New drug called Clo Prime is the 1st used to relax surgical patients was then trial on patients with psychosis with dramatic results they not only became calmer but their thinking and behavior improved to draw promising it turned out would be the world's 1st anti psychotic. Drug and within just a few years Clo primacy under the brand names Largactil and thorazine started to be used in psychiatric hospitals around the world Thomas pan remembers some of the 1st patients he treated with a new drug in Budapest in early 1955 very 1st patient who would I just hated depressed very very anxious and very paranoid they were preparing him for electrical Mars' of treatment instead of chlorpromazine and he responded probably within a week the 2nd patient was a mute meaning he just didn't speak he was schizophrenia he didn't speak by that time or before several years he never responded to any kind of treatment and he started to speak now my 3rd patient actually was someone who would be diagnosed as negative catatonic which means he was just not functioning at all he was just lying in the bed Lee had to to pity him even when we try to move he kind of jacked or to resist it and after $7.00 to $10.00 days he stood up and to our surprise he remembered the whole period of his illness about he was just lying said. This was it was very very impressive wasn't known exactly how or why glow premising worked though it was later revealed it dampen the activity of certain chemical neurotransmitters in the brain crucially Clo promising did not only seem to come any patients it also produced the intensity of that illusions and hallucinations the doctors and nurses on the front line in psychiatric institutions it changed the very nature of the profession as soon as the in was introduced and dire hospital kind of changed it was a completely new verdict it was no longer controlling and rushed training patients the essence but we were able to communicate respect us after chlorpromazine that there is still a delusion that that you were able really to talk about that delusions I still getting the voices that oh yes yes they're all the time other than they are yes I mean you could hear a voice at this moment this moment or say to you know how he or she would have always a fucking nice things like has yes that's a because they are pleasant when I know they say nasty things about people on the course and make me react accordingly like psychiatry really came in medical distress or own very controlling exercise in time other anti-psychotic drugs with developed though none proved to be an actual cure nor did they work on or schizo phrenic but many patients responded well enough that they no longer needed to be confined to mental institutions and almost everywhere the number of people in asylums failed at a dramatically accelerated rate none of the men seeing what happened there were that shift after the introduction of Primacy from the inpatient to the outpatient they were able to discharge them and. Could be treated in an outpatient basis in the community by maintaining them on drugs I believe that's where just the start of our revolution and eventually I hope in the next 3 years time the only hospital will be things of the past it was hoped that the research and development of anti psychotic drugs in conjunction with advances in the study of brain activity would lead to an understanding of what exactly was causing schizophrenia in its various forms as well as other psychotic disorders and that would lead to more tailored drugs and perhaps even a cure but so far that has proved elusive in the precise causes of many mental illnesses remain a mystery had the possibility to try to figure out what it Brad is actually doing and by studying the mode of action of the drug generate hypothesis about the condition which is treated or at least this was the idea at the beginning unfortunately anything about but I call this this condition is still basically speculation not everyone in psychiatry agreed with the use of drugs or approved of the growth in pharmaceutical treatment certainly anti psychotics can have considerable side effects and don't work. But over the years millions around the world have been treated and in Western countries they remain in conjunction with social therapies a key part of treatment for schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses racks should be used because they are definitely affective but I certainly think we need all the different therapies we should try to help in every possible way we can. Dr Thomas Van was talking to last all the different therapies Well I'm joined by David Cunnigham Owens professor of clinical psychiatry at the University of Edinburgh What's the history of people. Going back perhaps centuries trying to innovate it comes cure mental illness through additions to the human body be they Herb's chemicals food or whatever well it's not and I have a glorious history in retrospect I'm sure the time is very well intentioned. Going right back to classical times Hippocrates believed that you should put people by the side of a tinkling stream and the gentle sounds of the water would help to improve their mental condition but really the things that were available were very air Cruden imprecise trepidation opening up the brain open up the skull rather to a low abnormal humors or spirits or whatever to get them out it was often tried and of course throughout the Airlie air the 1st probably a millennium and a half of the Christian influence it was all about trying to get rid of evil spirits or to correct abnormalities in your in your religious life your spiritual life and so on in fact I know that many people would look back at the old days of the institutions with horror but in fact I would argue that they were a genuine attempt by people who didn't know what to do to try and give people the best environment that they could which was unpressurised unstressed full and away from from modern life with which they could not cope no of course like all institutions the negative side readily to Korver but the principles were often very sound and in fact the idea of keeping people with psychiatric disorders remote from the community was that was was originally an out of tradition began in Baghdad in about the century as part of the north that you had to do good by those who were less fortunate and for the best part of a millennium the way that you did good was to try and keep people separate from one wanted with which they wouldn't call up so the actual physical things that were. Could be done were very limited and it was really only in the postwar period that we began to get a handle not just on controlling clinical symptoms but using the drugs that we're managing to explore what the abnormal mechanisms might be that's something we never had before and that only happened within living memory and I assume that our understanding of psychosis and schizophrenia has evolved since the 1950 s. And unbelievably when I started off in the 1970 s. I think all of us thought there was really very little chance in our professional careers to understand what was going on with Schizophrenia but that we all looked forward to it progressively improving treatments better quality treatments treatments that clearly what the novel ways to produce better outcomes in fact the opposite turned out to be the case the treatments have remained very much as they are based on theories that 40 years old now when as in terms of our understanding of the brain changes associated with psychiatric disorder that's really moving on a pace mainly thanks to the widespread introduction of imaging especially functional brain imaging is drug therapy as Pioneer back in the 1950 s. Is that the future because I seem to remember back in the 160 s. When I was growing up we were almost promised that science would come up with a pill for every problem but the human brain is such a complicated Orgon. Yes That that that is the problem we have an exponential increase in in knowledge of brain function over the last 40 or 50 years but our understanding still remains very limited the brain is a highly dynamic organ and any way of understanding it and studying it involves taking a snapshot of that of cross-sectional pictures that way in which may not necessarily to relate to what's going on in a dynamic context in a constantly changing context so I'm sure that in the future treatments will refine but just simply flogging a way based on the old theories of 40 years ago has not really taken as very much further forward and we still are left with treatments for major psychiatric disorders which have been made it very major limitations That's Professor David Cunningham Owens at the University of Edinburgh. And though a trailblazing moment for l.g.b. T.v. Rights in America with a gay wedding in the 1970 s. Long before same sex marriage became legal It happened when a gay couple from Minnesota were issued a marriage license club has spoken to the Christian pastor who carried out that wedding ceremony it was a warm day and all Victorian home in south Minneapolis near Lake lovely house nicely furnished a traditional setting for a wedding in the summer of 971 but nothing else about this wedding was traditional It was the 1st gay marriage in America and there were a number of people there mostly gay and some lesbian and some straight people there was a cake with rather than a man and woman on the top there was a bride and groom there was 22 grooms the 2 grooms with Jack Baker and Mike McConnell they were young professional and good looking and on the special day Methodist minister Jilin remembers They seemed an excellent match it was very clear that these 2 people were in love with each other and that they were a good balance you know Michael is more introverted and Jack is more extroverted they balance each other well but this description of a loving supportive couple was it all it's with the prevailing image of homosexuality at the time a lot of people saw the gay community as just gay bars and promiscuous sex and a lot of you know a lot of bad p.r. And so going for to support gay marriage was a clear step toward the mainstream and to say look at you know we're just the same as anyone else we get jobs we pay taxes we buy homes and we marry each other pasta Raja Lin had met Jack and Mike at a drop in center where all 3 helped victims of anti-gay discrimination it was also a sense of activism the place where Jack and Mike's campaign to get married was planned. In 1970 their 1st application for a license was turned down because they were both men they challenge the decision in courts claiming it was unconstitutional a year later the Supremes court of Minnesota rejected the argument saying the institution of marriage as a union between man and woman uniquely involving the procreation and rearing of children within a family is as old as the Book of Genesis Chicago Museum of Broadcast Communications has footage of Jack Baker Tania talk show at the time how they tried to show up what they saw as the absurdity of this argument we testified before our state legislature and said if you're giving childless heterosexual couples the rights of marriage that they shouldn't have because they're not contributing to society why don't you take them away from Charles heterosexual couples who will drop our lawsuit they thought it was funny so you don't you don't get your rights by going to the legislature and testify you go in and disrupt the mechanism and you find ways to just cause chaos Jack Baker and Mike McConnell hope to cause maximum chaos by taking the case all the way to the u.s. Supreme Court but the judges refused to rule on it saying there was no substantial federal question so joining the legal wranglings the couple began working on another route to a license Jack Baker changed his name to the gender neutral Pat Lin hoping it would be less conspicuous that gamble paid off the license was granted they could now go ahead and plan a wedding Jack and Michael found a minister to conduct the service but at the last minute he backed out so 24 hours before the ceremony Pastor Roger Lynn stepped in they were anxious me they were worried about not being able to find a minister because you know it wasn't just I mean a marriage between the 2 of them but it was a social event in the in the gay community it was also a media event so you were sure that this was something that you could do morally but what do you how what did they do. Did you church say about this well the that his church at the time had no rules against burying 2 men or 2 women for that matter so in black and white there was nothing for or against but what was your feeling about what the reaction would be my feeling was that the Methodist Church has always taken a strong stand on social issues and I expect in that at least some of the church would be supportive of it there was certainly nothing in the ceremony itself to cause offense the wording was no different than any other except for the last bit there's the exchange of rings. And then I pronounce her husband and husband in this case and there's prayers in them in the course of the service so that moment when you say husband and husband that must have been the real moment where it was it was it was it was an emotional moment for me particularly when they kissed I had this visceral reaction to that this is different this is very different experience and it forced me to come to terms with my own homophobia so seeing Jack and Mike kiss was something that you hadn't ever seen with or I guess no no I hadn't and my best friend in seminary was gay and we had long intellectual conversations he never tried to hustle me you know what I had never seen he and his partner in intimate relations and so it was that was new for me it was that was eye opening and I still remember it vividly you know when I see a man and a woman kiss you know bride kissing the groom I can identify with that but when 2 men kiss you know I have difficulty feeling in that place of a magine in a man kissing me that way was frightening despite his daily work helping supports gay people Raja now found himself face to face with his own prejudice but at the end of the ceremony when many of the congregation came up to him in t. Is he says he knew he'd done the right thing but not everyone agreed I was on a high but my wife was not happy about it. And so there was tension at home because we still were members of Hennepin of any Methodist Church and the next Sunday I sang in the choir and was I sure in the service and the minister preached a sermon dedicated to the below firing of the marriage and how did you feel being in the congregation that day. I thought it was rather funny I knew I had done the right thing I was happy that I had done it and there were a number of people in the congregation there were supportive of what I had done and so I think I felt a little smug but as he seemed discovered there was to be repercussions and soon the Methodist ministry began receiving letters from all over the country somebody wrote a letter to me from Boston addressed to gay hippie minister Minneapolis and it got to me it was delivered to me presumably not in favor of what you've done yes I really hadn't appreciated the enormity of it I mean I knew it was important for Michael and Jack but I hadn't thought about what it would mean in terms of the press and where it would place me. And I was fired from my job but the chairman of the board was a friend of mine and she told the director that he couldn't legally fire me I hadn't done what I did on company time I hadn't done anything illegal and so if he fired me I could sue her in the neighborhood center so they hired me back and I worked up my contract which was a year but then after their contract was up he didn't renew my contract so this cost you quite an awful lot of us and they really well I suppose it did but for me it defined who I am I mean it was a clear statement to the community it was a clear statement to my friends but you know marriage suffered to hear my marriage suffered but there were other problems so looking back how do you feel about what you did. Well I'm happy that I did what I did and I've never granted having done it and you know if I had a chance to do it again I do it again Pastor Roger Lynn was speaking to Claire bows in 2015 the u.s. Supreme Court voted to make same sex marriage legal throughout the USA Jack Baker Mike McConnell still live together in Minneapolis and their marriage was legally recognized earlier this year just 48 years old and if you go to our website you can see how they look back in the 1970 s. And while there you'll also find our extensive back catalogue of 1st hand testimony from the past just search online for b.b.c. Witness history more from history are in just a moment now on the b.b.c. World Service it was a magic in his voice he was singing from the bottom how hard this is why you get to the bottom of your heart out. That was his magic they call him Afghanistan's elders. That he was so much more poets musicians superstar he makes ancient Persian poetry with modern sounds from across the globe how much it innovation it brought to Afghans to adapt everywhere to create the beauty and you can find mystic music for music of Afghanistan pop music. And the mixtape of generations of Afghanistan we can dance we can show it's all about for you know our heart and our soul giving us what we were looking for remembering Afghanistan Elvis That's b.b.c. World Service dot com. Coming up in part 2 of the history of the human misery for refugees forced to flee the Kosovo conflict of 20 years ago America tried to make peace between the communists and nationalists in 1940 s. China and the artists Christo and John Claude rapping the rush tag in 1905 is very difficult to explain if you don't see it not drawings Northgate Mall or gun March the complexity of the project 1st here's a summary of today's world news b.b.c. News virtually Candler Egypt's former President Mohammed Morsi has died after collapsing in a cage in court in Cairo Egyptian state television said the 67 year old Muslim Brotherhood leader died from a heart attack Mr Morsy had been held in solitary confinement since he was ousted by the Egyptian army a year after his election in 2012 a Muslim Brotherhood spokesman said he had been denied medical care the United States says it will send about 1000 additional troops to the Middle East a Pentagon statement said the deployment was for defensive purposes to address and naval and ground base threats The move comes amid growing tensions between the u.s. And Iran. One of South America's largest companies the Brazilian construction giant Ota Brecht is filing for bankruptcy protection to try to restructure around $13000000000.00 in debt the scandal ridden company has paid millions of dollars in fines after it admitted to spending nearly $800000000.00 in bribes to officials and politicians across Latin America in return for contracts the trumpet ministration says it wants to stop aid to Central American countries until they show they are working to reduce the number of migrants reaching the u.s. Border congressional aides said hundreds of millions of dollars of aid to Guatemala Honduras and El Salvador was to be relocated or suspended. Researches believe the dogs have evolved a small facial muscle which helps them produce a sad puppy expression to appeal to humans British and American scientists say the muscle that enables dogs to raise their in a eyebrow is not present in wolves a survivor of the deadly Parkland high school shooting in Florida last year has heard his admission to Harvard University withdrawn over racist remarks he made 2 years ago the cache of said at the time he was just 16 and immature b.b.c. News Welcome back to part 2 of the history hour with Max Pearson still to come how America tried to keep the peace between the nationalists and communists in China after the 2nd World War and how the husband and wife artists Christo and John Claude set about wrapping the Reichstag in Berlin. But before that we're taking you to Kosovo I may well have heard that the former u.s. President Bill Clinton was in Kosovo over the past week to 20 years since the end of the NATO bombing campaign which forced the withdrawal of Serb forces it marked the end of the war in Kosovo but by then the conflict had led to the largest single movement of people in Europe since the 2nd World War Rachel Wright has been speaking to one Albanian consequent who was forced to flee 1st his the moment when President Clinton announced the end of the bombing campaign on June the 10th 1999 tonight for the 1st time in 79 days the skies over Yugoslavia are silent. The Serb army and police are withdrawing from Kosovo 2 days later NATO peacekeeping troops entered the disputed region of Kosovo and were greeted with joy by the Albanian Muslim population. Tonight saying Watch which is the. First Major. NATO bombing of Serbia had begun on March the 24th 1909 it was intended to force the government of President Slobodan Milosevic to withdraw his troops from Kosovo a territory within Serbia which despite being 80 percent Muslim Albanian was ruled with increasing repression by the Serbs when the airstrikes started hundreds of thousands of people began to stream out of Kosovo President Milosevic told an American t.v. Station that cost of Albanians were fleeing because of the NATO airstrikes you are right there are a lot of refugees. But there are a result of bombing and they are not only of any us everybody is running away because of bombing cerium near a Deanie is a cost of an Albanian he was $1.00 of the hundreds of thousands of people leaving Kosovo but he wasn't running from NATO bombs he says the Serb police were forcing him and his family to leave using the NATO bombing as a pretext for ethnic cleansing it was the end of March 9099 we saw the military and police driving up our Strait we knew that our time has come the door was was kicked 10 and there were 6 people with balaclavas really having machine guns came to the house a spouse of a Crothers a slave. Like the rest of the former Yugoslavia Kosovo had been fairly peaceful and the president Tito's communist rule he unified the Balkan states and famously stated that a successful you could slow via needed a weak Serbia Cherami lived in the main course of an city of Christian or I was living in the house with mom and dad and 5 other siblings in a neighborhood where we knew almost everybody where most of those people Albanians or were the Serbs there as well in my street they were all all brains did you know many Serbs I did yes we used to share schools with a bit Serbs we used to play together football hide and seek when I was growing up I didn't know any difference you know what does it mean to be liked by an Aussie We just played but when Tito died centuries old animosities between Muslims and Christians majority Serbs and other ethnicities rose to the surface. In 1980. 9 this President Slobodan Milosevic rescinded cos of an independence and the region became part of Serbia that's when things began to get worse for cerium and his family all of a sudden our school was shot for all by in years so we were all asked to leave the school we were always being stopped there were police raids probably want to 34 people started beating them up with absolutely no reason I never felt as an equal citizen in my own country from 8 o'clock we were not allowed to be into town and everybody who was in town was either shot or beaten up many COs of an Albanians took up arms and the Kosovo Liberation Army took on the Serbian military the conflict was largely ignored by the international community until the mass killing of course of an Albanian men by Serbian security forces in the village of Rep check in January 999 more than 2 dozen people were killed at this spot the photographs show the corpses riddled with bullets many of them had been mutilated they'd all been badly beaten 1st by March the international community had come together to act against what they saw to be ethnic cleansing of the Albanian population the NATO airstrikes began. And that's when the Serbian government reacted by expelling the cost of an Albanians which was when chair him and his family found themselves out on the street the whole street was being expelled the same way and we just made to walk at a gunpoint down the street on the main road towards the city center and there were rumors that they were going to surprise my boys take us to the city stadium and shoot us. They and thousands of other Albanians were. By rail to a place called Blott say near the border with the then former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia where they were met by the un refugee agency the border has officially been closed up a lot so we're not exactly sure whether or not this is permanent or temporary indications are that there may have been some people that have been pushed back into Serbia Jerram and his family stayed in a field on the Macedonian border for 7 days it was early spring it was raining every night it was pretty cold we had no shelters there was no food the number of people in that field was an almost as far as they are could say you didn't know what is going to happen the next day whether you know you're going to die from hunger but they will die from the disease was very short so we couldn't cross the border to go sorry we couldn't go back to where we come from if we would just left to rot for the Macedonians with a population of just over $2000000.00 it was a struggle to cope they took 340000 people almost hall for the refugees who left Kosovo between March and June it was the largest single movement of people in Europe since the 2nd World War Most went to refugee camps but some been made welcome by Macedonian host families among them cherubs parents some Albanian family in Macedonia they had a spy house and gave it to my family to stay for as long as it's needed we didn't know that they were just people who were putting accommodations forward for whoever needs a shelter to go to the international community agreed to airlift 100000 people out of the refugee camps to safety in Western Europe and America Jerram was one of the 1st people to get off a plane in England in any. Well 999 welcomed by local volunteers I I was self there and there was this woman behind the table the whole handed me a bottle of water and that was the 1st person I spoke to an English soil a year later Jerram moved to Bristol where he got a job with Refugee Action It was there he fell in love we realized that my girlfriend was the same woman that gave me the bottle of water at the airport I fell in love I created my own family and I'm here to stay. For. All of the 8 160000 refugees that left Kosovo in 1990 percent eventually returned Slobodan Milosevic was found guilty of war crimes and died in prison and Kosovo is now an independent country although not recognized by everybody but now it's the Serbs who are leaving according to current estimates of the 20000 to lived in Kosovo before 998 there are only between 7 and 800 left Rachel Right now it's a curious fact about the history of conflict that the end of a war doesn't always lead to a period of peace and we've got another example of that next with the fate of China after the end of the 2nd World War At that moment in the 1940 s. Global politics was at a crossroads the us a hope that the alliances it had forged during World War 2 would continue to work together to prevent future conflict it had particularly high hopes for a strong alliance with China so when civil war broke out again in China America decided to step in sending one of its greatest war heroes General George Marshall to broker a peace plan both reports. In 145 China was emerging from the lives of Japanese occupation but with that new found for. Old wounds reopened in the civil war between the communists and the nationalists and you had a government led by John shack in the nationalists that was trying to very very tenuously reestablish control over the Chinese mainland at the same time you have the communists who are based in a city called the anon in the northwest of China a remote city that were challenging the nationalists for control. Beyond China the world had not yet split along the ideological lines of capitalism versus communism Instead there was a 2 year interlude which has been a knowledge of the forgotten according to historian Daniel cuts feel and we tend to look back at history retrospectively and see immediately jumping from World War 2 to the Cold War and what we forget is that there is this amazing period where the world is really unsettled and people don't quite know how it's going to go and there's a tremendous amount of damage from the war of uncertainty about how global politics are going to shape up within the u.s. President Harry Truman was worried so he decided to send General George Marshall to China on what the newspapers at the time described as the most difficult diplomatic mission anywhere in the world and he calls it martial one day after martial retirement and says General I need one last little favor of you I need you to get a cease fire between the Nationals and communists who are starting to fight I need you to lay the groundwork for a Chinese democracy that will be allied to the United States and I jus to make sure that the Soviets are allowed to take over time at the calmest don't win but at the same time we don't have to go fight World War 3. Don't worry said Truman it should only take a few months. I told Marshall I gave him a 2 percent chance but by God I was there to help him try me off as a Henry by right arrived in China with General Marshall just before Christmas in one. 145 he is Henry sharing his memories in a scratchy tape recording from 1969 and speaks his words for clarity. There was no chance of success in this mission unless you could get rid of the Chinese Communist army the Chinese Communists led by Mao Tse Dome had established a state in the north west of the country Moshe would have a real job convincing them to give up their hard won power he is this towering figure people expect him to arrive and make pronouncements about how things are going to go but instead of coming and issuing commands he comes and he sits down with players on all sides of the dispute and he asks them what they think needs to happen in order for China to find peace. On the sofa they'd sit down on the sofa for and he'd turn and fold his or and just look at them with that impassive countenance and those penetrating eyes he was the one person in whose presence I thought I could feel a powerful mind at work another of Marshall's most trusted aides George Underwood who said historian 1970 says Marshall had an intensity which was incredibly effective. Almost without exception and almost without exception that individual would gradually become so uncomfortable that he would immediately leap to the point and spill his guts so to speak in order to get this horrible uncomfortable session over with and get out of the room and just weeks after arriving in China Marshall managed to convince the Communists a nationalist to stop fighting Daniel could feel and puts this down to a combination of Shia force of personality and some help from the leader of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin in Moscow Stalin is really struck by his presence there his message to him now in the come. Just as Marshall is such a commanding figure you have to cooperate with him Stalin doesn't think the communists are going to win so you have both the Americans and the Soviets telling their respective partners on the ground in China the Communist and nationalist that they have to cooperate and marshal meanwhile is this incredibly skillful diplomat who goes about building these incredible relationships with the key figures on both sides the key figure for the Communists was un 9 miles deputy George Underwood remembers him clearly. You know this guy you know one line was just so confident he has run General Motors a good run b.m. I think do anything you want done in addition he was a ruthless Joe and why is this incredible figure there a charismatic very sly and clever and he and Marshall build a very very strong negotiating relationship 1st but Mosul's relationship with the nationalist leader of China Chiang Kai shek was on a different level both Chiang Kai-Shek and his wife who's this very extraordinary character set out to really cultivate marshaled so they work very hard to understand everything from how to talk to him in a meeting to what kind of cocktail he likes Incredibly this combination of nationalist cocktails and communist charisma resulted in a deal we drew we drew up the plans specifically splitting up the armed forces and un lie to my amazement initially complied Joe and I and the nationalist representative then went on a tour of China to announce the end of the Civil War and the new Chinese democratic governments including both communists nationalists it culminated in a visit to you known and a face to face meeting between Marshall and Mao and they have this incredible 24 hours where they talk about the future of friendship and peace between the United States and China and they talk about how the Communists and now are going to join in this government led by the nationalist and allied United States that will be a democratic government and a bulwark against the spread of Soviet influence in the post-war world. What is extraordinary is that at that very moment the communists and you know on are also watching very carefully a visit that Winston Churchill is making to the United States where he talks about the Iron Curtain descending between the Western economists worlds rather steady. In the Baltic go to Vienna in the Adriatic and I understanding and defending your ground it going to all lead to fame and that is why you know what I must go to get it done and what that signifies to mouth is that the world that is coming is very very different than the vision that the allies that had the Cold War is really beginning and then the communists say we can afford to fight because it's not going to be a peaceful global scene like we were told the truth broke down soon after Mosul spent months trying to resurrect it as Henri by the cold March. Marshall you know he wasn't the type of man to accept defeat one day after day streams of Chinese came to his door and put their arm around him and said Don't lay you've you're our only hope but General Marshall did leave and the communists won control of the whole of China 2 years later for a time in America he was the man who'd lost China but his next project the Marshall Plan which helped rebuild Europe is what he remains famous for he never really steps back and tries to shape this trickle narrative in the way that many others did there's of course a very famous quote from Winston Churchill history will be kind to me for I intend to write it and Churchill and others kept telling Marshall you need to write your version of history and Marshall always refused to do that Daniel Kurtz feeling was talking to clear bows his book on muscles if it's in China is entitled The China plan. Finally this week an important moment in the history of monumental art for this were going back to 995 when the artists Christo and John Claude wrapped the Reichstag in Berlin in silver fabric This is art on a truly gigantic scale designed to be experienced and enjoyed by millions Lucy Burns has been speaking to Crystal about the meaning of the work it's an eccentric dream but one that a husband and wife team have cherished for nearly a quarter of a century and this weekend about Gary and born artist Christo and his wife Jan began wrapping the German parliament building in silver fabric is very difficult to explain if you don't see it not drawings north gate you know scale more than March the complexity of the project this is Crystal Today he's one of the biggest conception artists in the world he spoke to me from his studio in New York every project I do myself there links of something very personal you know I was born in Bulgaria night in 35 highly solve it in a communist country as a young art student in the early 1950 s. He worked for the Bulgarian government on a project to beautify the countryside along the route of the Orient Express train he told the b.b.c. About it in 1987 I was involved with propaganda to tell the ranchers how they should put their machinery to look in the army and prosperity and of course that also developed my sense to work with the real reality of space of country creating suburbia station he escaped to the west in 1957 says to Vienna and then to Paris where he met his French wife Jan Clode and I lived for 17 years totally status with no nationality coming from communist country I tried to do something involving that is both relation and one logical place to explore that relationship was Belin divided after the 2nd World War and right on the fault line between east and west. And in the middle of the city was the highly symbolic and partially ruined building of the Reichstag the former German parliament it had been gutted by fire in 1983 not long after Hitler came to power and extensively damaged during the 2nd World War and now it lay right next to the Berlin wall just inside the British side while the West German parliament made to ban the artist's started the project in 1972 permission to Robert Isaac was refused 3 time we need to get permission from American military forces British military forces the French military forces and the Soviet military forces if the war were not felt well probably will never do the writer Christa engine cloud had been working on the Reichstag project alongside other huge artworks from California to Australia the 17 years when the Berlin Wall fell in 1909 but when became the capital the reunify Germany and the Reichstag was due to become the parliament building again with a new done by British architect Norman Foster Christa and John Claude saw that chance to finally execute their Reichstag project before the renovation started they approached chancellor Helmut Kohl for permission Mr Gore is collated the permitting process and the full debate of the parliament February of night in night if thaw never been before existence of the work of art were decided by the nation parliament that plan was to wrap the Reichstag instead of metres of fabric as that already wrapped the pontiff bridge in Paris and a strip of coastline in Australia along with many smaller objects from tin cans to motorbikes to people they believed that by wrapping things up you could see their proportions maybe the essence more clearly once the details were hidden from view that was the Victorian building with a lot of almost a correction so there really was change like a sketch like a what is essential of the high. The wheat the farmers and they are all hidden by this fragile material that moved there when moving all the time the project East $100000.00 square metres of Wasn't polypropylene fabric is not clotting fabric for shows it's just very heavy industrial textile come from Patrick a chemical used to say and that valley is very much like a nomadic tribes is still very fast in falling the fabric taken one week was robbed by near 100 rock climbers It was a huge logistical undertaking very much like a building a highway a bridge airport we need to build and tire structure of engine especially lawyer services we need to fabricate things in advance we need to hire workers well kind of Tess winter no there's all kinds of things crystal himself is paying for the project helped substantially by sales of his sketches and other work that goes on the money the writers coarseness 12000000 dollars a night in 95 was about probably today is about 20000000 or 25000000 Christo and Janklow have been working together since that met in Paris in the 1950 s. When as a young artist he'd been commissioned to paint a portrait of her mother we're brought together artists who know how to put it is an enormous work and this is I miss so much Janklow today she was absolutely argumentative for everything we were a partner we lived together we have a fight together and. Each project is like a link of our self but not all Germans are happy the right things taking place it's all there I start with a story and this is dignity it's not an object to give it to such a kind of show business and some people felt even moved strongly the German newspaper very family German newspaper received less. They are from the new not a group that will be killed it with a project out we need to have a 17 bodyguards each time where arriving there in Germany I need to have a bullet proof vest but the project went ahead and on June 24th 1905 the wrapping was complete we never expecting that what would happen was thinking there would be some modest than theirs and there were 5000000 people and 2 weeks in there I stacked everybody who come to see the project they know they were seeing something will never happen again. The building took on a shrine like nature and was treated with something approaching reverence its very special its It always changes with the light 1st so history probably that this spring is nice and makes people happy I came to Germany especially to see this project and I think it is great well I don't know really what the point is. For 2 weeks the areas witnessed one continuous party with scenes reminiscent of when the Berlin Wall came down 6 years ago last night was the final and the biggest party with 100000 people swarming around the building well into the early hours today the dismantling work began and Germany's former and future parliament building came blinking into the summer sunshine after its temporary hibernation and everybody thing with what's happened with the material everything was the result is induced very valuable material and of course we cutting hundreds of thousands of peace March of the fabric that we give free to the any visitors who ask some souvenirs of the project then what started on the renovations and the Reichstag reopened as the parliament building for reunify Germany in 1909. Gone forever you know that things cannot be repeated cannot be stay something happen to stay forever in that particular unique moment Christer was talking. Lucy Burns John Claud died in 2009 but Crystal has carried on their work with projects in Germany Italy and London and next year he's due to wrap the Arc de Triomphe in Paris Incidentally you can see the rapt Reichstag taking shape with a commentary by Krista on our website just search for b.b.c. Witness history films that's it over this week's history will be unwrapping more gems from the past for you next week until then this is Max Pearson thanks for listening good bye this is the b.b.c. World Service bringing you compelling documentaries from around the world Mexico our country infamous for its drug cartels has another booming black market petrol I'm 24 year and I visited every Jennifer center to discover how the activities of Mexico's fuel thieves are becoming more to life in full color and religion praying for petrol at b.b.c. World Service dot com. And it b.b.c. World Service don't call witness history with me for Hala take you back to the aftermath of Iran's disputed presidential elections in 2009 when millions of Iranians to the streets to protest against the landslide victory of hardliner Mahmoud on the putin place is the b.b.c. World Service the world's radio station. It's midnight g.m.t. Hello I'm Sasha twining and this is business matters on the b.b.c. World Service 2 nights we'll be talking about Iran as the country ones it's 10 days away from breaching previously agreed limits on its stockpile of enriched uranium America says the world should not be held by nuclear extortion the president of the United States says he doesn't want to military confrontation but there are other voices in his administration and close to him who have been advocating what they call limited strikes on Iran there is no such thing as a surgical strike when it comes to Iran this could really lead to a wider war is also another battle over you Raney him but this time the right to mine the metal found an underground deposits We'll bring you the latest on a case that's gone all the way to the u.s. Supreme Court and aviation giant Boeing are at the Paris Air Show more on those stories after the latest b.b.c. News. Hello I'm Julie Candler with the b.b.c. News Egypt's former President Mohammed Morsi has died after collapsing in a cage in court in Cairo Egyptian state television said the 67 year old Muslim Brotherhood leader died from a heart attack Mr Morsy had been held in prison ever since he was ousted by the Army a year after his election in 2012 Caroline holy reports Mr Morsi was a senior figure in the now outlawed Muslim Brotherhood he won Egypt's 1st democratic elections after President Mubarak was overthrown in 2011 but he was then deposed by the military following mass protests against him and he faced a series of court cases to Egyptian ministers who served under Mr Morsi said his death amounted to state sponsored murder the Muslim Brotherhood has called for crowds together for his funeral Human Rights Watch called his death terrible but predictable Well Amnesty International said a transparent investigation was now needed the United States says it will send about $1000.00 additional troops to the Middle East a Pentagon statement said the deployment was for defensive purposes The move comes amid growing tensions between the u.s. And Iran with more details his Peter Berg is the acting u.s. Secretary of defense Patrick Shanahan says he's authorized an extra 1000 troops to be sent to the Middle East in response to what he calls hostile behavior by Iranian forces the Pentagon has released new photographs which it says provide further evidence that Iran is to blame for the attacks on 2 tankers one still image shows what the Pentagon describes as the remnants of the magnetic attachment device of an unexploded limpet mine placed on one of the tankers Iran has denied any involvement in the attacks one of South America's largest companies the Brazilian construction giant Ota brushed is filing for bankruptcy protection to try to restructure around 13 $1000000000.00 of debt our America's editor is kind appeared 3 years ago 0 debris. Acton a subsidiary admitted to paying nearly $800000000.00 in bribes the money had been paid to politicians their party's lawyers bankers and fixes both in Brazil and abroad to secure lucrative contracts the company had a whole bribery department to handle its huge criminal operation Rex fall comes as Brazil enters another deep recession a company that employed 180000 people 5 years ago already has only 48000 on its books the trumpet ministration says it wants to stop aid to Central American countries until they show they're working to reduce the number of migrants reaching the u.s. Border u.s. Congressional aides told Reuters that hundreds of millions of dollars would be suspended opponents of the plan said reducing financial support was likely to increase the number of migrants world news from the b.b.c. .