The truth is that there are people 1st of all who are simply saying but there is no rationale for this a low he keeps on suggesting that migrants are coming here they are a threat and that they are dangerous there are also big concerns about ultimately trying to change plans that try to offer asylum try to offer some kind of refuge for people who are genuinely fleeing conflict who are genuinely fleeing threats and he potentially tries to change the law in order to be tougher and immigration could have a real effect on families who are in desperate need and all of this of course as the caravan of migrants continues its progress Yeah we've heard these pretty amazing comments from President from suggesting that this migrant caravan is much bigger than is being reported based on his own assessments he says that he personally is very good at judging crowd sizes and that he feels that really this caravan is much bigger than many people realize he's also suggested that the children and the more those who have been put forward for photographs are deliberately being stage and there's a lot of young men there it should be said from independent reporting there do seem to be a lot of children in this caravan but again it gives you this idea that he believes immigration is something that really will far up his voters and he is determined to try to use it despite the concerns of some Republicans who might feel that there's a danger in doing not and he's made some quite startling threats regarding what might happen if and when they reach the border yeah we're probably best playing your clip of President Trump himself in which he basically says that there is a danger of migrants being fired out if they simply throw stones at anybody throwing stones rocks like they did to Mexico in the Mexican military Mexican police where they barely hurt police and soldiers of Mexico. We will consider that a firearm because there's not much difference when you get hit in the face with a rock which as you know there was very violent a few days ago very very violent that break it was a break in it for a country it broke into Mexico those are the kind of angry and aggressive words that perhaps President Trump was thinking he might shy away from certainly after a week whenever you had those pipe bombs being sent in the post whenever we had the dreadful shootings that happened in Pittsburgh everybody talk then about civility in toning down language some people will say that that isn't. Chris Buckley that Brazil's far right president elect says he will move the country's embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem it was a promise he made during the campaign and he's now repeated it in a television interview. Decided to move its capital to Rio de Janeiro the issue would just be dealt with and other countries would move their embassies over to I don't see any problem in moving the Israeli Embassy I see no problem. Our America is that it's not a Russia explains why Mr Bolton or I was so keen to make this announcement about moving the embassy in Israel or he had an important contribution in his campaign a big part of his vote was from the Christian evangelicals which are they are growing in Brazil is a very strong movement and because of the religious links in the religious history they're very close to Israel they support Israel they travel to Israel regularly in so that's part of their it also is able so Naro maybe because of their Maybe because of his beliefs he had also support from Jewish businessmen in Brazil in his campaign so that's another element but one thing that he said when there was a lot of controversy during the campaign about his remarks the Saudi nice and homophobic and it's somehow racist remarks during the campaign but people overlook his Konami policies a lot and one of the things he said was that he was going to move Brazil away from Latin America from trading with Africa in other countries in turn Brazil into the 1st world and I remember him saying the 1st country he's mentioned he said I want to visit Israel Europe Japan and the United States so he's the 1st country he wants to visit Israel and so is a change of perception and it's a big change in Brazilian foreign policy as well and what is the reaction being to what he said Well the reaction in Brazil wasn't very big because that's a distant problem for Brazil Brazil was debating another appointment that he made he appointed a Cessna Moro a former un to corruption judge to be his justice minister that's what Brazilian people are talking about but in Israel Binyamin Netanyahu the prime minister welcome said it was a brave historic step and that he can see that even going to Mr boy. Also NARAS inauguration ceremony in Brasilia on the 1st of January the this whole thing started earlier on the day when Mr Paulson our gave an interview to a newspaper in Israel and his remarks were very strong he said his role as a sovereign country they have the right to choose their capital in the same way that presume of their capital to Brasilia 96 if they have the right to do that Palestine is not a country therefore they don't have a right to have an embassy and that we know the big controversy about the Palestinian Authority the Palestinians wanting to set up the embassy Mr recently Leonardo Russia that students here now with some of the stories from on used ask reports in the u.s. Media say that the Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin some and told the u.s. He considered murdered right a general question to be a dangerous Islamist principal Hamad reportedly said this in a phone call with the White House after Khashoggi disappeared but before Saudi Arabia admitted killing him Saudi Arabia has denied the reports in The Washington Post and The New York Times Saudi national working for the Us press was a well known critic of his home country's rulers Apple has announced a 20 percent jump in revenues in the last 3 months despite relatively flat sales of its phones analysts say the firm's strategy of charging more for i Phones has paid off with profits climbing by 30 percent year on year to more than $14000000000.00 But a warning of possible weaker sales in the important months up to Christmas is about to fall in the share price after hours of more than 4 percent the total number of smart phones sold by all makers globally declined for the 1st time in 2017. And a life sized cake model of the Duke and Duchess of Sussex is expected to go on display in Birmingham in the United Kingdom later today its creator Laura Mason spent more than 250 hours crafting the cape which weighs nearly 128 kilograms ahead of the royal wedding earlier this year the cake which was made from $300.00 exe and 50 kilograms of funded icing was covered with chocolate ganache as Mason said the cake is enough to feed 500 people they go now scientists have long known that birds evolved from dinosaurs what's not been known though is that egg coloring used by birds is kind of large also evolved with dinosaurs and not as had been thought independently as Terry Egan reports the research published in the journal Nature changes our understanding of how egg colors developed red and blue are the only 2 pigments used by modern birds to create all the various colors and patterns of the eggs they use the colors as chemists large in order to help protect their offspring from predators for centuries however scientists believe that bird still colors appeared independently and on several different occasions Nell though research is of analyzed 18 fossil dinosaur eggshell samples from around the world the results show that the pigments in egg shells originated with human or Rep tour and dinosaurs which included small carnivorous specimens such as been lost or wrapped or and the small feathered and sisters of birds these dinosaurs laid their eggs in open nests and the belief is that egg color co-evolved with these open nesting habits once they started to build nests say the scientists the vulnerability of dinosaur eggs to predators and even to parasites favored the evolution of Kemah flood colors as well as to individually recognizable patterns of spots and speckles . Terry Egan reporting this is the news room from the b.b.c. World Service I'm Ben planned the time now is just coming up to $520.00 g.m.t. The u.s. Is accusing China of stealing trade secrets from u.s. Firms and the Attorney General Jeff Sessions says the problem is getting worse and nothing is enough we're not going to take it any more is an acceptable is tampered chatted to join the community of lawful Nations international trade has been good for China but Sheedy must stop those comments were made as the u.s. Justice Department announced charges against 2 companies in China and Taiwan accused of conspiring to steal secrets worth billions of dollars from an American semiconductor firm our correspondent in New York Samir Hussein explains the u.s. Government says that the companies were looking to get information about the research and development of products relating to memory storage devices from the semiconductor company Micron Technology that Micron is America's largest chip making company now this is the 4th case like this that has been brought by the u.s. Justice Department since September and it's really part of a broader crackdown against alleged Chinese espionage on American companies by the trumpet ministration as it takes a more aggressive stance against China that both China and America have said that they are not going to support any cyber attacks to steal corporate secrets from one another but the just the apartment says that the Chinese are not holding up their end of that agreement that none of the companies that have been charged have yet released a statement smear Hussein reporting. For the past 3 years Yemen's civil war has killed at least 10000 people and brought the country to the brink of famine a coalition led by Saudi Arabia intervened in Yemen trying to restore the internationally recognized government to power after who the rebels seized much of the country the senior leader in Yemen has given a rare interview to the b.b.c. Mohammed Ali who see said the situation in Yemen would be different if Saudi atrocities there got as much attention as the killing of the dissident Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi from the capital Sanaa all again reports. Of. The going walkabout in Sanaa with Yemen's who see leadership. And that's what they gave us a guided tour of the ancient city passing tributes to fighters killed in battle of the 7 the. After more than 3 years of war the Who things still have a firm grip on the capital this senior rebel leader Mohamed al Hersey keen to show he's a man of the people who won't hide from the Saudi led coalition do you expect that the Saudis will try and target you at some point with an airstrike. They've tried many times but they've not succeeded what matters is the Yemeni people know us we are worried. When we sat down he said the Saudis had shown the world watch Yemenis already know with the brutal killing of the journalist. Who are for God because if. They just unveiled the face that was already obvious to the Yemeni people the Yemeni people suffer executions and coverups if there was as much coverage for the Yemeni people as I was for Jamal. And if there was coverage of the crimes committed here by the Saudis and the Americans in Yemen would be a different situation today how do you respond to the allegations that you are guilty of human rights abuses yourselves that it's not only the Saudis who are guilty of these things. Independent committees should investigate these crimes whether by us or the coalition they are the only ones you cannot use true and accurate information. I myself have met people here who have told me they were victims of the shelling and of the land mines what would you say to those people. Like we do not to live. There if they proved to invest in some commitments that we have harmed them we are ready to compensate them. For the war weary of Yemen a new threat is looming starvation the United Nations has warned that within months 12000000 innocent civilians could fall victim to a manmade famine the Who thieves blame Saudi blockade. And they say Britain has blood on its hands because it continues to supply arms to the Saudis. The u.k. Is hugely responsible because of its arms sales. The British people should know that these weapons are being used by Saudis who are fighting for sectarian and extremist reasons. Very used by crazy people to strike everywhere breaching humanitarian law. The conflict has become a quagmire and there's no sign of a military victory on the horizon the u.s. Is pushing for a cease fire and a return to peace talks but it's unclear if either side is ready to compromise. That report by all again. The World Health Organization says the number of people dying because of air pollution must be cut by 2 thirds by 2030 it's the target at the end of a global conference on air pollution the 1st of its kind in Geneva this week a w.h.o. Report showed that 93 percent of all children are now exposed to levels of pollution higher than w.h.o. Safe guidelines from Geneva imaging folks reports an estimated 4 and a half 1000000 people die each year from causes directly linked to air pollution to reduce that number by 2 thirds in just 12 years is hugely ambitious but the w.h.o. Wants countries to be bold and act fast it is calling for real effort to reduce dependence on fossil fuels it says health services should lead the way with health workers educating patients and politicians about the damage caused by air pollution the w.h.o. Knows many governments will view this goal is highly unrealistic it no one will disagree with making a link between fossil fuels and wire mint and health but with 9 out of 10 of all children on the planet now breathing dangerously polluted air the w.h.o. Clearly thinks there is no time to waste. Neanderthal children who lived 250000 years ago were amongst the 1st victims of deadly lead poisoning and also lived through more extreme seasonal climate changes that's according to new research which examined and compared the fossilized teeth of 3 children 2 of whom lived in the Neanderthal period and one who was born 5000 years ago the newsroom's Raja to Arica reports researchers from the ICANN University in New York and Griffith University in Australia traced the daily growth lines recorded in their numb a lot of the teeth on unraveled it's hidden history in much the same way as scientists learn about the earth for. Studying the number of rings on old trees during childhood new teeth layers are formed each day capturing chemical signatures using powerful lasers scientists measured quantities of chemical elements contained in the tooth fossils which reveal that 250000 year old Neanderthal children had been exposed to what is now known to be the earliest cases of lead poisoning traditionally it was thought to lead exposure occurred off to industrialize ation but the research now shows it happened prehistorically also Previously scientists found it difficult to tie climate events to Neanderthal lives this new evidence now shows Neanderthal children enjoyed harsher winters and longer illnesses than that of a 5000 year old human child the type of water they drank and nursing period also influenced their early growth scientists said the research gives further insight into the originals of health and disease and what survival was like in extreme frigid temperatures for Neanderthal children who lived a quarter of a 1000000 years ago Roger to Arica reporting a reminder of our main news this hour the Japanese government has announced plans that would allow foreign migrant workers to stay there permanently in a major shift in policy prompted by labor shortages Meanwhile on the other side of the world President Trump has said he wants to deny asylum to anyone entering the United States outside a legal port of entry and that brings us to the end of this edition of The Newsroom from the b.b.c. World Service I'm Ben plant in London wherever in the world you are thanks for listening. Now in the b.b.c. World Service the recipe for the perfect food chain is very very simple and is so absolutely wonderful throw in some childhood memories there's no greater beginning I think across my for journey than watching moms face try out their one at a sprinkling of pop star chef it's a new love I've been married for a very long time to music and this is like food is a new relationship mixin something travesty mistakes were made decades ago with the introduction of Genetic Technologies in plant production with animal production we're going to have to have conversations with the public and finish with some passion so you can start dialogues food can connect people I love it the economics Sonny and cultural food when you eat this recipient from hundreds of pews maybe it's something a reason they start your Francis's roots the food chain at b.b.c. World Service dot com. You're with the b.b.c. World Service on survey Samson action we're digging deep into the history of the Milky Way which gained 25000000000 stars 10000000000 years ago do you even recognise different styles says that was I'd like fossils Devry member where they came from and so you can use that labels to actually identify different marriage events are been talking to the astronomer who's tracked down the source of those billions of stars with the help of a remarkable European space telescope that's after the news b.b.c. News with Macintosh the Japanese cabinet has approved draft legislation that would radically change the country's conservative immigration policy the bill would allow hundreds of thousands of foreigners to apply for work in Japan for an initial period of 5 years more highly skilled workers would be allowed to stay indefinitely . President Trump says he's planning to deny asylum to people who enter the United States outside legal point ports of entry he's made immigration one of the main issues in campaigning for the midterm elections his opponents of accused him of stirring up hate to win votes Brazil's far right President elect scenario has said he'll move the Brazilian embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem when he takes office the u.s. Moved its embassy to Jerusalem earlier this year prompting anger from Palestinians . The Japanese journalist who was released after more than 3 years of up captivity in Syria has apologized for getting his government involved in efforts to free him jump a suitor gave details of his ordeal in captivity including suffering violence at the hands of his militant captors the u.s. Secretary of state Mike Pompei o says it'll be a few more weeks before Washington imposes sanctions following the murder of the Saudi journalist general. But the Pompei are said more time was needed before there was enough evidence to target individuals for what he called a heinous crime the Cuban president as Cannell is in Moscow for talks with lot of Putin he's seeking international support in the face of a souring of relations with the United States and continued economic challenges the former Olympic sprinter Usain Bolt's 1st attempt to become a professional footballers come to an end his Australian Club Central Coast Mariners terminated his trial saying it had been unable to agree terms with the star b.b.c. News. Welcome to Science in action from the b.b.c. World Service I'm reading peace this remarkable gene therapy approach to preventing flu later in the program it's a big space age but we need it because flu is such a tricksy virus and viruses like influenza they need Tate a lot they change a lot they're the classic sort of shapeshifters for your antibodies to one virus strain might not work against another virus we meet the scientists trying to prove an autonomous boat to survive the icy conditions of the Antarctic and we've the atmospheric detective tracking the source of land ozone destroying compounds when the air comes from China to this monitoring station we see that it's loaded with carbon tetrachloride And so we've used that information to try and work out what's coming from Eastern Asian countries but 1st cosmic collision the clue 400 years ago that cracked open the secrets of gravity were measurements by the a stronger Tycho broad array of the positions of the planets on the Sky measurements so precise they revealed oddities about the movement of Mars which gave the critical clues to what controls the orbits of all the planets what crack the solar system back then is now being repeated by the European satellite Gaia for the stars of our galaxy the Milky Way being mapped out so precisely instruments can tell how much they've moved year to year and this week we learned that some of them are moving on strange paths which reveal a violent history to the Milky Way billions of years ago it was hit by another galaxy and then the 2 merged the discovery was led by a mina Helmi who had knots of my doubts that you can even tell the past of one star from another says that was odd like fossils dev remember where they came from in their motions in that way they move also in that chemical composition so when they form they actually everything an imprint of the environment in which they formed they keep that original chemical composition so even though I look at the sky I just see these pinpricks of light across the heavens you. You can actually I mean wise and in great detail yesterday you can take a spectrum of the star and then you'll see that there are certain imprints offset one chemical elements that come from the atmosphere of the stars and from that you drive what is the abundance of those elements the basis of all this is a fantastic survey by the East satellite guy at which has been looking at complex numbers of stars in the Milky Way Yes 1300000000 stars in Oregon x. You know have measurements of how they move through the sky it's amazing so when you saying how they move this is measuring the position of the stars how often Yes it is the rival how they move on this guy because this is very small motion you have to have a space telescope so like I am and you have to measure of the other of 80 times to get what we call a proper motion so the motion on the sky of the star because that guy has been running now for 5 years is that right or about 4 years I guess it's been taking data Yes it was long to the end of the 23rd thing but that they that we are analyzing now that has just become available that he still years of the mission 22 months and so you said that you can tell the different populations by the movements of the stars so what's different about the way that the stars of the original Milky Way and these intruders How do they differ here so one of the things that's most characteristic is that the stars that are actually moving in the opposite sense than the vast majority of the stars in the Milky Way So that immediately tells you that they are or where that very peculiar you would expect that most of stars in the Milky Way more of in the same direction and then also these other stars that are in the halo would also have the same sense of motion and what we found was that in fact that wasn't the case so that already pointed out that there was something strange about those stars always think of the Milky Way as being a kind of giant fright egg shape of a cluster of stars and. It's sort of slowly rotating around on its axis about every 250000000 years or so and you're saying these other stars are sort of pushing against the trend yes but they do that in orbits that are not in that eg say but they move above and below the plane off they're got Thanks he said that they scoffed economics so they're all around us yes they define what we call East the halo if they got x. And so you can tell effectively where they came from originally is is telling you something about how the collision happened yes if you actually study the end some ball and you do I come very certain to numeric us simulations of similarity events of similar mergers then you can actually the arrive that the stars came on board an object and their mass of these object you can also tell that he came in from an angle of about 30 to 60 the grease in the very center that the regional plane that that they say they find I mean I find this extraordinary I've talked in the past about the planet that clouded with earth and made the modern Earth and its big sort of smash between the 2 things but when 2 galaxies collide of course there's lots of space in between them clinking must be quite an odd thing indeed so it's funny because stars and really still got axes collide the stars themselves don't collide they change meaning that way you're right they change their way in which they move around but they don't really bounce into each other the other thing that you mentioned at the beginning was using the chemistry using the composition of the stars as a guide to what was going on right so the bending a way to start from like I said stars actually everything in that atmosphere is the same chemical composition of the environment in which they formed and so if you see a bunch of stars like we found that they find have rather defined sequence in chemical space that these these think from this sequence of stars you know our own galaxy then you can tell that the environment in which the stars formed was rather different and in fact it was and that the if that means. Way So that's basically how we use chemical abundance East to say Ok the stars they formed elsewhere in a different God x.e. So it's the 2 things it's the movement the fact they're moving the wrong way and they just look slightly different Yes And can you tell when this collision actually happened yes so we can look at the stars that we've now isolated them on the basis of how they move and their chemical composition and we can look at the younger stars the way to keep it and these younger stars they are off the order that off then 1000000000 years old that kind of Fame's the moment in which they got x. He was fully this rapid That's more than twice as old as the solar system so this is an extremely long way back in yes from a little history yes it's a long way back so that's also the other thing that's very nice about this is that you go back in time and then you learn how galaxies look like in the young universe at times in the history of taxis and how big was the colliding galaxy compared to the Milky Way Yes so it was a both a quarter of the size of the Milky Way at that time at that time when the marriage something like one of the Magellanic Clouds which are satellites of the Milky Way at the press and day and one other question our sun was that part of the Milky Way or is that one of the visitors now we can tell that our son was born in the Milky Way It was also born much later than the east merger happened and we can tell from that weighed more of it moves very irregularly down there like the x. And there is so that already tells you it was born here Professor Ameena Helmi from the captain astronomical Institute in the Netherlands follow the links my web page to b.b.c. World Service dot com to the Nature paper which has all the details my next story is about similar detective work but down here on Earth it concerns the chemicals that have created the ozone hole and which were banned or restricted under the 30 year old Montreal Protocol you probably know about the long lived C.F.C.'s the chloro. Fluorocarbons but there are others and those include carbon tetrachloride which our detectives believe is still getting into the atmosphere in worrying amounts using backtrace in calculating is a bit like those at the a storm is just years they think they've tracked down the source Ristal universities Matt Rigby is one of those chemical sleuths as part of the Montreal protocol there is a requirement that people reports when they've used this gas so it is still expected to be in use for producing other chemicals but we were expecting that emissions would be somewhere in the low thousands of tonnes per year but actually what we're seeing from looking at the long term atmospheric trend of this gas is that we seem to be having emissions around 40000 tonnes a year globally and how you detecting this Yes So that number of 4000 tonnes we can with that number by looking at the way that this compound is gradually declining in the atmosphere at remote locations so that tells us something about what's happening in the background atmosphere and so we had expected that this compound would be declining much more rapidly than we're seeing so we know something about how long it lasts in the atmosphere so from that we can deduce what the global emissions are and so that's where this number of about $40000.00 tonnes per year comes from I mean you have a series of sniffing stations effectively is at around the world Yeah that's right there's various networks know are in the us operates network one that I'm affiliated with called a gauge operates another network around the world so yes these programs are collecting air samples or they have instruments out in the field that are making routine measurements of the air and looking at how these concentrations are changing from one out of the next or from one year to the next if we stopped using carbon tetrachloride entirely it would have found it or it would be vanishing at the moment you know it has a life time of a few decades in the atmosphere so even if emissions had dropped to 0 it would still be in the atmosphere because it will take you know 2030 years to be removed but we are seeing more than we had a. Spectate given that it's right life time and so this is where you start saying not just that there's more than we expected but you start looking for where it's coming from that's where you detective work comes in yeah that's right the measurements I've talked about so far have all been far away from potential sources so in nice clean places like Hawaii and Barbados but really what we want to do to be able to say where this stuff is coming from we need measurements that are closer to the potential sources so the worse some papers published in the last few years showing that the were slightly higher emissions that we thought coming from the USA and from Europe something on the level of about 5 to 10 percent of the global number that we're looking for but what we've done in this recent paper that's been published is that we've looked at measurements and there China just off the south coast of Korea when the air comes from China to this monitoring station we see that it's loaded with carbon tetrachloride And so we've used that information to try and work out what's coming from Eastern Asian countries so it's a kind of with the breeze that's coming over South Korea that you can actually identify that particular strain as it were of carbon tetrachloride coming in you can work back where it came from Yeah exactly so as I say when we see that the air has come from China we see these spikes in pollution so we see this increase in the carbon tetrachloride that we measure and so we can use models that simulate how gases are transported through the atmosphere and we can work out what we would expect those concentrations to read if emissions were at the level that we expected and then we can see how that differs from the actual measurements that we make and what we find is somewhere in the range of about $13.00 to $20000.00 tons a year being emitted from China something of that magnitude is certainly higher than we were anticipating but it's certainly not making up the global total you know which part of China it is I mean is that an important part if you're being detected we can say broadly which parts of China that we see these emissions from so for the most part we see emissions from around the Shanghai region and then there's a hint that perhaps in the last few years the been more emissions from the more northern provinces so places like Chandon and so. Rounding regions one issue is that carbon tetrachloride is a weak ozone destroying substance itself stand stand it but it's also used in the manufacture of the C.F.C.'s which are much more concerning and destroying chemicals and I've heard similar reports that those aren't disappearing the way they should well come to Chicago it is a relatively potent ozone depleting substance so it is something that we're concerned about on its own but you're right historically come to declare it has been used to produce C.F.C.'s and I think what you're referring to is that we have seen signals for example with c.f.c. 11 where it hasn't declined as quickly again as we were expecting in the atmosphere in the does seem to have been this increase in the mission rate of c.f.c. 11 since about 2013 but it's still important to keep in mind that emissions of these ozone depleting substances as a whole have really dropped incredibly dramatically over the last few decades so the Montreal Protocol we shouldn't forget has been a fantastically successful protocol what we're trying to do here is just make sure that those successes continue and where we keep an eye on that reassuring words there from that rig to be watching out for the health of our own zone where it's not just a state of the Antarctic ozone hole that keeps scientists alert the state of the Antarctic ice and the Southern Ocean in a warming world is another concern but rather than send researches into that freezing cold the team at the University of East Anglia is working on and water not an autonomous boat that can explore the Antarctic waters without feeling the cold though it does still need to be protected from the ice as our reporter and I Fisher has found out we want to neighbor this boat to withstand the rigors of the Antarctic climate that's Professor Karen Hayward the lead researcher of the project ultimately the goal is to send it to the Antarctic to make measurements around ice shelves so they're the floating bits of the Antarctic ice sheet and the warm ocean water is getting underneath those and melting them more rapidly than has happened in the past. And that melting of the us shows is one of the components leading to a sea level rise so we need measurements in situ and we really need to get a handle on what's happening around Antarctica in order to withstand harsh Antarctic climate different prototypes of the unmanned also not vessel currently undergoing rigorous tests in a sea ice chamber at the University of East Anglia where Dr Martin Bradley who designed the tests explains why unmanned vessels are the most obvious option down there and toxic air where we stood point this there are very few observations because it's not precise or practical or become a play viable approach research cruise ships with lots of people on down let's take measurements so to exploit this unmanned vessel to its full potential we need to be able to take a calculated risk in pushing it's far possible and survive the more severe conditions just trying to articulate where measurements are so desperately needed however when you're going somewhere so remote every scenario has to be thought of in advance untested a great risk to the vessel is the icing up of the hull when there's no one on board to scrape the ice away you need to rely on a special ice reducing coating which is what's being tested here. Ok so we find ourselves in the sea ice chamber which consists of a law and metal room and it has a very powerful cooling system that allows the temperature to go down to well as low as minus 50 degree c. But we don't need to go quite that life the experiments that we're doing inside the rain there's a large glass tank which can be filled with seawater and we can simulate the conditions that are found around toxic I mean when we can go inside right. Up we have to be careful not to touch for surfaces because we could get frozen on to them Oh it is very cold very cold and we have to close the door afterwards to keep the cold in us. Looking into the tank we can see lots of blocks of ice and these are being pushed around by a water pump so they're constantly coming into contact with it samples of material that we much like the Hollow Earth and also these have different coatings on because what we don't want to happen is for ice to accumulate on the hard causing extra weight on the festival which will affect its point see it's hard to dynamics and on the upper parts of Tripoli to capsize the altar not which will be about 5 metres long and carry up to 100 kilograms of equipment not only needs to remain ice free it also needs to power the instruments on board while the team are still investigating coatings which reduced salt water ice build up they have had some success with how to keep the power working was the vessel itself is repelled by the action of white eaves it also needs electricity to run the recording equipment and one of the ways of doing that is a solar panel but it won't get covered with ice so we need to test the panel to find out how its efficiency is to tell me what temperature and also there are a group of things way to move. Things which would help more time and. One avenue we're looking at is whether these coatings a graceful shedding mortar before it freezes on to the surface may be good news is that the alter not can keep the power on in the harsh Antarctic conditions with temperatures of minus 15 degrees centigrade or colder and we'll have to wait to see which direction coating works best on the vessel's Hull but I had to ask Karen Hayward just how long the vessel could realistically last in these harsh conditions and still manage to continuously collect data on sea temperature salinity and the atmosphere because it waif powered in solar panel power essentially it can stay out more or less indefinitely it's more of a challenge in the Antarctic because in the wintertime it's dark and there's a lot of say ice and the sea ice might form around the ocean or and phrase it in so we can't be too confident that oughta know it at the moment would be able to withstand those forces in the long term that's what we'd really like to do but I think it's 1st few campaigns might be 2 or 3 months and that even that would be marvelous although they also know may not be running for a few years yet hopefully when it does it will collect data to help scientists understand more about one of the most remote and unexplored places on orbit in the world just because nice ahead now but your last statement like that yes I can see it taking an official reporting finally it's 100 years since the deadly Spanish Flu killed anything from 50 to 100000000 people through pandemics have broken out since and they will again and even in a normal year flu can claim half a 1000000 lives the vulnerable are offered vaccines to fire a protective antibodies but they have to be revaccinated each year because the virus is such an elusive enemy This week sees progress in an imaginative new approach to creating artificial antibodies to protect us. But for all the approaches says Variety is Jonathan Ball The problem is the virus is changing out of code made of protein the virus uses the proteins on the surface to bind to a solid it wants to infect so in its simplest way an antibody binds to those surface proteins and prevents the virus from buying into a cell and then entering the cell and so it's very neat system of killing the virus before it can infect you but of course viruses are very adept at avoiding these protective mechanisms and viruses like influenza they need Tate a lot they change a lot they're the classic sort of shapeshifters and therefore your antibodies to one virus strain might not work against another virus and that's the challenge and that's why every year you have to have a different vaccine because it's shifted just enough that it can still get into the cell but you can't actually kill it off with your own antibodies it's exactly the exchange just sufficient so that it can still bind to the receptor not ski the virus can't change those receptor binding regions too much but it can change the surface in such a way that your antibodies fail to recognise it and therefore your vaccine or your pre-exposure to that same virus no longer protects there's a lot of effort in giving vaccines broader powers but the new approach is testing an entirely different way of protecting us from this shape shifting virus Scripps Institute in Wilson is part of the team and told me they using antibodies still but once generated through gene therapy not through our natural immune processes there's not a vaccine in the conventional sense where you use your own immune system to elicit a response but we're actually giving that response that is and a body is directly either as a probably a molecule or through some vector that would in code a particular entity and give it as a therapy so a vaccine sort of arms your own immune system to produce. The molecules which would help tackle the flu virus what you're doing here is to provide some of those molecules directly that is correct and the goal here was to provide something that would actually work from season to season and also protect you from possible pandemics should they emerge so the idea is that you're looking for antibodies which have a very broad range of effect would that be a fair way of putting it yes are combinations of Vanda please in this case these antibodies were produced by immunizing Lammas and basically then selecting and but is for the best combinations of and but is that give the best breadth against both influenza then flu and so be viruses now I want to ask about the llamas in a moment if we just follow this through so you find the antibodies they are then associated with genes is that right now then the genes that your then putting into a completely different virus yes it's the genes that would actually called for those particular antibodies that would be prudent to a so-called And a no virus associated virus and no I think of those as called viruses but these are relatively benign viruses so you then use those viruses to deliberately In fact in the long run it'll be a person but at the moment it's just laboratory animals that's correct and there's a delivery system for providing the antibodies so what do they do then what do those into need viruses do they're actually going to express the end but is in our cells in the nasal passages and so they'll be local antibody production at the site of normal infection for influenza virus in our upper respiratory tract and so you want these antibody producing factories at the site of infection so it sounds to me so almost like gene therapy flu it is gene therapy you know these are the same sorts of viruses that are used for gene therapy into being transferred gene therapy that's fairly recent innovations but they're being used throughout. Biology to deliver genes into humans for example to produce something of benefit and in this case we're talking about an antibody Well that's a theory the practice has now been tested not with people yet but with laboratory mice which had the engineered virus sprayed into their noses before being exposed to very strains of flu and the result says in Wilson a very encouraging so the mice in to be completely protected against different viruses so basically you can deliver the antibodies through this add no associated virus and basically challenge the mice sometime after delivery and then see if the mice become infected and the bias actually get protected from infection to delivery of the vector I mean it's very effective you're saying yes it's very effective there were 60 different viruses for example that were used in the challenge and only one wasn't neutralized and that's a virus that doesn't infect humans and that would be very different from giving an immunization That is correct the idea here was to try to get an antibody or a combination of antibodies that was as broad as possible so that one would actually be able to deliver them once a year and that you would have to change it from year to year you said earlier on that you found these antibodies by injecting llamas to get an even response to flu why llamas llamas have a particular type of and a body which is much smaller and simpler than the conventional and but is that we're used to they have a smaller footprint and they may be able to get into areas on the virus that other larger antibodies might not be able to access so that is why this of Lamma system has been developed over the years for me any approach which will cut the annual attrition beautifully will be welcomed no matter how complex the root but there has to be an appetite for this kind of innovation among experts if it's to succeed Well there's a. There's an appetite we know each year with just normal seasonal flu that there can be hundreds of thousands of deaths annually and if we see the emergence of something like the Spanish flu is 100 years ago that the pandemic fire a scene that caused literally between 50 and a 100000000 deaths worldwide so these a serious problems and therefore having a treatment that can work across a range of different strains of virus is much sought after it's the holy grail in influenza research and so there will be an appetite but it really depends on how well these things work how easy it is to produce and also how costly it will be and only time will tell on that front thank you to jump on board from the University of Nottingham and also to Scripps is in Wilson the new research was reported today in science we feelings of that and to more and everything else in the program on our Web page at b.b.c. World Service dot com Meanwhile the clock or our studio wall is telling me it's time to stop so from producer funeral and me Roland peace goodbye Thanks for listening to science in action this is the b.b.c. World Service where a new series recalls a significant moment on the 14th of August 1941 the president of the United States and the prime minister Mr Churchill the Atlantic Charter laid out the basis for a new court that is that system now unraveling i.m.f. a Hash and I'll be looking at how international human rights have come under pressure the great time travelling at b.b.c. World Service dot com. And it's b.b.c. World Service dot com sporting witness with me brings you back to 1905 in the moment when the world of Formula one came close to being marred by tragedy for the 2nd year in a row I've been speaking to finish Formula One star maker Hakkinen about his life threatening crash during the qualifying stages the Australian Grand Prix this is that the b.b.c. World Service the world radio station 2 . Hello and welcome to News Day from the b.b.c. World Service with Lawrence pond and Alex rich the Japanese government has announced plans that would allow foreign migrant workers to stay there permanently in a major shift in immigration policy prompted by labor shortages also why there's going to be a day of rage in Pakistan and major cities are being blockaded by demonstrators will be in Yemen where the rebel leader says Britain has some responsibility for the bombs that Saudi Arabian planes are dropping on his country the u.k. Is hugely responsible because of its arms sales the British people should know that these weapons are being used by Saudis who are fighting for sectarian extremist reasons also on the way the support for the business and will find out how $5000000000.00 is going to be spent among the genetic information of every single living species on Earth. I'm struck Macintosh with the b.b.c. News Hello the Japanese cabinet has approved draft legislation that would radically change the country's conservative immigration policy the bill would allow hundreds of thousands of foreigners to apply to work in Japan for an initial period of 5 years Steve Jackson reports Japan is one of the world's least ethnically diverse countries and has always been wary of allowing foreigners to move there in large numbers but the low birthrate is cause severe labor shortages in sectors such as nursing construction and farming the number of foreign workers has been rising they now make up more than one percent of the population and the government has just agreed measures to enable them to stay permanently if they have useful skills and learn Japanese it hopes to introduce the scheme in April but the plans could encounter significant opposition in parliament. President Trump says he's planning to deny asylum to people who enter the United States outside legal ports of entry in a speech at the White House just days before crucial midterm elections Mr Trump said the action was needed to protect the nation's borders Chris Buckley has this analysis again ahead of the selection we have heard this suggestion from President Trump that he's going to take some kind of action to ensure that the asylum system is not abused that he's going to get tough on immigration but the fact that the reason the detail and this really suggests that there's a lot of politics at play is over the last few days we have heard the Pentagon annoyance that 5000 extra troops are going to go to the Us Mexico border President Trump subs when he talked about having 3 times that number and again ahead of this election just days to go he's making sure that he's getting across his own parson Illmatic Brazil's far right President elect. Has said he'll move the country's embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem dismissing the controversy that his comments on social media had caused Mr Bosler said Nations had the right to choose their own capitals. Brazil decided to move its capital to Rio de Janeiro the issue would just be dealt with and other countries would move their embassies over to I don't see any problem in moving the Israeli Embassy I see no problem Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu praised Mr both scenarios move the u.s. In Guatemala currently the only countries to recognize Jerusalem as the Israeli capital of the nations of argued that its final status must be negotiated as part of a peace deal with the Palestinians. The charity medicine's on front here says it staff in the Democratic Republic of Congo treated more than 2 and a half 1000 victims of sexual violence in 16 months in just one city m.s.f. Said 80 percent of those attacked in can anger between May 2017 and September this year were reported to have been raped by armed men this is the world news from the b.b.c. The Cuban president can Eliz in Moscow for talks with blood Amir Putin the Kremlin has said it will discuss trade as well as military cooperation Cuba is seeking international support in the face of worsening relations with the United States and continued economic challenges after Russia Mr Diaz canal is due to visit other traditional allies including China Vietnam and North Korea. The Japanese journalist who was released after more than 3 years of captivity in Syria has apologized for getting his government involved in efforts to free him jump a suitor was speaking at his 1st news conference since returning to Japan last week he was seized in 2015 shortly after crossing the border with Turkey to report on the conflict in Syria. Ethiopian Airlines is today launching its 1st commercial service to the Somali capital Mogadishu in more than 40 years operations between the 2 neighbors were suspended in the late 1970 s. Following an outbreak of hostilities the resumption of flights as part of a drive by Ethiopia's new prime minister led to improve ties with other states in the region. The former Olympic sprint champion Lou saying bolts 1st attempt to become a professional footballer has come to an end the Australian Club Central Coast Mariners says it terminated the Jamaican athletes trial Phil Mercer reports from Sydney this is probably the end of you same Bolt's football fairytale in Australia it appears to be money not ability that's forced the Olympic champion to leave the Central Coast Mariners the club had offered the former sprinter a contract that was well below his reported wage demands of $2000000.00 his appeal among fans here has been enormous a crowd of almost $10000.00 people turned out to watch Bolton a pre-season friendly it's unclear if he'll be given an opportunity. Use thank you for that news welcome to News Day with Alex and Lawrence Japan traditionally a closed society with little migration allowed or wanted is changing tack economic demands for more workers and an aging population leads to a change in policy when you look at why South Africa's Cyril Ramaphosa on corruption in the leader of Yemen's rebels talks to the b.b.c. And we hear about a specific project as a vicious is going to the moon mapping the genome of everything extraordinary Remember you can keep up with the program by following b.b.c. World Service on Facebook and Twitter and you can text us on anything you hear the number is plus 447-786-2050 extension 85. But we begin in Pakistan where thousands of protesters are vowing to keep demonstrating on the streets in demonstrations that have brought major cities in Pakistan to a standstill it's all over their demand that a Christian woman be killed for blasphemy since the Supremes court overturned the death sentence on a sea of b.b. Is Mr mistresses of course huge traffic jams across the country just to remind you Bibi was accused of blasphemy after drinking water alongside fellow field workers the blasphemy law of course is controversial with critics saying it's often used as a weapon to silence opponents for political reasons more protests expected today after Friday prayers we go to Islamabad now and speak to our correspondent 2nd and 2nd to 1st off just give us an idea about how much trouble has been caused and what we expect to carry on being cause today. Well these protests have been going on for the last couple of days now ever since this Supreme Court verdict that you that you mentioned relating to the author of Baby case and certainly today the country is very much on the edge braced for further unrest the numbers of protesters who are carrying out these roadblocks in cities like Islamabad roleplay indeed Lahore and Karachi seem to have been growing and they're expected to to swell further following Friday prayers later today a number of other right wing groups and right wing Islamist parties have also said that they'll be carrying out their own demonstrations today as a result the government has shut down mobile phone signal in in the cities that are affected. Schools and universities for the most part are also closed over the last couple of days we have seen some instances of kind of violent clashes vehicles being burnt for example but the situation hasn't gotten out of hand completely I was down at one of the protest sites in Islamabad yesterday and there was a kind of tense calm there but certainly protesters were armed with wooden and metal sticks and last night we saw an announcement from one of the clerics who be leading the protest saying that what the government had been trying to negotiate with them those negotiations had broken down and he called on his supporters to be ready to sacrifice their lives what could actually be when Certainly some of the fringe groups that are demonstrating just say we want her death simple That's our demand now deal with it how can you negotiate with that what exactly does the government want to do particularly if you bear in mind that Prime Minister Imran Khan was only recently elected after expressing a considerable amount of sympathy for people. Sort of campaigning for the blasphemy law. Absolutely I mean this is the key question what what really can the negotiation be. As you say that the demands of the protesters have either been that the acquittal ability of b.b.b. Overturned or that the country's chief justice be be sacked these are things that presumably the government could could just simply not give in to. At the same time for these for these protesters who are of course a minority within the country but do have real street power this case is really a core issue for them you know they've they've talked about. Keeping her. Ensuring that r.c. a b b Is given the death penalty for years now in fact they formed a political party which took part in the elections standing basically around the platform of ensuring blasphemers or alleged Blasphemers are executed by the state and they received around 2000000 votes this summer so it's really hard to see how either side could give in and many people in Pakistan want to see the government take forceful action Tester's they feel that there's been too much appeasement in the past of these kind of right wing groups and now's the time for the government to really move in and clear them out whether they'll do that whether they'll do that today we have to wait and see certainly the country for the moment though is very much on edge thank you very much indeed for going to come on it as you have working there actually was no mobile coverage so he was joining us from his office and being out on the streets.