0. Liftoff of the mighty Delta 4 heavy rocket with less is Parker solar probe now on its way to try to unlock some of the mysteries of our places also today white supremacists in the u.s. The Charlottesville protests a year on a presidential runoff in Mali can the threat of Islamist militancy there be contained and will pay tribute to $1.00 of the giants of world literature Nobel Prize winner vs Nye poll he's died at the age of 85 I understand maybe you've got to know that writing is the most important aspect of my life and even now when one is coming to the end of things I still think of attack all of that I am all coming up after the nice. Meal Nunez with the b.b.c. News the Russian president Vladimir Putin has hailed as a milestone a convention governing the legal status of the Kaspi in Siri he and the leaders of the for all the nations that border the inland sea signed the agreement in Kazakhstan it's taken more than 2 decades to thrash out and establish the basis for dividing up the seabed with its reach reserves of oil and gas the agreement also deals with strategic concerns Iran's President Hassan Rouhani said this was important to ensure security in the region that in common is shown I love about attack. Us that under this convention all the cast States emphasized the importance of principles such as banning the deployment of military forces from states outside the region the Caspian sea belongs only to the Caspian states this will a fear is from participants that may choke whatever deployed vessels on the Caspian as well as the consequences the all the signatures are Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan . The u.s. Space agency NASA has successfully launched a 1500000000 dollar mission to send a satellite closer to the sun than ever before the park a solar probe was sent into space from Cape Canaveral in Florida after its launch was delayed on Saturday by a last minute safety check the satellite is designed to fly within 6000000 kilometers of the sun through its outer atmosphere called the corona the veteran scientists who gave his name to the probe Eugene Paca said he was looking forward to seeing what data the probe would send back I have always a mission like this in the new territory you're going to be in for some surprises you're going to find that your point of view will have to change to conform with data and that's the fun part people in Mali are voting in a presidential election Ronald following a 1st round vote which was marred by security concerns and allegations of fraud Mary Harper reports $36000.00 troops have been deployed to try to prevent the insecurity which stopped people from voting in about $700.00 polling stations in the 1st throw around although the incumbent Abraham Boubacar kaita has been criticized for failing to crush militant violence he's expected to win thousands of French troops United Nations peacekeepers and a regional force have been on able to prevent jihadist attacks which have spread from the barren north to the more fertile central and southern regions an Ethiopian rebel group which has been fighting for autonomy in the vast Somali speaking region for more than 20 years has declared a unilateral ceasefire the National Liberation Front said that following the new prime minister be Achmet school for peace it was committed to engaging in a peaceful negotiated settlement the on l.f. Once killed 70 staff at a Chinese run on facility world news from the b.b.c. . Reports from Syria say that at least 18 civilians have been killed in an explosion that brought down a building in the mainly rebel held province of Idlib the building is reported to have contained a store of munitions belonging to an arms draft Ruka most of the people in the building believed to have been Syrians displaced from all the areas of the country a rally of American far right supporters and white supremacist is due to take place outside the White House in Washington later today it will mark a year since their March in Charlottesville Virginia triggered deadly clashes the organizer of today's protest has described it as a white civil rights rally and has encouraged supporters to bring u.s. And confederate flags members of the left leaning group Ansar coalition say they plan to stage a counter demonstration the Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro has said he would allow American f.b.i. Agents into the country to help investigate the alleged assassination attempt against him a week ago Warren bull has this report in an apparent some Venezuelan television President Nicholas my daughter said the perpetrators of the alleged plot to kill him had fled to Peru Colombia and Florida where there was a large ex-pat Venezuelan community he said he would accept the presence of f.b.i. Agents on Venezuelan soil if the United States agreed to investigate what he called terrorist cells in Florida makes them I don't know expressed the hope that President Trump would not harbor what he called assassins in America it's a change of tone towards Washington which makes them a daughter regularly accuses of trying to oust him police in the Philippines say around 50000 people have been evacuated in the capital Manila and nearby provinces on Luzon island as particularly heavy monsoon rain triggered flash floods on Saturday in memory Kenya city one of the worst hit areas residents waited on rooftops to be rescued b.b.c. World news. Hello and welcome to News after the b.b.c. World Service We're coming to you live from London I'm James Menendez today a successful launch for NASA solar probe on a mission to get closer to our sun than ever before we'll be talking to one of the scientists involved in this mission in just a moment Also today a long time Charlottesville resident and thriller writer John Grisham remembers last year's violent protests. Factions of people to protesters encounter protesters the folks on the far right white supremacists and Nazis the skinheads Klansman you know in. On the left you had some anti fascism and counter protesters and those 2 groups had been wanting to fight you know for some time and Charlottesville last year was just the perfect place in a perfect storm they all came together at the same time and were able to fight once in about half an hour's time plus will pay tribute to the rights of us not Paul who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2001 and he's died at the age of $85.00 that's towards the end of the program now it is a mission with Voltaren ambition to try to unlock some of the secrets of the sun the beating heart of all solar system a few hours ago the American space agency NASA launched its Paca solar probe from Cape Canaveral in Florida 19 miners are star 8765. 3210. Liftoff of the mighty Delta 4 heavy rocket with Nasa's Parker solar probe a daring mission to shed light on the mysteries of our closest star the Sun. When it was meant to blast off on Saturday but the launch had to be postponed because of a last minute hitch NASA says make Wildman explain what happened as we picked up the counted t. Minus 4 and got into terminal count the team received a guess as helium right pressure alarm that kicked them out that was what you heard the hold hold hold on the countdown it was for the team is evaluating that and looking at it unfortunately we didn't have enough time to see needing to go troubleshoot and try again for a launch Well among those watching today successful launch was the man who gave his name to the probe Eugene Paca a 91 year old astro physicists conducted pioneering work on solar wind 60 years ago well I don't really have to turn lighting my day. And also in getting him on to the thing I'm only interesting things which I don't know yet and which will be made clear I assume over the next 5 or 6 or 7 years. Here to a whole new phase and it's going to be fascinating throughout when Live now to Cape Canaveral in Florida necessary less scientist Alex Young welcome to the program you must be exhausted it's been a long journey for me not nearly as long as everyone else working on this project but yeah it's a dream and it's keeping me going is pretty exciting for now anyway how did it feel when it finally did launch this morning it was amazing it was amazing everyone was completely overwhelmed with how exciting I could hear that hear and see the tears and both They're all tears of joy and happiness what was it like when when they you had that last minute hitch I mean you must the adrenaline must be famous to be all ready to go and suddenly it doesn't doesn't happen quite you know if late and I would have thought it was but you know this is one of the things actually the best part about it was listening to Dr Parker say that you know he's been waiting for 6 years for this and he can wait another day this is one of the things about space travel Fortunately we we have these engineers who make the right decision to not push things and to take things one step at a time and make sure that it all works out correctly how important a mission is this how would you categorize it. This is a seminal mission not only for understanding Heliot physics and our star but this is really a universe mission this is a mission that's telling us about not our star which is telling us about all the other stars in the universe and these are the fundamental building blocks of the universe so this provides I the key physics we need which we were never able to achieve we've been looking at the sun from a distance and we really needed to go up close to where the action is where things are happening and this is allowing us to finally add these final pieces to a really complicated exciting puzzle give us some of the nuts and bolts how long will it take to to get well as close as it's going to get to the Sun Well you know it will reach the sun and November but that's just one of its approaches it will continue to get closer and closer over 24 bits it reaches its closest approach in 2024 and then we have 3 orbits that give us this closest approach of about 6000000 kilometers from the surface of the sun and that's when we will get that final bit of data but we'll be getting data through the whole journey over the next 7 years and it took about always obey what's happening that is going to be swinging round and round. Well you know we're using this we use this huge rocket to help us but we're ultimately using Venus and what we're doing is we're actually slowing ourselves down because this earth is we're traveling so fast with the earth and where swinging ourselves around into a different orbit Venus gives us a gravitational sis to help us inch and closer and closer to that final point that sweet spot in the corona and that's the marvels of orbital dynamics allowing us to do that I'm Alex why why now why has it taken so long was it simply that the technology wasn't there before all well that's really it if the technology and some of the sea ideas of how to do it part of that was the having the idea to finally use Venus as opposed to something like sending out way out in the far reaches of the solar system and using a big planet like Jupiter Saturn from speck and so it took so you know some ingenuity and finally making that decision but now we also have the technology the material science to create a heat shield and to create a radiator system which allows us to protect from the intense radiation you're experiencing about $500.00 suns when you're at that distance so the front of the spacecraft is about $1300.00 degrees degrees centigrade and with the technology that we have 11 and a half centimeters thick carbon composite shield and a radiator using just simple water makes it. Well a little bit when the warmer side of a kind of a cozy room temperature back where the instruments are amazing and just finally you in it for the long haul you're going to be studying all that data over the next few years is it comes in I am I mean I I've been mostly for me personally my area of interest is the active sun that is the phenomena happening in the sun's corona which creates. Based whether that impacts our technology here on Earth but this is exciting mission because what it provides for me and my colleagues is the fundamental physics to put into our models to actually start predicting space weather so I'm looking forward to it and I want to keep up with this through its whole journey and there will be lots to do even long after the mission has ended sifting through all the fantastic data omics Many thanks Alex young NASA scientist live at Cape Canaveral Well let's just talk a little bit more about what the park approach may help us understand Professor Lucy Green is an astrophysicist at the University College London welcome to News Hour Alex him described it as a seminal mission would you agree with that. Oh I completely agree with that for me Paxil a probe is going to the last truly unexplored part of our solar system so we've had Propes looking at the planets visiting some of the planets we've even had one of the Voyager spacecraft which has left the edge of the solar system Alex mentioned there's something called the heliosphere this is an enormous bubble of gas a magnetic field created by the sun and we have accepted that bubble but we've never done before it's gone to the Somme to look at the region where this bubble is ultimately created some sends these emissions out into the soda system and we want to get to the point where they're made to understand them but those emissions is not what solar solar wind is. So solar when you're right solar wind is is this flow worth of material a magnetic field from the sun and it flows out into the solar system and wind is a really good name for it because it's gusty there are far streams that a slow streams at the solar wind floods out over all of the planets over the asteroid belt and at the edge of the heliosphere in the park a solar probe is really on the stand why the sun has this solar wind it was proposed to exist by using parka 60 years ago we then detected it with the space probes but there's still lots and lots of questions that we need to answer about the origins of the solar wind and there is this phenomenon that the corona is much much hotter than the Sun's core tell us a bit more about. That's right so when you're thinking about the sun as a star it has a cool temperature of about 50000000 degrees and you move out to the edge of the star to the surface the temperature has dropped about 6000 degrees 6000 kelvin and that's intuitive you know that he's always in the center of the sun and the temperature drops off as you move away from that he sells suffusion as is the is the process by which the the heat is being generated but then pretty curiously as you go up from the surface into the atmosphere to some the temperature starts to rise again so it goes from $6000.00 surface to a few 1000000 in the atmosphere and it's not fully understood why that is the case there are different sort of camps of models and again using Palca you would be surprised to hear has come up with some ideas for why this might be the case but somehow energy is being released in the atmosphere and keeping a hot and ultimately it's that hot atmosphere which is responsible for creating the solar wind so fantastic that he's still alive to see this launch what is the impact of all this on the sale of system and particularly on Earth then oh it's enormous for May the sun is the engine of the solar system it is our energy source and it is responsible for driving processes all the way out so that the Earth for example we have the creation of the northern and southern lights the Aurora and that's all the planets across the solar system have they were driven by the impact of the solar wind the atmosphere of Mars has been stripped away because of the solar wind so the sun is centrally important all these things happening and and and really you know we wouldn't be able to survive without the sun but also Alex mentioned something called space weather earlier in his interview and that's one of the ways of the way with the sun come pose a threat to us because there will be space weather created by stormy solar winds can have an impact on our technology so wherever you very much oil it will what and why worry. So am so with the solar wind reaches the it kind of but fits against our magnetic field and then there are a series of sort of knock on events that transfer energy from high up above our atmosphere all the way down into our atmosphere and even down to the surface of the earth into the earth itself and in its in its these conditions these changes in the magnetic field so for example as you can get very high energy particles accelerated from high heights down into our atmosphere they can drive the northern lights but they can also cause problems with our with our satellites so the kinds of technologies that we see affected because of the sun because of solar wind offset light technologies of electricity distribution communications and what we've realized over the last few decades is that the more we look the more we realize the sun actually has an effect on us so we want to understand the sun from a physical point of view it's a fundamental star but we want to understand it because it has an impact on our lives Lucy many thanks indeed telescreen a professor of physics at the University College in London you're listening to news from the b.b.c. World Service Still to come on the program we'll hear from some early adopters in Sweden just say. Wow Ok so you just opened the door with your hand yet thanks to a microchip underneath the skin Exactly. More of this in half an hour headlines from the news from Russia signed a landmark agreement with 4 other countries bordering the Caspian Sea dividing up the sea beds resources and preventing any other military presence in the region u.s. White supremacists are planning to hold a rally in Washington d.c. a Year since their March in Charlottesville Virginia sparked deadly violence we'll have more on that in just over 10 minutes time and a separatist group in eastern Ethiopia the organ and National Liberation Front to stick lead a unilateral cease fire ending 3 decades of conflict. Now this is news after the b.b.c. World Service I'm James Menendez Molly is a huge country in West Africa is capital Bamako is in the far south a long way from the vast expanse of Sahara Desert in the north and it was there 6 years ago the separatists rebels and how this militants were able to quickly seize control after a coup in the capital French forces intervened to push them back and subsequently a un peacekeeping force but Mali is still proving a difficult country to govern which poses a threat to the whole region well today people in Mali a voting in a presidential election runoff the incumbent Jim Boubacar Kater is widely expected to win another term in office so will anything change I'll be speaking to Mali expert Dr Evo Gish our 1st of all what is Mali matter in 2012 like 2 thirds of the counter where occupied by jihadists coalition which was eventually kicked out by a French intervention one year later and since then the country has really struggled to gain back its political stability especially since the jihadist movement even though they don't occupy lands anymore are still very much influential and continue to regularly attack government forces as well as international forces that are deployed in the campaign how much control does the president and I Most people believe that the incumbent will be reelected how much control does he have over the country he definitely controls the tiny political elites who lives in Bamako then the army has deployed in many parts of the Kountry but in the rural areas there is a very serious absence of state administration the u.n. Peacekeeping mission is doing a lot to make sure that some form of. Official representation exists in North and on the security side where you have a combination of military presence from the un peacekeeping mission and you have the French forces that are still very active so there's a lot of counterterrorism activities happening which is pretty much in the hands of the French So a very complex picture you mentioned the center of the country I mean war in a nutshell is happening there I mean it sounds like a sort of mini civil war going on absolutely in the north of the country in 2012 during the occupation you had this coalition that governs for about a year the French intervened and after that the jihadist movements we grouped in the rural areas and also expended their job graphical reach they somehow started to plant seeds of disorder in the central part of the country where the jetties took advantage of the situation to gain some popularity among some segments of the population and the very heavy and it response by the military made things even worse so we have a highly polarized situation now where people who don't necessarily have. A lot of adherence for the a jihadist project still aligned with them because they are targeted by the many an army which perpetrate atrocities on a weekly basis almost the outside world in various forms is pouring in a huge amount of money and resources into Mali and clearly that matters for Mali itself and its people but why is that happening more does it matter to the outside world is it because of this worry that you had this al-Qaeda affiliates may gain a much broader foothold in North Africa or is that is that what this is about essentially the claim is and particularly among French diplomats that we have a new front of the war against terror and that we need to keep the situation under control otherwise the Sahara and Mali in particular could become a sort of safe haven for terrorist activities that could be launched from there and hit other neighboring counties and even possibly Europe that you don't have evidence of any major operation heating Europe being from meant it in the Sahara event the shower of the Brussels School of International Studies part of Kent University. After years of secretive negotiations 2 of history's great adversaries the Roman Catholic Church and the Chinese Communist Party may be on the brink of an extraordinary deal in an attempt to end a long running dispute over who gets to appoint bishops the Vatican all the Chinese government the agreement if approved would see at least 2 of the bishops appointed by Rome been asked to step aside as our China correspondent John Sudworth reports critics see it as a betrayal of those who've long face repression for their loyalty to the Vatican. In China not even worship is free from communist party control over the world. The for decades an atheist government has insisted on the right to appoint Catholic priests and bishops the was it is the. Was the. This church in eastern China is one of the many that has been holding out in defiance of the Chinese government the bishop here has been appointed direct lead by Rome the. He's now at the center of a momentous compromise despite being frequently detained for his loyalty the Vatican is planning to ask him to step aside. So. It's a real privilege to meet you I was hoping I can ask you just a few quick questions we find Bishop Gwar eating breakfast having just been released again by Chinese state security I ask him why he was detained this time Judy you all know you all the out it I don't know I guess they want less media exposure the resident in the movie has the Vatican asked you to step aside and have you agreed that the pope is our leader if he decides that yes William Jones will a thing or no work on it which will let us. If he does get that order then this congregation will be placed under the control of a Communist Party backed Bishop Instead many of those we've spoken to here seem resigned to that fate and believe it's already a done deal. It is just one of a number of concessions in return for which the Vatican hopes to be free to operate fully in China and most importantly to recruit badly needed new members. In Hong Kong the place where China's persecuted Christians once fled the deal is seen as a deep betrayal that you have big. And the military's Cardinal Joseph Zen in the form of Bishop of Hong Kong is particularly concerned that the Chinese Communist Party will have power over all future appointments with the pope only holding a veto how many times he. Can take them to prison. With the new arrangement they have. In the hands the poor right to make that choice you believe if this deal goes through it's the end of the Catholic Church in China Oh I think so for for all for the moment yes the whole church the church it is a piss. Game was not for the 1st time in its history the Vatican is being accused of accommodating an authoritarian regime ultimately China's Catholics will be the judge of whether this is a sensible compromise or a sentiment. That was not China correspondent John Sudworth reporting you're listening to news from the b.b.c. Do stay with us we've got a lot more coming up in the 2nd half of the program. This is the b.b.c. World Service where for the 2nd program in our neighborhood series we're heading north. What were our forefathers thinking when they came here Finland is wedged between 2 big countries along with any further stage here taken by all Sweden the Finns in many ways Sweden has been an idea but also a wealthier to get sister has made it to really try to do the same I mean Russia blast they have no i'm done i did 3900. And so how has the country being shaped by its native state somewhere deep a spine a feeling of being in between and May the heads continues when we might as well be finished here build this country together and we'll stay here for as long as we can neighborhood. At b.b.c. World Service Don't call me Slash documentaries. Coming up on these are the next 30 minutes in a moment a bird's eye view of China's military expansion on the disputed Spratly Islands all say the Charlottesville protests a year on we'll talk to the mayor of the city at the time and will remember the Nobel Laureate vs NY polies died at the age of 85 well that's coming up after a nice summer. B.b.c. News with Neil Nunez the Russian president Vladimir Putin has hailed as a milestone a convention governing the legal status of the Caspian Sea region for all the nations that border the inland sea Iran as a by John Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan also signed the deal which took more than 2 decades to thrash out it divides of the seabed with its rich reserves of oil and gas and bans the presence of militaries from countries outside the region. A rally of American far right supporters and white supremacists is due to take place outside the White House in Washington later today it will mark a year since their March in Charlottesville Virginia triggered deadly clashes an Ethiopian rebel group which has been fighting for autonomy in the vast Somali speaking region for more than 20 years has declared a unilateral ceasefire the move by the to National Liberation Front follows the new prime minister Abbey Ahmed's call for peace people in Mali are voting in a presidential election runoff after a 1st round vote modded by security concerns and allegations of fraud President Abraham book occasionally is widely expected to be the former finance minister some say reports from Syria say at least 18 civilians have been killed in an explosion brought down a building in the mainly rebel held province of it lib the u.s. Space agency NASA has successfully launched a 1500000000 dollars mission to send a satellite closer to the sun than ever before Researchers hope the 70 a mission will improve understanding of the solar wind Venezuela's president Nicolas Maduro says he'll allow American f.b.i. Agents into the country to help investigate the alleged assassination attempt against him a week ago he said he would accept the f.b.i. On Venezuelan soil if the u.s. Agreed to investigate the presence of want he called terrorist cells in Florida where there is a large ex-pat Venezuelan community b.b.c. News. Coming up next on News as Charlottesville one year on but 1st new video footage taken in the South China Sea appears to show just how far China's military development has progressed in the Spratleys a chain of islands whose ownership is disputed between Vietnam the Philippines and China ripping through taste joined a u.s. Navy surveillance flight over the islands. And. This is the sound of the Chinese navy politely telling the u.s. Navy to go away we're not you know. I'm on board a u.s. Navy p. 8 Poseidon America's latest submarine hunter and long range surveillance plane on agreement response 1. 3 hours ago we took off from you know in Japan now we're above the South China Sea approaching a group of coral atolls known as the Spratleys this is highly contested territory. From the cockpit window I can see the 1st of China's giant new island bases in the shape of a huge lead to see the manmade islands stands out against the vivid blue ocean. And. The warning comes again 1st in Chinese then in English. Sitting in the pilot's seat left tenant Matt Johnson is on faith it's a real team effort for a funny flight you know what happened throughout the flight when they come over and then we just go back for the Standard Model and it really has no effect on any operation or anything to you as we close to 12 nautical miles I can now see the extent of China's development out here so we now come to a place called Mr Green the last time I further here 2 and a half years ago it was really just a large pile of said. Although it has been completely transformed in the back of the aircraft sitting at a large video screen is the planes operation command left tenant Lauren Callan islands you can see some facilities that are as tall as 6 stories all the other several of what could possibly be military facilities that seem to look like similar to our aircraft carriers as well as different radar stations and clearly some naval forces as well if 10 Callen uses the ph high powered cameras to zoom in close and pick out details 123-4567. 9 minute. It leaking we see is being recorded and sent back to the Pentagon for analysis or recent photos from another Chinese controlled island for the North show what looked to be anti aircraft missiles on board with us today is the commander of patrol squadron for Christmas so you know whatever changes are happening on those islands whatever claims are made me know they're not affecting our day to day operations they just got here 50 plus years doing the same thing sailing ships are water supply and international airspace are resolved and are going to do so he's going to cheat by going to be challenged by the Chinese or despite what the Chinese are doing on their island and building them up for whatever purpose that may be. And that was maybe come on a crisp and being that report from the B.B.C.'s that report Wingfield he's going to sue the b.b.c. . This is the b.b.c. World Service in London I'm Jason and with news and supporters of the far right are expected to hold a rally outside the White House in Washington today marking a year since their March in Charlottesville Virginia the March of students a bill in defense of Confederate memorials that triggered violent clashes and the loss of one young woman's life when a Nazi sympathizer drove his car into a crowd of counter-demonstrators the aftermath also led to criticism of President Trump when he appeared to draw a moral equivalence between both groups of protesters all mixing that was the matter of Charlottesville at the time he's now a Democrat member of the city council Mike good to have you with us here on News Hour How did the protests and violence last year change the city do you think. Oh it changed the city. Profoundly I think just like a change the country. You know the nation I think saw in one fell swoop the violence that's underneath this modern movement of the all right. That movement had been invited into the mainstream of American politics by a presidential campaign and by a you know one of the 2 major political parties as part of a populist strategy and there was great danger in that these were groups that had always been at the friendship the margins of American political life and they were they were invited in and and you saw the just the savage they are and how they came intending to do to do violence and so I I think that that has changed the nation and the kind the city fundamentally it's a it's a traumatized city but it's also resilient one and the underlying principles that bring us together as a as a liberal democracy and as a democracy committed to helping the least well off and to fighting an equity and bigotry and intimidation all have been redoubled I would say in the in the years since the attacks you talked about the groups posing a great danger why then didn't anyone anticipate the violence against huge Last year I would urge anyone who's interested in a deep dive into this question to look at an hour long documentary that was released last week by the p.b.s. Show frontline it goes deeply into the failures that now evidently happen at the state and the federal levels in our in our system and you mean whether or not you mean hard to mean law enforcement are you talking about well so in the United States counterterrorism is performed and the research in the intelligence is gathered. At the state and federal levels you have what's called fusion centers and the f.b.i. Should be doing the work of infiltrating using informants and using deep research on the Internet these these domestic terrorist groups potential that's not the best of terrorist groups and for whatever reasons those that didn't happen last year and that's what this Frontline documentary really uncovers in the city of Charles what we we in the United States have what's called a credible threat standard where you cannot stop a free speech event unless you have clear and convincing evidence of a planned criminal act which is which is documented and for whatever reasons we were not able to we were not provided with that intelligence but identities whose job it was to gather it so we were unable to stop the event we tried to relocate the rally. But using different constitutional grounds and even that attempt was was denied by a federal judge on the eve of the rally and it was it was cruel it was crushing for me personally yeah I mean. Why did you allow them to go ahead I mean even if you didn't have the detailed information and that documentary you mentioned says that the research was done predicting violence but I mean it must have been your instinct that something could have gone wrong why didn't you not allow them to happen and just bomb them. Because you can't that's American constitutional law that you you know we have I mean you even had the Westboro Baptist Church decision by the u.s. Supreme Court several years ago where they allowed a group that comes to military funerals and says you know God hates gay people with these horrific banners and a lot of the law that we have was formed by the a.c.l.u. Suing on behalf of Nazis and the k.k.k. In the United States which formed our 1st Amendment law so that's why you have a very narrow grounds you have to have clear evidence of a planned criminal act or incitement to imminent unlawful action that's the standard and if you don't have that then you are required to to to facilitate these so-called free speech events and that's what happened we a federal judge the night before because we were sued by the Virginia a.c.l.u. Required the city to to host the of it to allow the event to go forward it's confounding and it's frustrating I believe what it means is that we have to take a much closer look as a country at those tests in the balance that we strike between free speech and public safety because these are outdated tests clearly for any era that didn't include the premeditated mayhem and and how hidden they can be on the on the Internet by these by these toxic far you know extremist groups bent on a political violence Council thank you very much today Mike Sigman he was America's Hawesville of the time a face that protests while the bestselling author John Grisham has lived in Charlottesville for more than 2 decades and the he's been talking to my colleague Ross Erica the town was not involved in all the fighting the excitement the festivities we were just there it was a fight you know factions of people to protesters and counter protesters the folks on the far right white supremacist Nazis the skinhead Klansman you know in. On the left you had some anti fascist an anti counter protesters and those 2 groups had been wanting to fight you know for some time and Charlottesville last year was just the perfect place in a perfect storm of they all came together at the same time and were able to fight the people who live there for the most part were not involved in all the mischief we just had the unfortunate place in history and time in history to be the venue for the fighting and for some reason the white supremacist picked our little town to do bad things and so we get the black Well Ysaye for some reason I mean it clearly is a town that is steeped in segregation and slavery history and so on so those very strong solid reason for them to choose this particular battleground Well yes and no 1st of all there are many many many cities in the Deep South where you could you could just describe places that are steeped in Confederate history and racial conflict and racial violence places with a far earlier history in Charlottesville Virginia it's also one of the most tolerant liberal thinking towns in the south and the deep south yes we have a lot of conflict but every town and certainly the South is facing the same issues about you know the the past and the Civil War and the monuments and of course that's what got started in Charleston was a resolution by the city council to remove some confederate monuments but that that's happened all over the South without violence we just got stuck with violence when you reflect on President Trump's response to the those who were involved in the violence how do you reflect on on how he handled what had taken place because that in and of itself was very controversial he talked about blame on both sides of the divide. Yeah well you know I'm not about to try to explain what he says he's not smart enough to realize what he's saying all the times and he said there were quote fine folks on both sides in Charlottesville and it certainly is not true the far right the haters came there with the goal of creating trouble in violence and ready for violence they're no fun folks on their side for him to respond like that just shows the level of his ignorance as he shows most days on most issues it's frightening it's frightening and it's embarrassing also joining Gresham a resident of Charlottesville for more than 20 years now would you have a microchip put underneath your skin as a way of unlocking your home or office or 2 uses a digital train ticket the idea is becoming popular in Sweden where a growing numbers of people are paying upwards of $170.00 to have them inserted by professional chipping companies a reporter maybe 7 she's been talking to some of these early adopters in this we dish capital Stockholm. You are a. Great to me a great easy to install claims old town with surrounded by cobbled streets and whole yellow and red medieval buildings is already a place that symbolizes disruptive technology to be about why we had well I live in a shared house just up the street and I'm going to show you how I get it right. Wow Ok so you just opened the door with your hand yet thanks to a microchip underneath the skin exactly come up and I'll tell you some more about it. Very cozy and hairless minimalist Scandinavian furniture and some cinnamon palms on the table your 30 design and a web developer and you're one of more than 4000 people in Sweden who've got this kind of microchip 1st of all show me where it is so it's right here sort of above my thumb unless I clench my fist you can't really see it at all it just comes in a syringe it just takes a 2nd when it's done they work exactly the same as your key to the thing you scan to get into your garage or into your office but I think the really interesting thing is where these chips will go in the future where it's not just the simple pass of chips the same as your card but when they can actually integrate with your body and take measurements and maybe keep track of how your body is doing. I'm Sylvia I'm one of Eric's house mates and I'm going to shoot for 2 months after he organized a party and implant party here I was in a secure areas and I wanted to make my life a little bit easier it also works with my office door you can use it as your train pass are trying to get you have some gyms that also accept that as a pass do you think chips could become mainstream Do you think people of different ages people outside the taxi Yeah I think it's one of those technologies that's very much in the baby face and feels a little bit silly right now it doesn't do much but I definitely believe that it's the future. Ok Mary I'm off to work if you want to come in I'll tell you Ok let's go. Eric One obvious reason the chips are so popular here in Sweden is because it's a very tech savvy country a very well connected and increasingly cash free economy but another theory is that Swedes or people living in Sweden all very trusting you're used to data being shared with you need your Social Security number for almost everything salaries publicly available do you think that's part of it I think that's part of it I think the Swedes are very pragmatic and the chip is useful so people get it without being too afraid that it's going to be used against them and since a lot of people know each other in the tech community it's very tight it's been spreading. It looks like this is your office now yeah it works the same here. And. Most people just have the old key tag you know to get in but we program this so that it works with my. And you will you know concerned about how your data could be seen Well the data on these chips is very basic right so it sounds scary that you have a microchip in your hand but really as the same thing as your key tag besides that it's very nice to take out Ok All right well we'll leave you to get on with your day we should say that there are some concerns starting to be raised about microchips in Sweden there's currently no legislation the government hasn't actively approved or disapproved of them and especially after the global Cambridge analytical scandal national debates about how data could be misused in future are stepping up but overall might be chips are largely being seen as something very fun to try and there's a lot of buzz about how it could be incorporated into people's lives even more in future. Now as Marty Savidge reporting from Sweden You're listening to music from the b.b.c. To stay with us in a moment we're going to be remembering the writer. Died at the age of $85.00. Now on the b.b.c. World Service a quiet trip to a Finnish music festival I am Iraqi and I'm a senior and a music teacher I'm also a lawyer all the heavy metal I'm here at the disco metal festival in Helsinki Finland which sells all my home country this biking thing going on I know it's very cliche but there's something that matches that I am going to be introducing you to some of my conscious being an exciting metal band and exploring want to shine a rock music is so incredibly popular here in Finland. Every metal became a safe mainstream when the finished one day your wish and the feel of. Me I don't think anybody could stay sane without listening to Slayer. Really wind down with Slayer rather than say Spice Girls beats Heavy Metal in Finland coming soon to the b.b.c. World Service a reminder of our top stories around news are a few hours ago the American space agency NASA launched its Park us cellular propre Cape Canaveral in Florida as professor says Professor Lucy Green at University College London told us why this mission is so important for me hawks and approach is going to the last truly on explored parts of our solar system so we've had Propes looking at the planets visiting some of the planets we've even had one of the Voyager spacecraft which has left the edge of the solar system but what we've never done before is gone to the sum to look at the region where this bubble is ultimately created the sum sends these emissions out into the side the system we want to get to the point where that might to understand them and one of the headline u.s. White supremacists are planning to hold a rally in Washington d.c. a Year since them are in Charlottesville Virginia. This is James Menendez with News Hour one of the great names in world literature the British Nobel laureate vs NY pole has died aged 85 born to an Indian family on the Caribbean island of Trinidad Cervidae as he became studied at Oxford well for the b.b.c. In the 1950 s. And then produced a formidable body of work both fiction and nonfiction including a house for Mr base was at the bend in the river he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2001 area speaking to Roy Plumlee on the B.B.C.'s Desert Island Discs program in 1980 and talking about his father I didn't know where my father would have got the the latrine from or how a man who would have heard only Hindi when he was a child would have wished to learn to learn English and then try to write in English but he did and having become a journalist he also began to write and from the sight of him trying to write and write and the memory of him reading to me I myself developed it since the juice Warren is at the age of 12 that you would leave Trinidad within 5 years this is true that is true and you wrote that in the school book yes. Because I was aware that I was born in a place that was very far from civilization by civilization I meant a way of life where the mind and the activities of the mind would be given during God because I myself thought that I guess I got to a place where the mind was regarded I would be crushed and extinguished and this fear of extinction was the great driving force in my early my early life in fact you won a scholarship to Oxford to read into it what was the 1st impact of Oxford was it as wonderful as you thought it was going to be all was it a disappointment I had come from this curious background. I was among strange people with strange social manners I was in a position to appreciate them manners I was in a position to appreciate the complexity of English society it is because I so much wanted to go to Oxford and then having got that one really felt let down I suppose not by the place but one had expected something that didn't really exist yes my post peaking in 1980 well Pankaj Mishra is an Indian author and writer of literary and political essays His latest book is The Age of anger history of the present how important a literary figure was vs NY Paul I think you could safely call him the foremost chronicler fictional chronicler of the post-colonial world he describes at great length and extremely vividly poignantly the simple aspirations of many many people in these very popular societies of Asia Africa the Caribbean the aspiration for security and stability simple aspirations which can become incredibly arduous if your social circumstances are very and promising if you have been historically disadvantaged and I think night will describe those struggles with its extraordinary sympathy and compassion will see as some argued an apologist for colonialism Well I think that would be choose simple an interpretation of some of his extremely controversial positions many of which were actually expressed and public statements and many of fish many of those statements sometimes have very little connection with what he actually wrote about the victims off can all of them I mean this is a time of you know geez the man just passed away he was a great novelist I don't. Thing of same time we should ignore the more go on traversal aspects of his public persona and I think unfortunately that's how he has come to be judged so he must take it on board but at the same time not ignore this enormous artistic achievement why did he even get into say much trouble with some people I mean did he just like to provoke Well unfortunately he talks by talking in the way he dates. Out Muslims about women or even writers More specifically he was being provocative unfortunately b. Now know that a lot of what he said it was essentially what are essentially extremely Wilder commonplaces which a lot of people actually wanted to say but couldn't and of course now prospects at and course from those vulgar commonplaces have erupted in the public's fear with enormous force so we recognize them more clearly for what they are they're certainly not at all provocative but I felt that over time when he became too entrenched in this rule he had to find for himself as someone who is going to provoke someone who is going to break certain boundaries and that is how he is unfortunately just so he did a lot unfortunately to undermine his own reputation did you ever meet him yourself I did I did a few times and I introduced his essays and of course you know I admired him enormously I still do and I know that my Korea and the careers of many writers I know what actually enabled by his writing so we have a very complicated relationship with him because he made it possible for us to write in a certain way to think about the world in a certain way to have the confidence. To write all these things were in many ways facilitated by his work and at the same time we have found his political positions over the years deeply problematic and even extremely harmful I mean did you like him as a person he sounds pretty terrifying Well you know I think everyone who met him came away with in a very particular impressions of the man he was always very kind and always very generous to me and other people have had very very different experiences but I would say I don't doesn't I'm him and you think then that his his work and the quality of his work will outlive some of the controversies in his in his own like a minister and his pronouncements Oh yeah I hope so I mean I think you know we live in such a polarized political climate that people are judged too quickly on the basis of the casual statements here and there and that has unfortunately been the state of the a snipe all but you know if you go to the words if you know some of the foolish things you said if you go to the works if you go to the novels the house for Mr Biswas the bend in the river enigma of arrival all very different novels you know these these are sort of novels that you could say and were written by completely different writers you would be astonished by the extraordinary imaginative resources the extraordinary compassion and sympathy that he often brings to the very people that he's denouncing and establish statements Pankaj Mishra vs NY Paul died at the age of 85 but is it for this edition of reason for me and the rest of the team thanks for listening. 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