Transcripts for BBC Three Counties Radio BBC Three Counties Radio 20191205 020000

A man convicted of the terrorism offenses now says personal losses was able to actually kill his 2 victims the family of the former England cricket captain Bob Willis have announced his death age 70 he made 90 Test match appearances and took $325.00 wickets is the former England assistant coach Paul for price genuinely lovely. About the game of cricket about England cricket county cricket but just a genuinely nice fellow who in recent times people the same on the verdict in climbing into the England team of 2 a poor day but the Katie passionately great sense of humor fantastic man it really is today with the rest of the sport his. Way around big big pressure that's the words of Everton boss Marco silver whose future looks even more bleak after a 5 to defeat by Liverpool in the side Dobby it means Liverpool move 8 points clear at the top of the table but Everton drop into the relegation zone Meanwhile a Marcus Russia double condemned former Manchester United boss chose a marina at his 1st a feat as Spurs manager if it is to won at Old Trafford Leicester back to 2nd with a 2 no win over what 3rd there were also with the Chelsea wolves and Southampton Meanwhile in the Scottish Premiership Celtic have moved 2 points clear at the top of the table they'd be Hamilton 21 late on all Rangers were held to a 2 will draw at Aberdeen and he just says he has no fear in his heart for his rematch with Andy Rooney's Genia head of the heavyweight showdown on Saturday just she was warned Ruiz he's punching like a horse kicking backwards and there's been another big shot at the u.k. So you could championship in York time champion Neil Robertson is out he lost 61 to Chinese teenager young been to your this is b.b.c. Radio 5 Live on digital b.b.c. Sounds smart speaker come on. Look at the weather and the rain will spread southeastward through the heaviest and most persistent person cross western Scotland later it's a lousy find across southern England and South Wales local strengthening. It's On. The u.k. On digital and online. And we're up all like typhoid fever plaything it has a devastating impact on the patients digestive system has caught through contaminated food and water in 1964 and I. Eventually led to 400 patients being hospitalized and I saw Remarkably nobody died. And it was eventually traced to one infected can of corn beef from Argentina well. Over and on the other side of the world it is too frequently lethal up 216-1000 people die of hard every year and now a new vaccine is giving people you hope. All over Britain is 5 past 25 pos 9 just over the Scioto river from a very large penitentiary Chillicothe Ohio under the 2 dozen earthworks of my own city lie the remains of ancient peoples whose time will never be up 5 prostate and Council Grove Kansas a century and a half ago it was the Western limit of safe territory on the Santa Fe Trail people stopped here to make repairs and say their prayers 5 past 7 of the book cliffs in the Colorado National Monument all dark No but a couple of hours ago the last rays of the sun hit the top of the rocks and turned them fire red and 56 on Echo Summit nearly 7 and a half 1000 feet up at California's Sierra Nevada our news comes from c.b.s. . News c.b.s. News on the hour with Norah O'Donnell good Wednesday afternoon from Washington where the House Judiciary Committee held its 1st public impeachment hearing at issue what constitutes an impeachable offense c.b.s. Is Steve Dorsey joins us live nor lawmakers are examining competing legal arguments about whether president handling of Ukraine was impeachable Harvard's Noah Feldman president trumps conduct as described in the testimony and evidence clearly constitutes impeachable high crimes and misdemeanors under the Constitution but c.b.s. News contributor and George Washington University law professor Jonathan Turley says Democrats have fallen short the problem is not that abuse of power can never be an impeachable offense you just have to prove it and you haven't the Justice Committee will soon determine whether to draft articles of impeachment Norah thank you the NATO summit has wrapped up in London with a mix of business and bickering last night Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau was caught on camera apparently mocking President Trump with other world leaders say the president responded It's too fast and honestly with today's guy. I find him to be a very nice guy but you know the truth is that I called him out of the fact that he's not paying 2 percent and I guess he's not very happy about the president touted progress made during the summit and is currently on his way back to Washington President Trump's new border wall is now under construction along the Texas Mexico border and this is a new wall not a replacement or repaired wall u.s. Customs and Border Protection gave c.b.s. News an exclusive look at the 8 mile section in the town of Donna our Maria good a.l. Is there and spoke with Rudy carsick the Border Patrol chief for the Rio Grande Valley they want to help us by giving us the tools that we need to be more effective so you're Ok that actually knowing that this is this is a campaign promise that is being you know that is being fulfilled because it means more help for you absolutely. You can see me as full report on tonight c.b.s. Evening news another lawsuit has been filed against the ride share company left on behalf of more than 20 women who say they were sexually assaulted by drivers attorney Mike Baumberger says his firm now represents more than 100 left and who are sexual assault victims nationwide lived is known about this problem for the last 5 years and they've done nothing to fix it instead live has made a concerted effort in the media litigation in criminal cases to try to hide the number of assaults and rapes that occur in their vehicles in a statement live says they are continually investing in new features and policies to try and protect rides and drivers this is c.b.s. News need a good excuse to forget that diet Well it's national cookie day. A survey from National today shows that when it comes to storebought Americans prefer Oreos over Chips Ahoy end of the wafers 65 percent though actually like Chewy cookies better than crispy ones and it's not just cookie monster he told 33 percent of us admit we eat cookies a couple of times a week 14 percent of men say baby by they do a cookie every day compared to 8 percent of women 43 percent of us admit we finished a whole row of Oreos in one sitting the different Rodriguez c.b.s. News I like the chewy kind happy 50th birthday. I got no probs going to. The music mogul doesn't have any problems these days thanks to his music and business ventures the Brooklyn native became hip hop's 1st billionaire in 21000. New. Thank you Nora Well when we think about unexploded ordinance we tend to think by mines and we might think about the pictures of Princess Diana in 1907 going through a minefield and I can go all I which was being the mind by a very successful effort called Halo and indeed since 1903 the United States has spent more than $3400000000.00 on the mining operations but let's think instead about cluster bombs the little things that come out of bigger bombs dropped from airplanes and places where armed forces want to do some damage and the New York Times in a new report says that dod bombers from cluster mines have killed or injured but 56086000 civilians since the end of World War 2 That's not the news the news is how much damage they're actually doing to American troops who have been dying at the rate of several a year and the peace estimates that scores of the American military have lost their lives when trying to deal with an unexploded cluster bomb John a Smith is the author of the piece in The New York Times Magazine and he's with us hello John. Thanks for having me well thank you very much for coming to talk to us . This this is a horrible weapon isn't it I mean there's no there's no I knew un convention or anything against the cluster bomb as them well there is there is an international treaty. The stockpiling use these weapons in more than 100 countries around the world have signed the treaty but the United States and a few others are among. Well if so at the table Yeah so so the us continues to use it they are they still being flawed in in conflict. Well my understanding of the last time the United States used them in armed conflict was in December 2009 in Yemen before that it appears that it had used them since 2003 in the early days of the Iraq invasion that year. So. My understand is that the United States still maintains large arsenals or large image Tori's of cluster weapons overseas to use if they choose Let's go back to an incident which a poor in 1991 is a devastating incident during the Iraq war and what can you tell us about what happened to a group of ordinance experts including one stop trick well so what happened is early in the war or before the war the United States feared that Operation Desert Storm which was going to retake Kuwait from Iraqi control could last for months and could have tens of thousands of casualties and there was an airfield about 70 miles over the border called some on it and it was a big runway at 10000 feet so really any American heavy cargo plane could land there and this was going to be major logistics for this what was feared to be a perch acted very bloody war and so. This is a priority target joint French it was a French led effort with American engineers in tow went to the airfield and with those there was a battalion of Engineers they had a 4 man explosive ordnance disposal team that had just been assigned to them and unfortunately there was friction between and. From the engineers towards these bomb techs and. They were basically told you know you're not needed here we've got this and got this and Mr Craker Staff Sergeant Crick was one of those bomb techs That's right yeah my cricked my Crick and Scott Parker were the 2 leaders then there were 2 other soldiers with them and I said I talked to Scott party for hours and hours and hours. In recent years what would happen is they get to the airfield they discover a dud $500.00 pound bomb on one end and then about a dozen of these blue $97.00 bomb what's little submissions from a cluster bomb on the other end and that the engineers say hey you know do you go take care that they will take care of these little. My cricket and his teammates that's a terrible idea these things are incredibly hazardous You can't pick them up you can't move them you can only blow them up where they lay and unfortunately engineers didn't take their advice and they said the tech so I mean it's almost uniquely dangerous this thing isn't it this go there's no way that it's going to destroy itself for example if it fails to that Nate on impact. That's right it will certainly these do not have any sort of self-destruct. Capability And so but with which we heard about the blue $97.00 is that the fusing is sort of uniquely sensitive. You know among other munitions generally speaking you talk to. The folks who have run. You know bombing ranges or you know supervised testing ranges rather and they'll say there's about a 10 percent rate across the board for mortars artillery shells bombs of all kinds but cluster weapons generally have about a percent rate or higher so you know double or more than double the rate of any other kind of munition and part of that is because these things are made in such large quantities and they're deployed in such large quantities that you can sort of afford to not have all of them go off like you would in other in other weapons So unfortunately this case these soldiers these engineers ended up they started off blowing these things up one by one but then one of the platoon sergeants prevailed upon a company commander to say hey I think it's Ok to take these things up and also we should stack them up and save time and save explosives and that's exactly what they did in that pile ended up exploding and it killed 7 of the soldiers and you know that you know the soldiers came in to try to help and they were they were sent away yet again so it was really just a tragedy. That was totally unnecessary for so many reasons and hours after those 7 soldiers died the Americans were ordered off your ear. And within you know a couple days the war was over anyway so as my cricket credit is you know it's he said it was just a complete waste of you know life that I was I was tragic Yeah yeah. And without going into into detail I mean you've you've tracked other examples haven't you of these blue 12 sevens blowing up and idling people killing the you know not you know killing civilians in the embers but also killing friendly forces if you like so wasn't there an effort to phase them out there was in 2008 u.s. Secretary to spend some time Robert Gates signed a internal memorandum that gave the department offense 10 years to phase out these older more unreliable cluster weapons of all kinds and said Ok as of January 1st 2019 you'll only be able to use new weapons that fail less than one percent of the time. And that simply never happened the deity never put enough time or money into the research and development effort but I think also it's just maybe a goal that technology is not able yet that the government can expect to. Create a weapon that's that reliable and. Has a low enough cost that it can afford to buy them in sufficient numbers and then just about a year before that was going to be irrevocably put into place in Nov 27th teen the deputy secretary defense at that time Patrick Shanahan just reversed course. You know with it's sort of came out of nowhere people who track these issues it took them totally by surprise he just said you know we're going to blow through this deadline and if commanders want to be able to use these we're in a lot of museum and that was. I said it. And that's the No body of opinion in the in the Pentagon against using these these had fully destructive in the harmful weapons. Well it weirdly these things have their supporters. There are some people who who. Who just believe that there are more effective and yet they don't define effectiveness and I've pressed Pentagon official officials to define this repeatedly and they just won't engage but I have I have a background as I was an explosive ordnance disposal officer in the Navy in the u.s. Navy myself so I understand the way these weapons are designed you know pretty intimately and I have a fair understanding of the way that military leaders look at effectiveness and it's so limited and so outdated in their estimation but the these people who are supporters also don't talk to any bomb techs who would tell them yeah 20 percent rate is pretty standard or higher you know some are higher some are lower but 20 percent about right and you know be able to explain how these things don't really do what people want them to do there and they've never done you know quote unquote the job that they were meant to do as as well as advertised and so that that these things still have fervent supporters is you know is something I can't really explain and his staff Sergeant Craig still with us. Unfortunately no he about a year after he got back from Desert Storm. He was he was in a very bad place he. He had a history of heavy drinking. He had it had gotten he'd been arrested for drunk driving before the war and after Desert started the army was looking to draw down in numbers and so anybody who had that kind of thing on their record was not to be allowed to rearm lest staying sort of spiraled out of control and Crick ended up unfortunately taking his own life. About a year after he got back and so. This thing it sort of. Passed into legend among you know sort of older bomb techs in the u.s. And. Mike actually kept a log book the entire time during the war and so we have sort of a minute by minute. Account of what Mike and these other guys went through so even though Mike's not alive anymore not around to tell his story we actually you know hear from him quite quite well what happened and and that's a pretty remarkable thing John as mayor of the New York Times thank you very much Joe It's been my pleasure thank you thank you for telling the story. Well we have news from Powell Harbor I'm quoting the local a.b.c. Station in Honolulu know as saying that the law is over. And the suspect in the active shooting is confirmed dead We'll bring you any more information when we get . Well Bob Willis died to 70 man who was behind huge success in English cricket a fast bowling legend who really had to lie Slater on becoming a weathering pundit fiercely critical of the poor play but with a smile never too far away and loved by many many fans before of course there was a time as one of the quickest bowlers in the world took 325 wickets in 1000 tests from 171900 84 kept in this country and of course that career best 8 for 43 to help England to a famous win over Australia at Headingley in the 1981 us well it's Willis now will is to bright bright his 19 Australian 11149900 would have victory he has Willis in both the bright bright missed and just. One. Runs. Punching. The ground and the player hell does go for the villain Well what a finish write this for 19 Willis is taken gets 43 the best ever finding this bowler here it's getting me against Australia a phenomenal performance by Bob Willis and Australia all out for 111 England have won by 18 runs the matchless Henry blow felt there and also listening to that is Graham Yallop who scored 58 in the 1st innings of that match for Australia but we're sorry to remind you of this was removed by Bob Well us in the 2nd innings for a dark really. Yeah absolutely I wasn't. There at all my wife what was he like to feast What was it like standing up to. Look we held the greatest respect for Valdas of all of the scenic I've anything away there's always Taj involved in the body a lot and cramped you up and have a good while all the time. We were very wary of all of you know him coming in from the wind behind him and he was you know going in and in the vicinity of 14145 ks an asset which there is a minimal right for his career in the tough competitor. To the remarkably long run up to. Engage and that enabling a left hand it was a bit awkward to Feist because he had this. Action that turns a little run towards the enemy camp in at the glory hole when across the size it was always difficult to face but we respected him that you know we didn't just listing that. Broadcasting is both actually pretty ordinary memory from a study perspective. What did you expect to win what did you all do when the English team you know rushed the club. Had a blow fell the sky. I think I had and I was in the corner carrying the child I couldn't wave it you know where he had to my gallant 2125 the school was. We were absolutely shattered and couldn't believe. The tiger gets to start with but also we felt like the adélie in that 2nd inning. So I was course it was called both arms asses was it but really you might have thought of it in a different light. Well I is a surprise and he had a terrific match but we always felt that we're in control of the guy running to with that in the 2nd innings so we're winning so I think we probably had. A notary had a change of just thinking back on it that we thought it was all done and dusted and we were going to easily win the game one miraculous place of calling the dog over. The typical Headingley wicket it clap a little bit but that's no excuse. But I tell you what the pulse of politically and . Especially was sensational in the day you said you were carrying in the car but when you got out of the car No Did you have a nice and off t.v. Or did you just go you know straight to something else. I think we weren't. Carrying a little. We were just again we were shell shocked. Licola to. Just couldn't believe. He was you know to a viewer he was always so very nice and decent which was that he was to us an opponent. He definitely wasn't I didn't hear him in the sledge anyone I might have done and against other countries but in a sledge anyone to my knowledge and we realize exceptionally we're in unison pretty good toddlers along the way calling causes and. As i Phone There is a middle attack with Tyson and Hendrick and all the major guys who were just a. Girl right back up for him he was a slim one struck Paul and it was for the homeless Korea. Can you remember anyone Headingley that saying Well bon Bob you know buy a beer. I think. Again we were just shell shocked just now and shell shocked really we just thought we had a guy. And. When the odds came up a trial 100 to one in the previous not. For the money on this one. Yet again. All of the glory we get helped a little bit. His Law and link. Last I. Actually did memories for me thanks for that thank you for calling on frame by memories for us too lovely to talk to thank you so much. Surprised by. Who say the singers by 50 in the fondest of the 4th Test. Would draw a veil over the rest and say Good Bob Willis was far away he'll be remembered as half past 2. On digital t.v. . On. The Radio 5 live here with the b.b.c. News is next Hatfield. But here all good morning the conservatives say they would put forward a tax cutting budgets if they win the election next week Boris Johnson is promising medius extra cash for schools and the n.h.s. As part of plans for the 1st $100.00 days in office Labor says it would cap a class sizes in England to 30 peoples the plan involves recruiting almost $20000.00 extra teachers over 5 years at least 3 people are believed to be injured 2 of them critically after reports of a shooting at the pole Harbor Naval Base in Hawaii the suspect is believed to have killed himself and millions of workers in France are expected to take part in a national strike in protest of President Micron's pension reforms transport systems and schools will be disrupted it's unclear how long the action will last with the sport Smith Well it's gone from bad to worse for Everton boss Marcos Silva they were beaten $52.00 by Liverpool in the Merseyside derby and failed as the club slipped into the relegation zone it's a huge contrast from league leaders Liverpool he moved 8 points clear at the top of the Premier League Well Silva says he doesn't have the answers with his job on the line it's about squad not a great noise about scoreboard but scores. Are really about night for us as well he's ever going to deserve the 3 points we have to be to be fair. To both teams in the way they perform and the way we started our game there we conceded goals Meanwhile lest the city are back to 2nd with the 2 know when I've wanted Southampton out of the bottom 3 with a $21.00 win over nor it and they will say wins for Chelsea and wolves no points though for Jos a merino on his Old Trafford return Manchester United be taught into one thanks to a double from Marcus rash that ends Marina's perfect start to his time as Spurs boss well let's hear from bosses all past and present then in a moment marina but 1st only going to so shock 3 points for us because we know we've won 66 draws this season too many We've been in a winning position in all of them in the 2nd half we should and we could then I will certainly that do. The proof is when you can see the goal and end up going to give united the confidence to play the 2nd of Meanwhile in the Scottish Premiership Celtic could move 2 points clear at the top of the table they'd be homeless into one later on Meanwhile Rangers were held to a 2 will draw at Aberdeen Michael Steele towns unpaid players say they intend to boycott their league 2 game with Crewe Alexandra on Saturday it's understood the ongoing situation is having a detrimental effect on the players physically mentally and emotionally a legend of a English cricket that's how the e.c.b. Have described former captain Paul Willis who's died at age 70 he took 325 wickets in 90 test claiming a career best of 8 for 43 to helping them to a famous win over Australia at Headingley in the 1981 Ashes David Gallop played alongside him in the test the irony is that they almost will later try and drop him before the Test match and so that was him making a point and he was to put it mildly very very good at making point during his career he's made a very successful career since then making points in his own very iconic style to boxing now Anthony Joshua's says the challenge of mindset suits him ahead of his rematch with Andy Ruiz Jr the pami on Saturday as Joshua tries to win back his world heavyweight titles in a 16 fight a challenge but it was a title challenge for what title again we've got a challenge to get the part about and I'm telling you what about tight against us before Tiger Woods challenge amuses position and even when you watch champion offering ideas a respected heavyweight knows that you wake up to the challenge of mights it has been another shot at the u.k. Snoopy championship in York 2 time champion ill Robertson is out he lost 61 to China's young been to your heel now face John Higgins in the quarterfinals and now the European Short Course Swimming Championships in Glasgow there were 2 medals for g.b. On day one Tom Dean won silver in the men's 400 metres freestyle and it was bronze for Luke green bag in the 2 to meet his back strike that's the latest from b.b.c. Sport in the c 5 life election 20 knowing seem to be. Radio. We. Can count from getting an apartment where people want to stay with the climate. Part of the biggest storm on top of. Every cent changes so often. We have to live on them I have to change direction since. The essential coverage of. This is b.b.c. Radio 5 available on the b.b.c. . We're not going to have any arguments about whether the new decade starts on the 1st of January or whether we have to wait another year for it that most people are already treating 2020 says beginning in less than a month's time could you imagine that and if you go to have a new year you have to have a color of the year or so says the pan tone color Institute. A term from earlier to printers and people who do a lot of desktop publishing. Producing the colors that eventually find their way into printed materials which we all read news and this year's color is imbued with a deep resonance is a huge that is both boundless and one we can always rely on what color could that be. As executive director of the pan tone color Institute Hello. L.l. . How long have you been nominating a color of the year or a kind of a theme of the year. We've been doing this since 1999 because we were getting a lot of questions about the color of the new millennium at that time and we had you know this is something people are really interested in we need to keep doing this just you know I caught a member of what color the new millennium was what color was it it was a really in blue something that is a very light blue very different side of the spectrum and that the color of the year for 2020 is about we felt because we were going into 2020 we needed to perhaps revisit where you've been before but but you know with a new depth and as you mentioned a resonance and that's where we're going with our 10 tones classic blue Well well classic blue There you go you said it so I was quoting of course from the press release. The furs you know what's different between classic blue and they so really and blue that you were using in 2000. Well this is this is a much deeper blue this is a blue that most people would associate with the sky evening as we're starting to get to the end of the day and we find that many associations with the color psychological and emotional attachments come from what we are accustomed to in nature I and we are all no matter where you live in the world we're all accustomed to the fact that as the day winds down we want to perhaps relax more kind of. You know have a sense of trying quality maybe get a little more serenity and to our allies and what we've been doing during the day we all attach that feeling of tranquility serenity dependability in that the skies never disappeared it can get crowded up I know that happens in London as it doesn't Seattle where I'm based but eventually we know that. That's guys going to open up and and we will see clarity and so these are the kinds of messages that blue blue blue are said about so it's not a swimming pool blue it's at the football Yes Yes Not a swimming pool blue it's a deeper blue it is not a deep may be that there is not a sound or color on the classic Blue has and for anyone who is a colorist or thinks in terms of the you know shade of a color there's a little bit of red added to the blue and just that touch of red kind of kicks it up a bit and gives it just a little bit more dynamism then than a deep navy blue would have to tell us just just a digression if you would forgive me Tell us a little bit about the color wheel I mean sometimes when you know when I'm working on a document or something and I need color in it I have to go to a color wheel to find exactly the right color and if I do there's always hope you know the prints of my use exactly the right color. How does this walk I mean how did panto and manage to you know called in and take over the market if you like because it's anonymous. For I Right well actually you you mentioned earlier that it did start in the printing industry because people would want to suggest a color to a printer and sometimes they did bring up a tie in her case of undergarment or something and say try to duplicate this color and it went to the people that originally owned and tone and suggested this whole system realizes there was a necessity to create a dictionary of color and so it's not only for graphic designers these days and for the printing industry but it has spread into fashion and cosmetics and even high tech is using the Pancho colors there is a plastic system where every color is there is a system that can show it will do that help for the designer or the manufacturer identify the color that they want to. When you go by the idea of a color of the year I mean who would use a color of the year. We'll you know it's the kind of thing that really I have to say has sort of surprised us over the years the amount of conversation that it instigates when we 1st started out we thought well it's designers that are most interested but we found that it has become a subject of conversation even for the average person I mean my husband came home from the barber one day and and the barber said to him so tell me what the color of the year is I have to know that now why would that be important well because we know that color starts a conversation it can be some remember and says something that happened early in your childhood it can be a favorite thing that you own or perhaps a color that you dislike for whatever reason but people do love to talk about color and once you engage them in that conversation and it can be very telling as to what they have to say about the colors they like and dislike. I can still remember Wall Street Journal front page and site declaring pink to be the color of 2011 and it was a it was a very extensive articles of course talking about the fashion industry and its interest do you do you have to you know liaise with the fashion industry in February or whenever it is that winter wardrobe how does a color of the Uniphase fashion and say well actually those of us who are involved in the choice of the color spend a lot of time traveling around the world go to London by the way approximately twice a year at least twice a year we look at the collections of fashion collections we look at the cosmetic industry but there are other areas we look at as well is there a particular artist who's the collection is traveling the world is it going to go from the change to moma and New York and then on to Los Angeles if it is if there's a favorite color of that artist or it's a feature color that's going to get a lot of attention and people are going to talk about it we look at high tech technology and I have to say to you that that as far as the classic blue is concerned the most interesting thing about classic blue is just as a name implies there is a kind of a traditional sense of the loo and yet at the same time we were seeing that there were many many really really a beautiful examples of blue and metallic in the classic blue where you would see that in cars that are you know not introduction but promised to be out there in 2020 even in motorcycles and helmets and and other digital equipment that was beginning to route itself in the blues so we kind of collect all of this information as we travel around the world we gather and we compare notes and then we decide what we feel is the strongest direction and what color family. It's failing tress I like the side of your job I must admit you know traveling the world and looking for the dominant color for new year it's lovely to talk to you I'm sorry I said it's lovely to have you with us thank you very much and that's very nice of you and it's lovely to talk about my favorite subject thank you you're welcome bye bye trials of a new vaccine which can do something remarkable have cut cases of the disease by more than 80 percent and trials the vaccine stops typhoid fever typhoid fever affects up to $21000000.00 people every year mostly in the poorest countries of the world and as many as 161000 people die every year from it vaccine and I've been given to 9000000 children in Pakistan we're joined by Dr Kathleen noid So who is director of the Center for vaccine development and Global Health at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and I don't inaudible Hello how are you well thank you for coming to talk to us these are extraordinary figures I frankly had no idea that typhoid affected that many people every year well you know what we say that that typhoid is a disease of the past you know in the United States or in Europe in many developed countries but but it's really not a disease of the past what it's become is a disease of the poor and so you're absolutely right we don't hear about it in everyday conversation around the dews But but there are millions of cases and as you said tens of thousands of deaths every year. My memory always goes by the very small I break not very far from where I'm from Aberdeen in 1964 and then break. It was the end of the world you know 400 people eventually were sick and had to go into isolation hospitals but because they were all in a modern city with modern medicine none of them actually died typhoid it's quite survivable. Yes a of course in the pre and I bought a carrot had a high mortality rate but then with antibiotics you're right it is a treatable disease our real concern right now is that there's a drug resistance that's increasing and even extensively drug resistant you mentioned the remarkable 9000000 children that were vaccinated in the last 2 weeks and Pakistan you know that's an area where we've seen extensively drug resistant typhoid so we could go back to an era where typhoid becomes untreated Is this a vaccine that you can see being rolled out and other countries and indeed even in developed countries. Well in developed countries it would be less likely we do give vaccine to travelers and we have a number of other vaccines that work well for travelers they have a short duration of efficacy but in a traveler situation that's that's why you know I only need to be protected for the period of time that I'm traveling but in these areas where we're children and even adults are constantly exposed to the threat of the disease we need a vaccine that we can give routinely and that will last for many years. This program is being supported by the Gates Foundation that mean it's costing a lot of money I mean is it only happening because the gays find a sin this is putting serious money into it. Well the funny from the Gates Foundation is quite important because as I've said this is really a disease of poor countries so when you think about market forces there's not a lot of money to be made necessarily with with a typhoid vaccine so it won't be market driven it's really a public health driven vaccine and that's where Gates Foundation money and gobby the vaccine alliance to supporting the rollout of this vaccine are are so important. To again it's public health help use an impact because those organizations help to make this vaccine affordable. And and. Used it so extensively in Pakistan can you tell me what the efficacy rate is many people who get the vaccination still are sick and. Yeah well in Pakistan of course we have just rolled it out you know in a huge public health help program by the government over the last 2 weeks so it's in impossible to give data from Pakistan yet but the article that just came out in the New England Journal of Medicine today reports our clinical trial in the Paul and there it was over 80 percent efficacious so for every 10 children that would have gotten typhoid you know it's down to 21 or 2 children with the use of this fact it's. In the absence of proper sanitation all like kind of thing so obviously this is fairly transformative Yes absolutely and again we do need a comprehensive approach to the long term answer is water sanitation hygiene with a vaccine program but again those are longer term solutions they cost a lot of money they have to be maintained so this is a great answer in the short term to prevent typhoid. Well congratulations and do you have other countries in mind that you are you going to be working somewhere else soon. Yes absolutely so we actually have 3 large trials that are ongoing this Nepal study was was the 1st and it was actually a group that at Oxford the Oxford vaccine group that led this study and the Oxford Group and in the Paul we have a very large trial in Bangladesh and another large trial in Southern Africa in Malawi so we will have data from 3 different populations and again we'll also continue that the public health rollout not only and and Pakistan but Liberia and Zimbabwe are planning to introduce vaccine in 2020 approach and I should also Madsen that Oxford University and the Oxford vaccine group a played a big part in this. Absolutely in fact for this impulse study they were the the leading organization in this very important research so absolutely they deserve most of the credit for this trial and the Paul thank you doctor not so very much indeed Yeah thank you for having me on the office here. To talk about the luck of the Neanderthals which probably was a very good Sunday Hello I had. Yes So what went wrong. So we know that the Neanderthals died out about 40000 years ago and the stand that story is that homo sapiens invaded Europe and the Near East where they were living and we probably either outsmarted them but a new study published last week suggests that our ancestors may not have been to blame rather Neanderthals were a ready and indeed a species at that time and they had been for thousands of years and it was probably a stroke of bad luck that pushed them over the edge so at that time there were between 10270000 Neanderthals and when you have such a small population like that living in fragmented groups it makes them really vulnerable to problems like inbreeding and something called The only effect which affects how healthy the individuals in a population are that's not very many is it even back then the 70000 people know it's a small enough amount to be considered that and indeed it species. So deceptive is more about what you call the aliyah effect effect so it's basically how many people you have in your population and that can affect the fitness of your population and what the research is actually did was they looked at all these different factors and the used computer simulations to model how the factors would have affected the Neanderthal populations of a 10000 year period and what they found was that inbreeding alone wouldn't have caused the Neanderthals to go extinct but combine that with the only effect and natural fact tuitions his birth rates death and sex ratios and that would have pushed them over the edge and we hope we'll see it didn't come into the picture as we probably exacerbated these problems because our presence would have made it harder for the different Neanderthal populations to migrate and integrate one another but it wasn't because of competition between the 2 species like many people belief that causal happens to go extinct. But there hasn't been recent work showing that on the cells and early humans interbred Yes there is some of that as well you know definitely doesn't for that but I think a lot of people think or this is a leaf that we competed for resources and food and we fought one another but apparently the study is saying otherwise so the Bible Ark element is just the Bible ark to be too inbred and and too smaller group to survive yes exactly so all they need it was just something to push them over the edge they were already a tipping point and then when something in the environment happened it just it was the straw that broke the camel's back and we don't know particularly what that was no we don't and we don't even know the exact date that. The Neanderthals went extinct or where this happened exactly as well so lots of mystery and lots of questions to be oncet still. Now here's a story that I've struggled to understand before and find out why it's quite so important but it's a boat dolphins who of course don't have have but they do have hand that they favor one side or over on the other yeah that's right so most of us humans around 90 percent are right handed but it turns out that bottlenose dolphins show an even stronger bias for their right hand side than we do and these findings were from a study announced last week by N.G.O.s in the u.s. Cope the dolphin communication project and what they did was they studied bottlenose dolphins and in the Bahamas for 6 years and they looked at how dolphins create defeat which is when they swim really close to the ocean floor and then they suddenly make a shop turn and dive snouts us into the sand to try to grab the fish now whether we said just found was that 99 percent of the time dolphins will tend to the left which means that their right eye and the right hand side of the body will be kept close to the ocean floor. So why do dolphins have strong right side bias we suggesting it might be due to a couple of reasons one it might make them make it easier for dolphins to swallow their prey because their food channel is actually wider on the right than it is on the left and also dolphins produce their echolocate in clicks using fun eclipse the f. On the right hand side of their head so it's probably better if they kept that really close to the ocean floor so they're. Just tell me again they use use echolocation and they are going that they use for echolocation is in the right of their brain is that right of us on the right hand side of the head so they use this organ caught the fun it lets which is basically an extension of the it's the equivalent of an easel cavity and they use that to hunt so if they kept that closer to the ocean floor it makes it easier for them to find pretty because they're looking for bottom dwelling fish and that sort of thing that's rather hiding in the sense of the hunts yet so they would need to use echolocation to locate. Like a slight submarine coming along isn't it pinging your fingers that is right there right Bob was exactly and so this these studies of handedness extend to other animals as well yeah it's really interesting actually because a lot of animals actually do display handedness So for example gorillas in kangaroos are like humans and dolphins now with the father right hand side cats also seem to have a preference but it depends on the sex which cite the favor. Yeah how can you how can you show that I mean if you've got a catheter home could you can you do a test on your cat. That's a good question actually I don't actually know about but it's something we should definitely look into. It would have to devise a test for. To see I have every can figure I would say that prefer and then I determine to any other of us. Why without any all around I'm a this. Unless it's attentions as well so Korean humpback whales tend to roll to the right when they're farting on the sea floor desk the Dolphins go their prey with their right hand side they go in a clockwise direction as well. They are fascinating fascinating indeed well as let's turn to somebody out there who hasn't had anything to eat for too long and they're starting to get a bit of all this year so we all know what it's like to be hangry or even West to be around someone who's hangry. Like you said so with that feeling when you get irritable or annoyed because you haven't eaten when you're really hungry but it turns out that being hungry doesn't change our behavior as drastically as we may think it does so to research as one from Germany and the other from Oxford discovered this when they conducted a series of tests so in one experiment they compared $51.00 students who at fast it for 14 hours to the same number of students who were well fed and when they looked at how the students k. They came with they had to cooperate and make joint investment decisions they found that the hungry students were necessarily more selfish than the well fed ones and another experiment they did they recruited 600 participants at a cafeteria and they were given either 10 euros or if small packet of food and how the participants had already eaten lunch while the other half hadn't and what the study found was that when someone was approached by a stranger asking for food or money both the hungry and full participants were equally generous. So that was it was based on generosity rom of them the other thing. Yes exactly so that suggests that our propensity to be sharing and caring are actually more deep sea than just being hungry for a small amount of time but this perception isn't. Significant as when you you're aware of your self being a different mood Yes definitely so there was actually another story study related to hang goodness that that a different researcher did it and involve students at their computer some had eaten and some hadn't and when they crashed the computer on purpose those who were made to be aware of how they were feeling were actually less than oid So it's being self conscious as well like what is happening to you and that makes a difference. Well I would call it proof for behavior I suppose Thank you Sandy very much thanks Ryan thank you. I hope you're not hungry. We've got a Grady coming up the next few minutes transfer our science class to listen. To. Anyone on this c.b.c. Radio I am here with c.b.c. News is Claire Bailey Tori's says that what they do within the past 100 days if they win the election. Triumph in the a while that was defeat back to me I was on the. B.b.c. . The Conservatives have set out their plans for the 1st $100.00 days in government if they when power will have what's been called a tax cutting budgets in February after BRICs it is all political correspondent David clinic the conservatives say they didn't shrine in law a funding guarantee for the n.h.s. In England to deliver the extra $33900000000.00 pounds a year they are promising well serviced by 2023 that also be an immigration bill and legislation to and the automatic early release of violent offenders on defense there'd be a review on social care cross party discussions Labor have called the plans tax giveaways for the few while the Lib Dems say it's pure fantasy labor promising to recruit $20000.00 more teachers in England over the course of the next parliament it's part of a policy to cap class sizes to 30. A gunman is reported to have opened fire at the poll but Naval Base in Hawaii injured.

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