He insists it was a huge test for his side who is still babies in the Champions League but she thought she got the winner in that one in the Championship Alexander mitzvot she scored a hat trick has fallen in 3 say they will say wins the hull Bristol City and he can head to the b.b.c. Sport website for a full rundown of results across the a.f.l. Have been disqualified from the Japanese Grand Prix that took place earlier this month for having and legal driver aid system on that car miss eighty's also crowned us constructors champions like the run I was done he recalled Nico Holcomb but both lose their 6 and 10th place finishes respectively this is b.b.c. Radio 5 Live on digital b.b.c. Sound small speak of. The weather rain across England and Wales will gradually push east to its followed by Sunny styles and showers in the west Sydney makes ascension it shows a scuffle in the northern islands but some will be happy fests to the souls coming up this November and find life in the 5 Lost Souls extra stainless Cricket says travel to New Zealand close to start to finish. The one season draws to a close you can hear the crowd below the many goals to go down with the World Cup champions will be decided in Yokohama the stars. I am the socal can see nice woods life coming trees from the Premier League and Champions League Still to come. November and find life by store success. They have and I have family in the u.k. On digital and online I brought shop We're up all night as a reader or I'm a buyer of classic films surely the civil side throw your story concerns a murderer driven to my soft being haunted by his victim. And an immense fire burning in his head causes his bed curtains to satellite it sounds like Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Well yes and no it is by Charlotte Bronte but the scene figures in a book younger on tape wrote 17 years earlier and painstakingly wrote out by hand in a book whose pages she stitched together herself Bronte's little book Mastering roughly one a half inches by 2 and a half inches will soon be for sale of Paris 650 I was in part. Well joining us this week from Paris and I think that's pass Western Australia a starter Karl hello Dr Karl her doctor Radha it's been a long flood lovely talk with you again lovely to talk with you where have you been this time because bearing in mind last week when we talked to you you just come back from your round trip to the u.k. Ah well this time of going to somewhere where it took me longer to get there from Sydney to London and of course more than getting Sydney the London what can be further than that I have no idea where because. Christmas Island by the way there's a bunch of Christmas all ins around the world the do you know you get it were discovered on Christmas and so this is the one that on one hand is part of Australia in territory but is only 340 kilometers from Indonesia or Java and 700 kilometers away from the mainland of a strata. And so to get there was Sydney Perth had hours and person in had to go into a refueling stop and then across the Indian Ocean to the cocoa solids which have an average heart of 3 metres above sea level my God you would not want to be there who are in a tsunami or a big storm comes through on the cocoa solids when there's a hard hard and there's a storm with low pressure the water rises and the right and the runway gets bubbles innit. It actually gets instead of being flat you have a runway for an airplane has to be dead flat you know it's got bubbles in it and so they have to divert to Jakarta to go in because of that have got a few to get back a guide and said From there to Christmas Island and it was amazing like it was in the dark when the recently the temperature varied from this to that in the strata you know it was 11 to 11 degrees in the morning to a high of 221 day I was there the temperature varied from 25 to 26. It made $1.25 and a big day it was $26.00 really in the tropics already bet 10 degrees from the equator I mean the kingdom of the crabs where all these all and about 135 square kilometers there is something like 30 to 40000000 crabs and so there are big rubber crabs or coconut crabs and these guys can get to be nearly half a metre across and 70 years old and I want to head with a close they've got more crunching power than a croc it all has in his jaws but never had their head jhol enough to delicately peak and pill and break open a coconut and but strong enough to break through metal and get into a chicken coup because through the chicken wire and the little bogs and then the chicken in Saudi and they live on land all these crabs the red crabs the little ones they're about you get if fingers and just sort of spread your fingers as far apart as you can and there's a sauce of Red Crab and a few times a year and there's a David Attenborough movie on this in from his early days there was a wall you cannot walk on the ground if you try walking on the ground you will step on a Red Crab It's like walking on bubble wrap pop pop pop pop pop all the while long and so it is controversial when they want to go from the land with a live in the ocean so they fertilize their eggs and they go in the ocean and the water. Washes off they roughly $100000.00 day exe into the ocean and if the wave catches them well they're in a bad way if they're lucky they'll sink and then go in the right direction towards lead if they're not though they'll die and the saw the road they've got these sheets of metal and plastic to stop them crossing the road and it has any one place they cross the road and in is this metal bridge 2 metres wide and he goes up 3 metres a form it is then across the road and then down 3 or 4 metres and they climb up across and down and it's just wall to wall crabs and they just you followed crabs everywhere you go and they have a weed thing there have you ever heard of you know you've heard of the tropics Rawdon you have that you know summer and winter and the Whitten the dry season you heard about that yeah. Yeah Ok now here's something I haven't heard of him out of the Sea The Swell Season s.w.a. Double oh never heard of it what with up in the results when everybody goes and looking smart it's well what you're looking at this well that I don't know you know so well the. Now is the ocean and it is this huge series of ocean swells that come from the northeast so if you could sort of try to get your brain around it you're in the top left hand corner you go the top left hand corner of a strike there and you keep on hitting sort of halfway to India and then coming from the direction of India these huge swells come from the northwest these waves can break this bright and even the waves or the houses 20 meters above sea level so you can have a house on the cliff 20 meters above sea level and then suddenly splish some seawater lead on you know not just the mist but actually the occasional wife and this last normally 2 or 3 months but a few years ago it lasted 5 months and it was so severe during the middle that for 5 months the ships could not land and the locals ran out of toilet paper just draw or gentle violater that stage you know that's right hope they have palm trees . Yeah and it is but the life is just so wonderful in the ocean so he just go down to the main little Bache there and you put on your little Flippy's and literally Rod you go flip the flippy flippy for 2 minutes and there is literally saving in the tree the best coral I have ever seen in my whole life even better than the Great Barrier Reef and it's just there a few meters off the shore in this little cove and the this is brown crows hard and soft Carla in the heart Karl I fell in love with the brown fish the sort of hard in the frogs in the little sticky up things the brown car laces sort of come out and you can see all sorts of fish there including reef shocks and we saw turtles and we went out in the boat only 10 maybe 10 minutes out we saw a while shock jump in the water and there is this huge thing 15 metres long just coming at you and then past you and in on Woods there was just a stunningly beautiful and there's John Trevellyan and it's a lovely place to go and visit but it's pretty hard to get to the volcanic plug the rose up from the ocean floor you so you got these 5 kilometer ocean depth and up comes this thing the saws and every 5 kilometers below 3 kilometers above erodes and so you've got this bit of best salt which is impervious to water of allied with a thin layer of limestone and the logs well water runs through it dissolves it and it creates something like 30 something caves and one of them we did this sort of the Malaysian soccer kid thing way we had a snorkel in the underwater cave by daubing a bit and then you pop up and has all these stomach muscles around you and you keep going and then you come to an area where the water is just gushing down and below this salt water. And above this fresh water which is less dense and you can open your mouth and actually drink the fresh water so you're at you're in the ocean you've gone into a cave and then he said he drink fresh water and the fresh water is slightly milky because got all the calcium in it and I spoke to every single student in the school the one school there and every And most the general public and this is a strange place because the population is 40 percent Muslim 40 percent Buddhist and only 20 percent European Anglo Christian the sort of background and they live together in such harmony I guess you have to when you're a small population the good knowledge I mean I could have done the bad thing but everybody does this get saw as a bit of a shock when you one of the minority groups and you go to somewhere else and people pick on you because your differences or whatever they're different it's just lovely they must be I mean it just sounds wonderful and then you think about sea level rise how do the how they feel about all that. In their case they're Ok because the Oland is quite large and is barraged about 10300 plus meters above sea level but the other of them that we came to Coco's killing and by the way the reason is called Cocos killing is because there's a whole bunch of cocoa solids or other well I didn't know that but there are Ok and so he had named after the coconut so I guess and so this was called Killing miming this one here the blocks destroyed a dip in the middle of the Indian Ocean far from astride and that's only 10 feet above sea level that is where the level rise is going to cause a problem. Quite confident in my prediction that on top of what the r.p.c. Sea has said is about ocean level rise which is pretty devastating one made by the in the century I'm pretty confident we're going to see more than that due to a positive feedback loop. And in places like the cocoa solids will just have to be abandoned because they don't have the tax base to put a sea wall around and the sea will count when it hits the ocean and already freshwater because the ocean will eat the fresh water. Place doesn't it really really really side Boy Well listen if anybody has any questions about Christmas Island would you be prepared to answer them I would love to talk about it now that I know much about it but it's in the stone initially wonderful place. It was a part of the brain of a sure thing where yeah and also the thing I liked about the tropics was that the Sunset starts and then before you can even have a beer it's already finished where it was where you are you know 304050 degrees from the equator the sunset starts and then gradually comes on and then you know it's dark we hear it is beginning that was it you missed it. And yes it's dark. You know barbless 85058 here texts please. 5909693 if you'd like to telephone us and up all night at b.b.c. Dot seo dot u.k. If you're listening back on the podcast I would like to ask a question of Dr Carl and that brings us to ban from Portishead who says I have heard that every item on our the can swim even elephant spots and Sloss My question is 1st is that true and 2nd could dinosaurs also swim I can't imagine T.-Rex doing front crawl or brontosaurus back crawl ride number one or do you not know. Humans have to be taught how to swim and what do you mean by a swim so in my case. When I went to school they didn't teach me how to swim I learned to swim when I was 20 I can you believe it that old in Australia for heaven sakes with the oceans all around you so. When I was at school they said Sue across the pool here for this race and I thought I was actually surviving Ok how many to get to the other end just barely and I thought about it and I said I don't know where we will risky you and I thought I was drowning and I was not far off it so do you mean accomplished swivel like being able to just hang around I think about it for like. Like a dog you know a natural swimmer so you could stay there for say half an hour's notice after 4 minutes that's it you've got to get out because you just burning up so yeah energy dog or a horse or you know other other swimming animals like I find it hard to believe that all animals are not sure swimmers you know when. Any dog even dogs really don't like the water when thrown and will make an effort won't they. Try to think of an animal that lives in land and never see it and it's never near a like would that animal have any problems and then the other part of the equation is how much they float so with most animals they've got a fairly long Nick they could have been make out of water so even with most animals the body can be in the water and they hit is out and they sort of horizontally they got 4 legs so I'm guessing that if the long horizontal in the water and the legs are down and they hit as Al they can just sort of move their legs and they can actually swim different don't know need somebody with expertise so in my case can you Twitter the ends on to Dr Col d c k r o o 4 road what's the magic phone number or takes they can give you a 5058 or up all night b b c dot c o d r u k that would get to us. Ok let me ask you this a question by the way about one of your books how many books are we up to know 30 something up to number 45 and 44 has just got released in the stride and has some in the order Kingdom and go to my and if you go to the Apple Store the 100 place and you download the modestly named Dr Col app by the way right here I am being mean to have a road shop app No you have your own up oh no a whole story about what is your app dude. Well you download the app and then you can just use it without buying my book you can still be my best friend and then you can go to the doctor call home page talk to call dot com and then the k r o and the can down you can then look at all these videos of stuff and stories for free but if you've bought the book you get extra so the app works with or without the book and then you you activate the app you download optical you activate the yeah I mean at the book and a couple of as you go through the book Little be many movies pop up you know like from. Here a little bit little a little bit like Star Wars or something it's like Yoda my pops up and says Now also tell you something else about this yeah and so on page 60 instead of actually just telling you hey on how in 2015 we nearly got wiped out by a rock in this case I tell you that and then there's a video of it for Friday's click click click click that was a rock that was a bit closer would have wiped out humanity so what all is extra stuff so this is all in book number 45 in full color but anyway as you say before I'm really directed to well yes I know this is I'm going to give even more opportunity for promotion because it's all thanks to Helen Fawcett who is bidding for the title of world's best girlfriend. Helen really really wants to know about u.k. Release date of Dr Karl's random trips through science do you know anything about yes I says the spell tell you what she says rather sweet says my boyfriend would love to spoke to his collection and getting a hold of it says Helen would make me the world's best girlfriend. We will talk offline as they say Dr Helen and we will make it happen. And we possibly will get it in nearby early next year I will be having some with me when I do my gig at the Royal Institution on the 19th and Denise is the new president yeah he said I'll be carrying the new book with me and you can wave your camera at it and blow me down literally little mini me's pop up little Yoda's pop up and give you all free extra information but the point is the book is not broken even if you have say no smartphone or your smartphone is too old like say more than 2 years all by God the horror how ancient is that yeah and then it won't work in the book is a broken you can still read it and then just a little diversion here I was thinking about this that it won't work on really old phones like 3 years old and then that turned me into thinking about planned or in build obsolescence and I suddenly realized that the wood obsolescence has got buried within it the wood obscene. And it seems wrong you have to throw away a phone after 3 years because they won't support the security or give you security updates and it won't run the new software just seems wrong they won't do that as awful you know I saw a really good use for old old phones the other day this fellow is he's he's tracking illegal logging and his find all these old phones and he's basically put on a ray at the top of the canopy of the of the forest Needless to say we're in the Amazon Basin and and all these phones are doing which is which is kind of tied together is they using the microphones on them to listen for the sounds of chainsaws in that particular area and then they put this all together in a big data kind of a way and then they can 0 in on an area where there is illegal logging and hopefully stop it. That says sweet because I was just reading today that with the tree one tree put had enough oxygen a mature leafy tree to support 2 people or an acre of trees will chew up the carbon dioxide and turn it into more tree chop the cut off sort of a cop doing 26000 miles in the year and that's a good thing too like some positivity Yes yes here's a question from Jack it's a good question he says how is elec tricity stored in batteries or more correctly are supposed to stay produced and batteries are the wood electricity comes from the Greek word. For Amba which is electron so in the old days you get a bit of babba and you drop it on your woolen clothes or something and then put it near a cat and the fur on the cat would stand up so it's carrying some sort of something special which we then call electrons and so electricity is just electrons moving in a wire and one ampere of electricity is $1.00 followed by not in 00 is a big number like the sort of like a $1000000000.00 over 10. Electoral is going down that wire now turns out just a bit of coffee. So that it turns out that. Atoms have electrons on them and you can with a little bit of energy force those electrons off you know the addict runs to atoms or take them off and you get these electrons once they've been unleashed and make them travel from here to there and as they go from here to there they go through the job and they do some work and the job could be a lot bulb or drill or a marker fire Ok so what you do is now into the field called electrochemistry with the electrons go we chemical change changes from one chemical into another a plus b. Gives you see plus d. And as they change trollings shifted so the batteries all topped up and the chemical reaction goes downhill I possibly gives you see plus the plus electrons and those electrons then can go through the job from your little battery be it a tiny AAA or a button battery all the way up to a bigger car battery some batteries will go backwards. Not all the batteries only go in one direction we call them primary batteries you use and once that's it they gone but secondly batteries are also known as rechargeable batteries and depending on the top of bettery the chemical reaction can go backward so you go a plus b. Gives you see plus d. Plus electrons and then when the battery is flat you make it go no where you shove some electrons in from the mains and then electrons plus c. Plus The gives possibly and then you can get a varying number of saw Ackles $100.00 maybe $300.00 maybe a 1000 and so there's a few parameters you are looking at here so was a god to recharge your batteries What counts is how many saw Ackles you get how much current you get and also a 3rd one which is your peak current So in some cases you just want to slows that he dribble and that's foreign but sometimes you want to big spike you know he's starting up a starter motor in your car right so jacked to answer your question look up batteries and electric chemistry and it will take you deep down that pathway but basically you're making a chemical reaction go in one direction and it gives off electrons which then count as electricity it's a great subject doesn't it batteries you could talk about it for a long long time. We're learning more about them and batteries are now getting more powerful and all reckon that will get to the stage where we have the energy density per kilogram of petrol of gasoline where we used to be like a 1000 times down and we call it of now a near 100 tons down to business I think it will get to 10 times down and even up to eventually will get to one to one with those be as much energy in a battery as there is in the same weight or mass of petrol gasoline and they'll make it much more useful while while we're on the topic of electricity a question here actually from Jason in Brighton and I'm going to give you that question just to just to mull over for the next couple of minutes why we take and that's say and well I don't break for someone else to do the heavy lifting and Dr Jason says is the world's magnetic field powerful enough to be used in the generation of power on a large scale. There's up vision. Blogging and the core of the Earth we'll talk about that when we come back that's right now we're going to leave Dr car in Perth at half past 3. On digital b.b.c. San Diego various cities b.b.c. Radio 5 live here with the news is out of Hodge's police astounded identifying is $39.00 bodies discovered in a lorry in Essex the driver he's believed to be 25 year old my Robinson from county has been arrested on suspicion of murder even ambassadors of mess in Brussels to consider the U.K.'s request for a break sit extension but say there won't be a decision until Friday at the Las Palmas Johnson is pulled out of an appearance before senior M.P.'s later claiming he needs to focus on delivering Bragg says Donald Trump is claiming he saved thousands of Kurdish lives in northeastern Syria by persuading tikki to stop its offensive that the president was accused of giving the green lights the incursion by withdrawing u.s. Troops and a study by Manchester University is from people with long term health problems like off rightists are more likely to feel pain on humid days these are apt to moan as to since I'm swell also recording weather conditions now the sportiest Katie Smith Liverpool boss Eoghan Clarke says his side produce a mix quiz it goals on the way to form when the Belgian champions gang in the Champions League there are 2 for Alex Oxley Chamberlain who missed most of last season remember with a nasty knee injury and was followed up with a goal each beside him on a our most Also back from an ankle injury their 1st goal was always bring about a signal as you guys are all goes well believe beautiful was a problem Mark for going looked like and always called 3rd or 4th and conceded one which is not called but is not a massive our biggest problem in a world so we want to game the job done that's it but the defending champions have launched an investigation after an offensive banner picturing for diva Righi was removed from the away end before the. Match began the club have condemned it and say the image perpetuated a racist stereotype elsewhere on Champions League night then Chelsea put on an impressive display to beat last year's semifinalists i.x. One male in Amsterdam coming off the bench to get the winner in that one they now top group h. His manager Frank Lampard on denied with every every element of their performance a couple of moments but it comes to ice against a quality that saying they're going to have moments. The work ethic of the group the work we paid off the ball for every man and the stops was outstanding throughout and has to be to come in and get a result there's also plenty of action across the a.f.l. You can head to the b.b.c. Sport website for the latest results and Glasgow City wrapped up a 13th successive Scottish Women's Premier League title that was with a 10 they'll win of a Motherwell Renna you have been disqualified from the Japanese Graeme Prix for having an illegal drive aid system on that car it means done you were caught on the Holcomb by a disqualified from 6th and 10th places in the race that took place earlier this month in defense coach Joe Mitchell says good luck said anyone who might have spied on the training sessions but doesn't see any advantage in it at the James claimed that someone was spotted filming that training session but refused to say who it might have been playing and of course take on champions New Zealand in the Rugby World Cup semifinals on Saturday on the Hill says they won't be overthinking it in the next few days with any big game this or sense of occasion is already there's the excitement already there in the background so I don't think it takes too much to get to another level in terms of physically or emotionally I think when you turn up in Germany speaking that's the meanwhile Wales are taking on South Africa on Sunday and they're confident they'll have sent his heavy pox and Jonathan Davies back fit to play scales coach Neil Jenkins says Davies isn't essential to getting back to it or like to think he's going to be you know taking full part this week in training on I don't see fit for Sunday so easy to keep a for us as I said last week is a big player you know some that we need fit realistically or we did exceptionally well ascending as a. On the play but the more numbers we have the better I don't see the more time the place you have ready and fit the better as well and 15 year old just hail from England has become the youngest male play it when an official weld golf ranking event but he couldn't claim his prize money as he's still an amateur that's the latest now from b.b.c. Sport. Rugby. Even censoring. 5. And I'm going to give you another opportunity for a shameless self promotion I've looked on the Apple App Store there for your op how isn't described what do we have to search for just Dr called the spice k.-r. Oh really it doesn't exist is on the Australian you've got it on the Australian up store obviously I think it's worldwide the The Hangover good point talk to Ron using good point it's not available in the United Kingdom I don't know if it's and in the United Kingdom but is d.r. No full stop and then k a r l that's the thing. Else. There is a space. D. a Space k r l but it doesn't exist on. Other parts of the world or on the other eye on the early asking if anybody if anybody has found it let us know but I've had one or 2 queries about how do we find it so you know that anybody is looking for on a Droid or something like that let us know if you can find that that would be super Meanwhile Meanwhile back in the in the rest of the world David is calling us from Hitchens and France I heard David Bellos he is happy to have us of the. Day love to be able to get the show next year to touch and just say hello here. In London I mean we drop that far from one individual to the other just to buy milk in the morning when we regulars try to install it out we just get the shot now I'm no longer mobile you say. Response to a message. But what if thinking was he you mention about the art and you went to where you you were in the ocean just by being in the ocean water that you were getting fresh water coming down to you and said it was a special on and. Look about and it made me think. Almost thinking everything sparks must also fortunate on what I'm down to some of them done tonight but. The fact is that Australia in the Pacific and suchlike there are numerous items which is Ok Nick when it comes on to say that up to. Audience including a wine shop yes. That's one I don't want to does anyone kitchen on when the next one is going to emerge. Was it's interesting you should say that so recently. Some parts were flying across the Pacific and put in and bear in mind that by itself the Pacific Ocean is Bia than all of the land masses on earth put together so it's been I would say the floor this is the fly across the Pacific ocean hitting sort of New Zealand somewhere and they discover floating rock bigger than Bill's or they had no warning so they didn't remember values Yes and that's going to start coming on to our coast now get some more floating rock in the next 6 months or year depending on how far away it is and how long it takes to get there and one of the cards at this time of year so. Could we predict when the next one will pop out of the ocean. Because some of these volcanoes are real to be close to the surface and they just keep coming up. One way would be to do hot measurements of the ocean and above all kind of there would be a slight little bulge and the several other groups that would be the grace g.r. I see said lots you have 2 satellites shot falling far you know laser beam at each other and when one of them goes over a period of low gravity it lifts up a fraction of a minute of a meter when it goes or the heavy gravity falls down and the one following it monitors this then it goes through the same thing and sort of built up a gravity map so one way you might see uses a little bit more mass shifting closer to the surface another one would be the heat so you'd need infrared sensors I would pick up temperatures like I'm guessing 100th of a degree over the ocean. Well I don't think we've got that capability for the whole ocean or that many satellites I think that they might have it of targets of military or agricultural or commercial interest but yeah so I think the technologies available but I think they're just not bothering to satisfy the Adl curiosity of when something will come up and the 3rd one of course is to have undersea drugs just swimming around the oceans of the world and the moment I think we've got about 15000 of them and really they all are yeah they don't look like a They're actually swimming but they've got a small amount of battery power and what they do is they generate some lift and so maybe they inflate the balloon and then they go got a bit higher and then they start flowing to the surface and then they. Get rid of that balloon and suddenly they then start sinking but well or something but gradually they start sinking and they're long and they've got fins with a very shallow angle of attack and so the dogs down to the ocean floor and that dog have. You know horizontally them or go 300 kilometers to go 2 kilometers down and then when they get there the bottom of the intelligent system powered by the battery measures they're about to run into the ocean floor and then pumps air into the balloon and they lift up again and said $15000.00 of them just sort of drifting around the ocean drifting but going around the oceans of the world . Using that rather neat trick and if one of them went bump into a mountain or had picked up extra heat you get information from that but 15000 compared to the saws of the oceans of the world we haven't got enough sensors to do it. Right or not you know you think of a another way or maybe our. Listeners could come up with another way of predicting when the next volcanic Garland will pop up out of the ocean I when you said about. Slight increase in height of the ocean I made really sort of traps a temperatures a volcano was making the water expand and making it. Only surrounding out. There are many years there are many factors involved when they're here I'm going to do something really surprising Ok so who imagine you've got a whole lot of ice on land here not for your Osberg floating in the ocean and it melts and when it Mills the ocean level instead of getting higher gets lower Now how's that for Chrisy. But this is how it works when you've got the oil. Sure there is not a percent of it under the water but 10 percent of it is above the water maybe steaming up say 10200 meters and it's got a whole lot of mass above the water and it attracts the water to it via gravity and Grace satellites. Subtle enough to be able to measure that slot increasing the ocean level not the increase in heart from the top of the OSCE but 200 meters above sea level no the water say 50 meters away from the Osberg is actually higher than the water 4 kilometers away so. Yes yes. You've got that other factor involved where the gravity can change the heart and then another factor involved changing the whole of the ocean we've just come across a deeper understanding of the there was a cold the Indian Ocean. So really none for maybe hundreds of years about the El Nino La niña. And way back in the early days to sorrow from Spain when he led on the coast of Chile the only way that he'd get across the desert there was on the coast was because he was lucky to lend in El Nino year. And what was drawing a strata back then 500 years ago it was very wet and right and he was able to cross the not a kilometer desert and then go in there and wipe out the Incas So we've known about the El Nino for a long time but the Indian Ocean dogpile was only put forward as a hop a hypothesis by some Japanese scientists in not a 99 that's only 20 years ago and now we're beginning to understand it and see how it's influencing the weather on this Saudi quite up but during an extreme case when the Indian Ocean dogpile is evaporating lots of water and causing huge rains on Australia evaporates so much water that the water level drops by one meta in the middle of the Indian Ocean and our satellites can easily pick So instead of just farting ocean Big Bubba here up down up down a fraction of a millimeter something they're picking a 1000 millimeters Wow Wow that was very close to set there off so there's many factors affecting the ocean level so you think about a glass tub tub should be the same level but when you get to something bigger like maybe an ocean you can have variations across the ocean and the water will flow there it just takes time and it's continually being offset by the operation so you've got this permanent dip in the case of evaporation causing that one metre deep in the Indian Ocean. Well I hate to interrupt you to you having such a marvelous conversation but I thank you very much David for your call it's really really well I'm so much really appreciate it well I've just had a lovely experience while you 2 were were chatting away my Twitter feed just went slightly mad and ever so many people dot Carla found you're up in the turtle store and I must thank Shelly for forgetting there before anybody else was getting to me before anybody else so thank you to Dave the milk and lots of other friends for for for fighting the op on the u.k. Apple store and on the on Droid stores absolutely there really just may not be there in the Us stores happen to be listening in the United States are you listening on the podcast but you know I have faith I'm sure it will I'm sure a source or a later and so we come to the question that we gave you all the time to consider must be at least 2 minutes a doctor station in Brighton wants to know if the world's magnetic field is powerful enough to be used in the generation of power the answer is yes but not very much it will generate says Palla But Marcus scopic So how do you make electricity will we talk about it in a very very good way with chemistry but the normal way we get electricity is in a turbine or electric motor running backwards the generator and it can be powered by wind or call or nuclear whatever but the point is you've got 2 magnets facing each other and so between the 2 magnets there's a magnetic field and then you have a loop of wire that goes from one saw into that space between the 2 magnets and then was between 2 magnets turns a right angle and then other writing and then comes back out the way it came in. And then said Nader this loop of wire between 2 magnets and then you start spinning it and that will give you electricity so when it does half a turn as the wire cuts that magnetic field the electrons you know that are in the middle like in the are and they get a magnetic kick in one direction and they turn in the next 190 degrees and they get kicked in the other direction so then that's your AC current backwards forwards backwards forwards which is quite different from the batteries that we're talking about so how much current to get will depend on how strong the magnetic field is you can sort of say or imply here the Earth's magnetic field is weak which it is and how many lives Avoid get the more loops the better and how fast the coral is going Yep the faster the better so if you think about the Earth's magnetic field as having a strength of one. Well the fridge magnet is 200 times stronger and then like it and in the decent magnets you have a little tiny button ones the near Dineen ones the ones that if you let them close on your flesh you get bleeding this 6000 times stronger so and the magnets they use electric generators are very powerful and so you could just go ye theoretically you could go and get a magnetic field you get a loop of wire and spin it in the Earth's magnetic field and that's where you get gin energy out of it but it's got less it would be worthwhile going to other parts right we get much more energy by having a powerful magnet Well it sounded like a great idea though Jason thank you very much I must say and there are and as we as we continue this wonderment at your new. Buoy UK and b. Of all in the southwest of France tell us he's also found it on the Android store so where widening the net all the time thank you hark thank you to David and ride are going to Edinburgh and they impressed all. Prophecy and on we go on we go your augmented reality of Road Trip says here with our it's not nice well not nice pictures of the rock that nearly wiped us out in 2015 is just one of the experiences you get. About that or right. Oh there's a question from George who is Dr George and I'm sure he wants to point out that he has a hydrogen geologist so he's he's. Clinging to the title of Dr George because he's proposing. And he says please could Dr Carl confirm if your Christmas Island was where the British postwar nuclear testing was carried out a few years ago our daughter an environmental radiation specialist because she's a she's a hero George was involved in that Christmas Island cleanup. It's the same Christmas number one. There are many Christmas all and I don't know why people choose Christmas to go in Discover all and so this Christmas all and was seen any ignored by people going back to the Arabs coming out of the Middle East to the Arabian Sea and then the Chinese and then the Malays and then even some of the early European sort and ignored it until finally the British claimed it and then it was a doctor long to Captain Cook County and. Now he missed out on that one but it had been seen by the people before and mapped the mess with a very good who is pretty sure that was it and then it became part of Singapore and then Carter got messy when the Singapore I'm a liar started with each other they split off from each other and I was sort of both real from the United from the United Kingdom and so just is Singapore split off they then did some weed deal with a salt Christmas all and to strive for $20000000.00 Singapore in dollars and then in Singapore a bit later went independent. Separate from a liar and militants of the Malaysia and so now has been the strike in terror since but nuclear bomb testing not on this Christmas this Christmas Island and if you were going to get to this Christmas Island from London say would you fly to Singapore and then fly to Christmas Island from Singapore or would you have to fly all the way to Perth. You could maybe do it as a world trip just for the fun but the easiest quickest way would be coming from Jakarta or Singapore and Singapore airport is one of the best airports in the world apparently. Right yeah Chinee good thank you for that let's say let's press on and we have a question from Stuart and central Scotland he says I'm bigger Asli and I'm sure that means could be anywhere could be like dollar let's just say dollar for example in last week's program you touched on the issue of airships being used to transport free my question is which gas would be used to keep the ships aloft helium would seem to be the obvious choice but as I understand it helium isn't abundant on earth and there are already concerns regarding future supplies for important applications like magnetic resonance imaging m.r.i. How then could one have fleets of helium airships are there practical alternatives to helium that exist in the abundance would be needed. Well. Hydrogen is a better lifting gas than helium in terms of how much lift it generates but it does have the potential for exploding Well how does it really say Henderson Burge to that that here that problem wouldn't it would be probably the point was that it wasn't the hydrogen the core and far but the skin you see the hidden Berg was a Nazi propaganda ship and it was covered with a mixture of dug up whatever that is to make it as a gas Tawney or varnish that you that you put on the wing of a plane to make it stretch really learned that it's been that's highly flammable. Right and then on top of that they put out a minium which is not in Shawnee so that way the big red Swastika would stand out nicely. And that would burn incredibly well if you burn it and if you look at the disk if you read the descriptions it was burning with a yellow flood the hidden. Hydrogen does not burn with the fly it burns with a blue flame and secondly it doesn't hang around as soon as you expose hard into the air you release it from its cage it goes straight up and in the burns it just burns and keeps on going straight up it was the skin that kept on burning. No but you do have the fact that helium is not inflammable and harder than it is and if you've got the options you'd rather have something that is not inflammable. So that's one problem with harden the 2nd problem is Harden is that it's the smallest molecule and can penetrate even thin layers of metal squirming its way between should have to be continually be generating it in large numbers or have access to it and the 3rd problem which we've touched on here from Stuart and it's a good sort of snipe is that we're running out of helium for a while we would hang on to helium the United States did have a reservoir of several several years worth and for some reason instead of having an official government reservoir it got profit taws than good got burned up I think helium should not be used for balloons at parties I love the balloons at parties but it's just a scarce resource we do get it from the decay of certain nuclear reactions and for some reason they happen associate with some oil so with some gas fields and some oil fields just so happens he can't really predict in advance that I just have a heck of a lot of helium in there maybe half a percent of the gas is helium I don't know the exact number but something like that and so they just trap it and with the privatisation of it then and not keeping it is a national security source that in both keeping So we're running out of helium Yeah I did as you go to have your guesses Well they've got less lifting power so. Econ a stock with all the hard you know helium there are 2 major lifting Yes methane or hot areas for hot air would work hot air would work but then you've got to generate some heat. And you could probably need electricity or fossil fuel for the tricity And if you get the electricity for the same energy densities of fossil fuel Highway 70 it's all very remarkably practical what is good that's a pretty good idea rod put you in charge of all you company. Good good. Where are we going. I knew I had so I know I had some clarification to offer about dope I was going to say this is from my extensive expertise building model airplanes with my father when I was a boy. We're talking about wooden wings wooden frame wings you're building an open frame then you lay tissue paper on it and then in order to make the tissue paper stretch and stick you have to cover it with door so we are going back a bit and terms of construction we're not actually talking about all you many Americans like that other kind of airplane wings that we see today anyway Josephine and Brighton says that regarding the cement that it field the magnetic field of their earth she says is used by satellites to raise and Laura there are but on the shuttle She says the trials letting down a cable is a generator Yes So the basic principle is that you want to run a wire through a magnetic field and if you've got a spaceship traveling at 28000 kilometers per hour well hang on suddenly you've got yourself a fast moving wire so the magnetic field ma not be particularly strong but G'Kar crossing a lot of laws really quickly and they've done a few experiments I think the wood is tether or they would lay out a law and that was electrically conducting and I don't think they ever would they tried one that went out 100 meters and then maybe the real jammed if you got any more information just would please let us know. Right right your. Thoughts for Jastrow on a chilly morning he says as the old saying goes don't wear a coat indoors or you want to feel the benefit when you go outside as are a truth in the saying or might it be that wearing a coat indoors before you venture out may be beneficial by keeping the body war before you go into a cooler temperature. Long term versus short basically the more that you expose your body to the cold the more brown fat you will grow and generate in your body and therefore the better you will be able to survive the call'd so. The indoors then brace yourself against the freezing winds out sort out those and after only a few weeks you'll start to generate more brown fat and be better able to survive the cold with a. Thank you for the handy seasonal always a pleasure next week we'll talk to you and certainly. Think it over. When you. Claim for anyone else this season rate. I think it's 4 o'clock here with the b.b.c. News on 5 while I was on a project the main news on 5 Live police are identifying the bodies found in a lorry and install wins for both Liverpool and Chelsea in the Champions League. The task is started to identify the $39.00 people found dead in a lorry in Essex a man from County who is the driver of the truck is under arrest the container on the vehicle arrived from Belgium Ellie on Wednesday saying cross the Channel in 2014 hidden in a frozen food lorry people they know there is like chance to die and the lorry it's dangerous but we do. One have a chance like we came from a country situation there for example in Syria very bad as Johnson is being criticized for pulling out of an appearance before a panel of senior m.p. Is this morning is our political correspondent Jessica Parker he told the liaison committee that his focus for now must be on delivering bricks it Labor's branded it a cowardly move but a number of conservatives have leapt to their leader's defense dismissing claims that he was dodging scrutiny ahead of the police service in Northern Ireland is warning of possible civil disorder by loyalists if it breaks it deal is seen as a threat to the union with the rest of the u.k. Salman then says there could also be a similar rising information in the nationalist community if things go a different way one man's died and 5 people are missing after torrential rain triggered flash flooding in northeastern Spain one of the worst hit regions is time ago no weapon edges have been swamped by water and mud flash floods have also hit northern Italy and the South of France humid it windy days could cause more pain for people with long term health conditions such as arthritis research is that Manchester University used an app to monitor symptoms while also recording local weather conditions his professor will Dickson patients will often tell their doctors that their joints are more painful with the weather and it's not uncommon that doctors will dismiss them so that provides evidence given that we work out the relationship between weather and pain it may generate the opportunity of pain forecast and that's helpful so that people can plan their activities it's claimed that allowing prisoners to take out student loans to pay for degree courses could cut rif ending the Open University in Higher Education Policy Institute says it could also reduce the overall public cost the government says it has no plans for a change of policy among us tell the Us Congress that Facebook's new digital currency project is about putting power in zippy people's hands critics claim labor could be used by criminals and terrorists this. Insists the currency won't be launched without regulator the approval now with the spores his Katie Smith Liverpool cruised to a $41.00 win over gang in the Champions League Alex Chamberlain school twice with other goals from Mosul and Saudi Amman a sealing the win the defending champions remain 2nd now in group a point behind Napoli but live will have launched an investigation after an offensive Bana picturing forward Righi was removed from the way and before the match began the club say the image perpetuated a racist stereotype and that it's unacceptable.