The committee is concerned that the bill doesn't address the practical impact of removing freedom of movement provisions on E.U. Nationals who currently live here and that includes people who pay taxes and National Insurance for decades says the government is committed to protecting the rights of E.U. Citizens living in the U.K. Common as in England and Wales could be given new powers to investigate stillbirths to ensure each baby death is independently assessed at the moment they can only hold inquests for those who are shown signs of life after being born a health reporter is Michelle Roberts under the proposals current as in England and Wales would have powers to investigate the deaths of all babies from $37.00 weeks of pregnancy They'd also look at what went wrong and whether any lessons can be learned to save more babies lives the government consultation on the issue will run for 12 weeks and Apple is to enter the video streaming market stars including Steven Spielberg Oprah Winfrey and Jennifer Aniston and to make programmes for the new platform Apple is also launching a credit card and gaming portal now with a sports Here's Nick Hatton England turned on the style wants again as they made it to instrument to win you're a 2020 qualifying thanks to a 51 victory away to Montenegro they fell behind 17 minutes in but soon goals from Ross Barkley along with efforts for Michael Caine Harry Cain and Raheem Sterling secured the win however the victory was soured by racist abuse aimed at him and defended Danny Rose and inject our science gators call it unacceptable and is called an offshore it is to act Scotland captain Andy Robertson says they are rock bottom but must stick together after their Euro qualifying games defeat to Kazakstan and an unconvincing victory over some arena has left them fair thing group Cardiff City are set to claim the deal to buy 1000000 Isola from known for 50000000 pounds was not legally binding the Bluebirds are refusing to make interim payments for the striker who died in a plane crash on the 21st of January just Butler's controversial dismissal overshadowed Raja Stan royals defeat Kings 11 per. Job in the I.P.L. But that was ranked backing up at the non-strikers end by Ravi Ashwin for 69 it's the 2nd time the butler has been dismissed in that fashion Michael Schumacher Some may call my kids form one test dead before for our next month the 20 year old will drive for them in Bahrain a one day then the affiliated out for a mayor team the next this is B.B.C. Radio 5 Live on digital B.B.C. Said it's. The weather a chilly start in the south England and Wales will be largely try with a few sunny intervals but more clown than recently Scotland and Northern Ireland will be mostly cloudy and for AC D.C. Sounds download this free B.B.C. F.M. Right in the U.K. On digital but online I brought sharper up all night speed kills says the old road safety slogan where that really matters if you're not trying to turn the obsessively for it to the knob or grin as in built up areas a new bill in the Scottish Parliament road reduced speed in Arbonne areas to 20 miles an hour it makes me sad that after so many years with 30 mile an hour limit some drivers are still and different to the demands of our surroundings 30 on a 4 lane bypasses can pull. They differ from 30 on an hour one way street with cars parked on both sides of wide agreement on the need for this new bill if it's the only way to make a limit that works everywhere. What does the employer who has everything give him self why a tomb of course the biggest and best equipped vestibule to the afterlife imaginable and C.M. Procession she was magnificent and yet scrupulously hidden tomb which would keep its incredible secret for over 2200 years until 974 Edward Berman has written the definitive guide to the guardians who kept the tomb secret all that time the terra cotta warriors Well they were found completely by chance in the 1970s by some people who went to Ghana well. Early spring was a very bad drought and they came across some fragments which is quite normal if because the looks of tombs in the area was in some very good quality terra cotta and also some bronze weapons which are obviously better quality than the ones they normally found. So these farmers took them off trying to sell them to local dealers . And then by chance the journalists who happened to be that noticed these things on sale asked where they came from and he was the one really who understood what could have happened why these things were such high quality they had found a very important to didn't know which to because oddly enough there was no record of the 2 story of the the site with the target to worry as. There was no record of the toll they knew that there was a morsel even with the underground burial chamber in the area but if you walk around that area it is completely full of human eye to Fishel natural and nobody really knows on you which was which until amazing thought so what did the journalists do today did they go you know health risk out there back to base a NG and tell everybody in the archaeological world. Not the archaeological of the political will He was a beating journalist which meant Communist Party scraper and this is my G 74 so he went back and rotary caught about this discovery and gives examples of the things that have been found and report very quickly got to a fairly high political level and which point somebody I'm not really sure who but somebody at a fairly high level in the government ordered kid killed jiggles early to be to be made and send. Pillages from the Shan Institute of Archaeology to do a preliminary investigation. And that's really happening out there is this all happened between the end of March and the beginning of June because it's pretty fast I know that these the original archaeologists went out pretty spartan conditions that they didn't have much know they had nothing. They didn't even land they had nothing to eat nothing to sleep in. And they had some coupons for exchanging to get a bit of talk they depended on the local people giving them something to eat and helping them a bit. Also because they didn't think as I said in the book they would be there very long they are the lead OK Oh just told me it I mean 1st I know him personally he said that when he 1st went there he thought he was going to be a weak Oakland ace and as it says in the book he ended up being there for 35 years and he still he's still in his eighty's actively involved as much as he can be with studying publishing. We wanted to make it yeah I got bigger and bigger when did they realize what they've got well very quickly because when he had excuse me to the 1st bit there were 4 bit into the ground in which she figures were put out and then these pits will come all over with straw and earth when he experienced the 1st bit and realized that it was about 100 yards long and 50 or 60 yards wide totally full of broken statues of horses and human figures and weapons he understood that it was something very very important and then he remembered there had been legends consider me the Tomb of the 1st emperor. Teria for for centuries just nobody had ever mentioned the term warriors who were buried underground. So they could put $2.00 and $2.00 together because they knew where the mausoleum us. As you have said this was still during the Cultural Revolution at least it was during the aftermath they made after the Cultural Revolution where they never said fact about what might happen to these artifacts Yes a lot of people were nervous the the little people were nervous because they thought they could get into trouble by having I mean. The people who did the research were noticed because they weren't sure who was very carefully controlled politically but very quickly in the sense that between 97 to 4 and 1979 they had identified most of the site and already built a museum because they understood that it was something politically historically very important showing how powerful China was just over 2000 years ago. Was it immediately obvious then that this was the Tomb of the 1st Empress she won very quickly yes because as I just said they knew that the most Liam. Was just about. Half a mile away and so it was easy to do to 2 together nobody had understood the bit of confusion over the language doesn't explain in the book in fact that actually the 2 was in a burial chamber underneath a mound which was an artificial Hill the Warriors were buried about a mile away. When I say a mausoleum area which was thought until now to be about 50 square miles was a huge area in which there was the lead the to marry our territories and lots of other things as well so they did this quickly understood that only one in pretty good have done that. And bigger than by far than any of the pyramids. Yes well the area yes absolutely no those highs the buildings the in the mountains those are there is now actually the most interesting thing that will come out of the last 23 years which I put in the end of the book which nobody knew before Europe is actually the area was probably twice as big as has always been said to be . The guides for years or spoken about 50 square kilometers the now chief archaeologist believes that it's as much as 100 square kilometers the whole area. Before we talk about the terra cotta as let's talk about the Emperor himself because he was from your account an enormously important rule maker I mean he standardized his rule across a vast area and also really interesting way a road builder it's as if roads were were a tremendous instrument of empire for him. Yes he understood the necessity for communications in that case he was very advanced but at the same time remember that in Europe the Romans were doing something very similar exactly the same time building or a system so a lot of ancient rulers understood the need for rubbish communications. And ancestors had any way of being to him is a very long time is great great great grandfather built a road down in. 350 years earlier so there was a very long tradition of building roads standardizing measurements which he didn't do by himself some of it already been done he total credit but I stress I think one of the differences in my book is I have these 23 chapters and I should tell the story from 1000 Defoe Christ up to him explaining how he is if you like a logical consequence where is he went before. And they are a terrifying bunch his ancestors are tell us this fellow this move he would he would have some of his courtiers killed and. You know ritual and commit suicide wouldn't he that was a practical thing to be very rarely eat yes but that's I think a little bit misunderstood as a trying to explain. If you are the Emperor who is certainly going to live forever and I am Yokota it might be a pretty good bet for me to kill myself to do with you 2 hearts by him chances of survival you know the 3 life was not that important so that a lot of these were not originally murdered but quite probably suicide to join the Empress if I had the chance of living for ever simply by killing myself the kind of fast impact right now today you know I'm very interested in the concept and that's obviously what happens. So that never a lot of Yeah I was quite as bad as we think. So I like this I still I don't really like this that my question. Who was asleep one day when something happened that he took terrible retribution. Of serious well you had to be powerful you had to be strong you had to have Richard you should so cutting off 50000 it's online 2000 and it's only very important for Lent it was very very necessary to demonstrate real power and authority and again it was a tradition of this for hundreds of years it wasn't something the suddenly appeared out of nothing just like to me to continue the parallel the room of the didn't come out of nothing they had been around fighting and establishing power since the foundation of the Capitol 500 years before this. It takes time to build up to an emperor. So he's fault or falling asleep or he's fallen asleep and he's uncovered and the people around them are just beside themselves because they don't really know what to do and one of them decides to put a coat on him just to keep him out all cozy and warm Yes. That sort of thing to do and then unfortunately the Marquess decides to take terrible retribution Yes Well again it's just it was his duty it would be we should feel well you see but I fail to understand why somebody who is the keeper of the crowd gets knocked off because he puts you know if it tries to keep his Emperor warm and yet there's a gala the justification was well that wasn't his job that was the job of the coat keeper yes was kind of napping at the time yes you know in Florida in the cause which exists today in the United Kingdom something similar. Is there for example outside because there is not member of the Internet kind of touch somebody at the center of the family. Would be if it was necessary in a sort of Walter at least fashion to cover songs to fill of all somebody walking through water. With coats to make it easier it would have to be somebody very closely related other words it would be one of the Chamberlain's or one of the 2 laws of all around the queen not just somebody like me who felt sorry for her it's not my role is my duty to have a very structured hide precise series of jobs and regulations so they were always very conscious of one thing could do what they could do I think that's the best chance to work story but you know it sounds good so it's a nice story yes yes OK So so the Emperor actually dies when he's in the midst of building. This most phenomenal palace or maybe it's palaces what can you tell us about his is ambitions as far as all that was concerned. Well obviously we don't know everything but we do know that from the moment he became he decided or he knew in his mind that he had to be able to demonstrate his wealth and rule the country for ever the number is 10000 but 10000 he has 10000 in trying he just means very little time or a lot of a lot of a lot of miles it is a 10000 miles but he knew that he had to impress the people but he also needed to demonstrate that he really subdued the other 6 warring states that he had defeated to become emperor so he had to occupy the palaces make them bigger than they were before so that everybody understood who is the real boss and demonstrate even with his vast mausoleum. How different he was than the world changed he. It was simply a statement of political power and success but he had been preparing for it since he was child. Lot of this module am seems to be built a underground and you have to go down into it how was it actually constructed. Well a bit like a modern skyscraper it is they dug a huge pit maybe 4 meters deep 100 by and by by 6 or 70 meters and kill the earth out and then you had like the foundation for a modern building then they built parallel walls along the length to last in the pit to create cradles on and covered the corridors with with straw would be like a mind really. And then made it invisible by covering it up with earth and planting Bush's trees. And the idea of this was was to make it invisible but that was a very simple construction technique they did the same outside the 2 by the way because then they dug down in a similar way and build royal palaces homes for his concubines who also followed him quite probably willingly to death and build an underground city which respect which was a parallel what was above this was his way of continuing in a way that other people could never see it. It was a private. I think story idea that he has a spirit if you like would walk out of his underground city and it would be exactly as if he never died at all something like that is absolutely in fact according to the rights of Joe as as a mention a book and also some way to handle Q. And. A The idea would is that he would come out 4 times a year to beginning each season and go on a trip around his dominions stretching as far as the sea in the east so he would come out from the West Gate get into a chariot which was half size because it since he was a lizard he did not need of whose eyes Jared and he would go and visit after purification rights or visiting his ministers a coyote these activities he would get it discourage with a written you call tears and soldiers and visit the extreme of his of his and by which is exactly what he did when he was when he was alive actually has been more than half his reign on the road establishing his authority in the previous 6 states and it is a state he died as you know while he was on one of these tours inspection tools that he used to carry out. The bonus annually so as he turned out. He would do this 4 times a year probably according to some documents. Visit his of 13 alone for his own party and then come back and read into. His to go back for a year for over 3 months until the next trip there were this is why today I think the biggest difference in the last 10 or 15 years ago terra cotta warriors is it is this idea that I believe absolutely the no worries are top of the quality is rather like the lifeguards who accompany the queen who with their. To misquote him and to to welcome him back there facing east he didn't need gods because such a powerful man could not possibly have enemies in his own Old Hickory So these were ceremonial guards to greet him on his return from his tours to demonstrate to the people who with him that he was still a very powerful man a little because he was a spirit inside a carriage and this is this makes not only the. Reason for the worries being the more interesting but also more excludable the fact that they had these alert have styles that they didn't go well weapons they were in their ceremonial gods This is one of the biggest changes which the archaeologist 40 years ago when they started working there could never because they just don't have the evidence. One of the amazing things as you've said is he surrounded by courtiers he's not just surrounded by courtiers he's trying to buy very specific groups of people musicians actors of bats. This one the strong man who seems to be about 7 feet tall and he's you know the size of outside of a house by all account yes you know he he was he she still on public view but there is a little picture on the inside cover my book because we weren't allowed to photograph the bill they took a picture me to show it was them by chance they took a picture of me with this man behind so you can see the raw raw Streeter over there on the draft. Of the book did inside of the back without his head but he was a mass now he's also this is another thing puzzled the traditional archaeologists and historians the fabulous he was the 1st person they discovered who had been sitting down. Which gives a completely different idea of what was going on I mean he wasn't simply standing in line he was actually doing some they had a purpose and this connects with the with the the the Emperor when he comes out or to see games at competitions or strength visiting his his aviary and seeing his animals me here his visitors that's a there's lazing thing isn't it enters into them so yes these are all designed for his pleasure when he came out of his on his. Forehand you trips so he was a a world that imitated the real world outside I'm probably inside. There is a relief we believe most people know there's a relief map of the Empire with the rivers and the mountains and lots of other activities so he had a little microcosm inside the tube around his now is like the troops are in the burial chamber around the tube which code the real situation above on the ground and this is quite a fantastic idea. But before we talk about that let's let's talk about the warriors themselves because. Maybe those questions unanswered how many are. Roughly $8000.00 and over think are they which up to now 2000 are being excavated. How big are they that. What we would call rugby player I mean 66 feet 7 feet most of them are pretty big. But also remember that they're all being reconstituted because they were broken into fragments when they were discovered not a single figure has been found intact. Why why is that what happened to the mausoleum immediately after the emperor of death almost certainly the people who created the hand. Did some raids in the tomb and maybe destroyed some things but apart from that I think just the natural process of erosion that the weather is very dramatic there that it can go up to 40 degree century it is down to minus 10 in the winter. There's a very heavy rains in the spring and in the winter and so want to see down a bit saw broke off and eventually great chunks of the ceiling collapsed and that's what did the damage. And you can see in fact in one of the pictures in the book and . In the 2nd pit that has not yet been completely completed. You can see very clearly how the how the roof has collapsed so they were broken more I think by that than by people attacking all marauding with the territory as. One of the pictures in the book shows 2 very brightly painted Warriors were recovered quite late in the piece but it makes you think that they were all that brightly painted That's what they certainly were yes they certainly were painted around one of the reasons you can see the color in most of them and you can see the recent ones like the one on the on the cover of the book was simply because of the weather in the area when the 2 was open. And the 1st the leader killed just wanted to be a working it was in July. Most of the archaeological work was done in the summer because in the winter the Earth is too hot because it's frozen. In the sun you know to 35 to 40 degrees this meant that any body that was discovered was immediately subjected to ferocious heat and. In the process of painting these figures have 1st of all been painted with the black lacquer of military culture and the black lacquer was the base of which they use color pigments to introduce other colors mainly the well known colors red and green and blue that traditional colors or it had been available used in Temple architecture as well. And all of the faces were almost certainly cosmetically done as it were like that like the one on the book where they. Put a white pigment over the face little pieces of Pinky cold almost like a makeup brush over the paint the problem is that Will and so certainly they will paint it and they were very bright very colorful probably pretty vulgar by our standards and of all the people who did the 2 ones in the book were made by a professor at the Munich who screwed restoration when they actually analyzed the original didn't remade them in use them to paint so they're probably pretty pretty authentic in terms of the color the problem is that this is lacking they used can only survive with very high humidity maybe 8085 percent so underground in the earth they were fine when they were taken out as subjected to the sun the black lacquer shrunk it shrinks incredibly quickly that a piece maybe I've seen pieces of 10 centimeters shrink to about 4 centimeters that means all the big men flew off became dust. And so it's completely lost forever because you could never reconstitute the dust of the columns and they didn't realize the 1st because the human being open even before they started work they never imagined that they were colored it's much much more recently really only proof from the eighty's all ins that something about color has been understood now there's a liberal tree which is not visible to the public where they have bits and pieces of the colored like the head on the cover some other pieces which I can't to marry highly controlled environment even the number of people who can do it one time is limited because any small change in humidity or temperature can can affect the the humans how long will the arms will be some pieces in there. So one of the very interesting problems is are these can never really be put on show to the public. Because. It creates a lot of problems one hand dynasty to north of. Who they thought was very well protected which they thought was really protected as recently sure lots of damage done just by increase humidity. So you know there are models there are photographs which can be put on show the real objects really to spot impossible you know I went because there was a chief archaeologist but I was only allowed to go there once certainly not allowed to take photographs. And it's impossible to game unless you're the president of the Queen or somebody to you know access and that's one of the most interesting parts are there not to ask you one last question which is there as I suppose the enduring mystery of the place the actual burial chamber is still sealed isn't it yes. Unser to the last question you would like to ask is is very unlikely that it will be opened in our lifetime because before they open up they want to be sure they could control they have a sphere inside perfectly so that nothing would be destroyed or damaged. And right now that he knows who because his Somebody is such a big area that nobody knows how it could be done with sort of experiments going on measuring systems that can control the environment blowing hot and cold out of the talks so that made tasers same humidity underneath but that's possible in a small trench both because a room you know a great house but not possible you know vast area like that. So for the moment I don't think even the youngest is working they would have a seat opened. Well Edward Berman is the author of Terra Cotta Warriors just after half past 3. On digital B.B.C. Sense it's small space the moment this is B.B.C. Radio 5 Live B.B.C. News an hour without a hard and piece of data to take control of the Braggs it process from the governments it means they'll be a series of votes tomorrow to find out what kinds of brags that they would support so they twice rejected to resume a still 3 more ministers have resigned over the government's approach to leaving the corners in England and Wales could be given new powers to investigate stillbirths it would mean each baby death is independently assessed the government's consulting on the idea a report suggests a sharp rise in the use of crack cocaine in England is being fuelled by aggressive marketing by drug dealers a study by the Home Office of Public Health England found they were offering discount deals and delivering the drug quicker than a pizza and Apple is to start offering a new T.V. Streaming service Oprah Winfrey and Jennifer Aniston helped to launch the new platform now the Sporty is make hats in England turned on the style once again as they made it Sue wins from 2 in your a 2020 qualifying but the victory over once and aggro was marred by racist abuse suffered by a number of England players 5 on the final score 2 goals from Ross Barkley along with efforts for Michael Keane Harry Kane and Raheem Sterling all of this coming after England had fallen behind 17 minutes in manager Gareth Southgate was impressed with the character shown by his players you can dominate the game you can go behind and then you can start to panic start to lose your shape and lose your discipline in the game can turn against you we've talked about that a lot talked about having total belief in the way that we play that was very pleasing that when we were behind they kept calm played their way back into the game we ran out having demoralized the opponent in the end because our control of the game was so good and when the from the Danny Rose was among those to suffer racist abuse like Tony you're for delegates at the gang. And found that the abuse was heard frame Sterling kept his ears to the crowd after scoring England's 5th he says it was a message to those shouting the obese to one of those let them know. You need to tell me more than that we're black and what we resemble to effect is really a greater person for so I think 1000 message really is just happy to score and give them something to talk about elsewhere Scotland captain Andy Robertson says they're at rock bottom but must stick together after their 1st 2 you're right 2020 qualifying games defeat to Kazakstan and then convincing victory over some arena has left them 5th in the qualifying group Cardiff City are set to claim that the deal to buy me on a salary from the norm for $50000000.00 pounds wasn't legally binding the Premier League club are refusing to make interim payments for the striker who died in a plane crash in January can't afford healthy for the nonce conditions for completion of the deal one fulfilled and that sell out wasn't registered as a Premier League player more from the B.B.C. Wales football correspondent Rob Phillips fee for have said they want evidence by April the 3rd car had not covered saying but they said they are processing their evidence accordingly to meet the deadline of April the 3rd role say they completed all the necessary paperwork at a pointed out the fee for register what's there is the international transfers that they ever get or generally the 21st and they say they've been fully compliant with fief is rules it's up to 2 feet for now to decide Anglo batsman just Butler was ranked backing up at the non-strikers end as they were to stand by 14 runs to Kings 11 point job in the I.P.L. Ravi Ashwin was the bowler the monk added Butler when he was on 69 look it was very instinctive on my body it was very instinctive and it was not planned or anything like that. It is rather than the rules of the game. I don't know where the understanding of spirit of the game comes because quite magical leave it there in the rules it's there so probably the rules need to go back and be sort of it's the 2nd time the butler has been dismissed in that way. And Roger Federer is search the last 16 of the Miami Open tennis after a straight sets victory of a Serbia's Philip Crane of H. And the women's draw say she way be counted I was an Iraqi to reach the quarter finals my Simona Halep was a straight sets win of a Venus Williams That's the latest from B.B.C. Sports. She. Says. It was in the same. Train with the sad. Success of Shinseki following the. Race country from C.B.S. Sunday. Morning like sports extra. Fussed for news and the best law school this is B.B.C. 5 Live. With the Shaab. Than I have for Adam rusher in game ordinarily of this year Adam spoke to the digital music college a start to Kenny McAlpine as explored their late days of video game music. This all started when you were watching the jam band an episode of the animated Children series Hey Doug you know going to have to explain this to me how do we get to a book about Chip chains if we can call it that music from video games from a cartoon show broadcast on so you baby's he is one of those wonderful cartoons that appeals think kids and adults equally one afternoon. Children watching this episode of The John bites know the sequence Senate where one of the characters knocks the monkey steals a basket of overwrites through it and carries up to the top of hell and the other characters in the cartoon trying to back from both the monkey he starts to then chuck the over a treat. To help. Point the whole cartoon transforms into a comic takeoff of the classic arcade video game don't kick on video game music starts playing back as it was what you know to be honest I wasn't paying perhaps as much attention to the cartoon as much 2 children were and I was 2nd screening of my parts and without music started to my daughter who normally prefers to play with with Barbie suddenly jumped up and started pointing at the screen and yelling Daddy Daddy listen it's Mario music. And all of a sudden it struck me that a piece of music piece of video game style music that works as a couple week Ike in a cartoon aimed at 4 and 5 year old kids must be pretty close to the mainstream and I figured then there's a story in there somewhere how did we get from the simple bleep piece own that 1st appeared in the video game consoles and home computers as they are the 1980 S. Through to the point where it was being used as a mainstream cultural reference in a kid's cartoon show not just a mainstream cultural reference houmous kind of a throwaway gag in fact I'm playing off the fact that most kids are a lot of the kids who are out there are going to be able to cite how that's music movie a game yes absolutely not necessarily options from a video game but music is very definitely in the video game style has a very definite sound and characteristic and that's certainly what my daughter was taking up on and how this sound is characteristic is the tip sound and this explored by artists that I've spoken to in the past on the program my chip So tell me about Chip chain Tell me about the static of limitation the statically comes out of having to have a very narrow instrument your instrument is very poor it was in the early days was an old absolutely So I mean as a kids my 1st one computer was the centers that expect from a guess like many gentlemen and ladies of a certain age and actually that as a machine with a constraint sonically. Computing hardware can get a single speaker which was hard wired to the motherboards which hung off one of the pens on the main C.P.U. The central processing unit the computers brain all it could do then the spectrum was big thing was controlled speaker and it could play just a single channel or one bit sound so it could produce a square wave and it was either all or off with the volume control and between no. Creatively then that presents a real challenge and I think the 1st few generations of video game composers struggled with that quite a bit and if you look at the music in those early Spectrum games in particular it's really not particularly interested at all what that used to to speed of you know asked me to turn the music there of course there was nothing I could do to turn the music on because there was no volume control what happened very quickly though was the programmer started to develop very very ingenious ways of getting her own create as a technical stumbling block looking for ways to try and coax more performance from that speaker but it was a really designed to have and so the introduced 1st of all techniques like notes which are which rapidly shifted between 2 different pitches to create the impression of 2 channels being played from the speaker at the same time through then 2 more complex approaches like Pulse waste more to listen to what she hears the C.D.'s of type verse to foot the speaker on and off and create the impression of multiple channels let's say so and drums and and all sorts of things that I could call them they find that electronic music is really quite ingenious someone I've started playing in the background is something you suggest and some even cry most for the composer to inform him. That that's Cocoa of protein kind of vibe to it has made and it absolutely I had him and was really into Genesis and the program runs the same felt or thought through in its music. I think towards the end it starts to become a bit Emerson like Palmer ish. It's a really really nice truck but I think the the really significant thing is that that's being done all. The speaker which was only ever designed to produce digital bleeps. And I said what's happening there is that temp is using these really complex systems to timers to subtly slip the speaker on and also use something called speaker in Esha So the idea is that when you flip the speaker on it doesn't go instantaneously to some Stace state of displacement you turn it off again it doesn't go immediately back to 0 so there's always this between when you send the speaker signal and when it reaches my similar mental states on the program which could play with then an almost designed the one called place with forms as the really really interesting saying that. Composers like to kind of reverse engineer the music and work for different sequences create a particular waveform that would result in these really complex and delightful pieces of music so this and this sound song is playing behind is this change yeah. And I can have you can hear him sing like I'm Palmer Yeah I think that is actually manipulate is using the physics of the speak out to create a more complex why form Yeah absolutely so it's all speaker in our show and you know playing around with. A combination of thought the speaker live as it moves between states and also the M But it's the spectrum processor to execute some of the calculations and the and the commands that were sent to yeah and they have a point to close to remember is that the C.P.U. In the spectrum while it was doing the music couldn't do anything else he wasn't powerful enough to. Says music is created in the moments between refresh of the screen as well as using the physics of the speaker that's remarkable I had no idea it was working on so many levels yeah to be fair this was a piece of title music so the endgame music recruit us would have been a bit simpler but you're absolutely right that for end game music probably one of the best examples there would be something like minor by book by software and later software projects that was coded by a guy called MUST MUST and he did something similar he used to sit with the timers on the table music to create the delightfully Kleiner special all of which grosses beautiful blues and you have to be honest it's barely recognizable as it takes on an almost hokey top 5 but once you get in the game I think the money miner was the 1st game to feature in game music and synchronous sound effects I did that by using a slightly different technique he used granular sent this so he did exactly what you suggested he protection the computers processor time and a screen refreshes game updates and that a very brief snippet of time for the sound so each note is a very very tiny grain of Sony which plays for you know a few tens of milliseconds and then all of the game processing happens in the remaining Don't sigh before the next note in the sequence plays and by combining with similar little sonic grains for the sound effects it was able to create this very sophisticated combination of endgame soundtrack and game sound effects and really very compelling gameplay you make a point when you know in the opening chapter of the book where you're talking about this this that exact constraints I'm sorry are so Mr scribe there where you're talking about the way the. Harpsichord is prior. In the fact that the harpsichord does not have the the range and tonalities of the piano and of the 4 type piano on the piano 4 types but people learned to work within the thought of the the colors they were given on that cabled and developed tempering so it develops over tonalities with it to make it a more pleasant experience also as a more dynamic experience this is the 1900 this is people rediscovering almost the kind of stuff that has been done in what the this 17th century with the hospital and the Baroque period. There are actually quite a lot of similarities between the music see of Bach and some of the early music then that was written for the Atari V.C.S. Of the code or 64 there are a number of pieces by Bach which lend themselves very well to this particular type of approach to the idea of composing within very very strict limitations for example by a party to for votes for solo violin the violin is an instrument of which is very difficult to play chords and certainly you can double stop you complete 2 notes the same time but they definitely play 3 and almost impossible to play 4 just because of the shape of the branch of the violin and hope string set relative to one another as what bosh started to do was clear on with idea and try and create a sense of implies for many by getting the violinist to arpeggiate spread the course as you begin to see that same sort of approach up live on the spectrum and on the Commodore 64 which although had a much more powerful sound chip was still very constrained and very limited and bored it could do it could all equally 3 notes. So if you wanted to have anything more complex or if you wanted to have a chord sequence alongside a bass line or perhaps a percussion sones you had to play or own what the notion of harmony could be an elegant cult cone strike Spock. The game composer MARTIN DOUL we who coincidentally is that the nephew of the flautists such a must go away Sheik devised an approach to voicing chords on the code or 64 which day became really part of the canon of Chechens what he decided to do he'd be called Sir had been watching I think you're Michelle's jar of country more or a bunch like that I had noticed how they used the page eaters as part of their create if I know underpaid geezer is a device that takes a quarter course sequence and takes the notes of the chords and spreads them out in time to create flowing melodic patterns from the underlying chords and Martin decided he could do was take the idea take the idea of an arpeggio there and rather than use that to create melodic shapes cycle through the notes all of the chords really really quickly and the treated as a sense of course a sense of harmony that gives really kind of what believe. That look at how many organ with the Leslie cabinet checking and on through 5 breath so you get this really cool harmonic silent but it's got a sense of motion to it as well is that something will hear in this track in commanded by Ron Hubbard from one to 95 yes absolutely you can hear that it is very organic Barson fights. And. It's interesting even then even in $1500.00 still making calls banks to sounds that we've gotten into in the spicing Vytas camp and it's like anything that's like on a moon that's on pledge the sound of a using a physically to pull most of the trunk and then of the sounds and then. Yeah absolutely again you know I think one of the key things about P.T. It's all you can development is certain really there were little ripples and they were looking ventures to draw upon so one sense they could look to other types of screen media fell on television but actually what people said it's more to the video games that have preceded them mostly arcade games. But they also then looked to the music that was popular at the time so. Features very strongly dream Kraftwerk. Perhaps later on some of the 6 as well Blue Monday. Features quite strongly in a few of these early games but the idea of the phone sing bass line and sort a lot of this was about how you use static sent to create a sense of dynamic motion and dynamic movement and so the approach that kind of. Chords cycling through the notes of the chord very quickly was really as much about creating a sense of motion a sense of forward momentum for the music as it was to 2nd sound and create the impression of more channels than the check was physically capable to create and this is a very purposeful piece of music isn't it love another job because obviously it has changed it's changes feeling and in this light a moment and I think. I was listening to as he was faking out thing has changed and so now it's coming back to the refining and it's if you were a few moments. You could eat. The same thing dramatic like you've got the courts and then in a moment or 2 it goes into a 3 ball guitar sort of. One of the things that really love about ropes music. Of commando he was just very very inventive before. He became a video game composer he was a job in musician he was getting lessons he was playing gags and he really really learned his craft as a as a life performing musician I think brought to every video game music track that he played really really shows he was one of the 1st musicians I think to really combine the technical creativity with the traditional sense of musicianship so if we turn round and sort of why somebody at the time turned around and said well it's not really proper music is it there's no real musicianship in here you should be able to cite and you are categorically wrong because this is the musicianship of a kind of a very new kind but it's drawing on some very old lessons and also some very new approaches Absolutely and it's like the you know I think the roots of Chechen are deeply multifaceted and stretched by You've already talked about the baroque certainly has links to the classical period but there are also links to the Airlie computer music pioneers Strome MIT and Stanford and Bell Labs people like Mike's must use Pete Samson who were working on early computer mainframes and really facing the same challenges as these early that he wrote in Composer small when you mention Bach I made a beast my mind immediately skipped across to Wendy Carlos and the word that she was doing very early on with me or with Robert Moog and his. Synthesizers and they were using these established well known piece of the classical canon and reimagine him reengineering them through very simple into the answers and stuff which was an absolute chart topper Yeah I was those 1st 2 albums are I've got an enormous legacy I'm like Oh absolutely and I guess what's interesting is that when the car last faced some very similar challenges it because she was working on monophonic sense. Mainstream or a sort of modular which could produce one note at a time. But the solution that she came up with was very different to the solutions that these that you can compose came up with because what she chose to do was painstakingly recreate the works note by note multi-tracking them and building them up piece by piece and so she would spend she had a day job as an academic would come home and then spend the whole night basically multi-tracking these very very complex evolving trucks on a lot of looks and this game composers are working digitally on very very constrained and limited hardware with very limited processing power trying to recreate the music in real time so similar types the challenge very different solutions one the one the artists and one of the creative people I'm wondering if I had an impact from these who's things was I'm a people on the afternoon or I'm in the I'm the the radio funny workshop was was that an influence for their life chip makers or were they looking at the chance or not looking at the just the constraint to the that the chips they would even with churn extent. I think probably any any significant influence they had probably came from the more mainstream stuff that was broadcast on T.V. I know a few of the composers of certainly spoken about say the truck to Dr Who. Which would be one way that the radio Follett workshop would have had an influence but I think generally more still the composers you know so one of the composers who died late last year was Ben dog leash very prolific and worked mostly on the Commodore 64 and he described. As a process essentially how he got started was just ripping off the show Michel's you are hearing one of his friends started courting video games while they were still in school they met in the school library and surely this was back in the days of the B.B.C. Computer literacy project and Ben had entered a competent. $1001.00 a comet or one of mortal be my crew for for the school as of a special access to the school computer if you can imagine such a time and such a thing as just happen one computer from Star School on to my family my own to create a Bulgarian. While he was and is part of the computer club that he he met that strangely started up this notional company called we music and he started coding games. One afternoon then was asked if he could transcribe one of the shells pieces of a card member exactly which one it was perhaps a Knox perhaps perhaps magnetic fields I think probably one of the magnetic fields pieces and so he sat down transcribed it and that became the music for his game because as a 13 year old kid he had no concept that copyright was a thing in the just rep or someone else's music and put it in again and actually most of the people of spoken to even rope Hubbert because they were working to to very very tight deadlines and very tight for neurons are working on this very limited hardware just look for whatever inspiration was was available sometimes that was just whatever sheet music was lying around sometimes that was whatever was playing on the radio or whatever vital they had spending behind them and that very often then would become the basis for whoever tried that were working on. Here how you could but. The loudspeaker you know what. People should. March to Chris A C B C 5 my. It's 4 o'clock news night with. The main news on 5 Live M.P.'s have voted to take control of sporting the Empress again and you're a qualified but victory over wants is mobbed by racist abuse of a by Danny. B.B.C. . And voted in favor of taking control of the Briggs it process from the government's it means that look at potential tenants have stood to reason which they've rejected twice his own political correspondent Chris Mason Paulo.