Smallest this city seems. To be well it's 3 o'clock and the news coverage miles are used the main news on 5 Live the pundits of a vintage jet will place manslaughter charges after a crash 3 years ago. Other sports include all out for $58.00 in the 1st test in all of. This is B.B.C. Sport. The pilot of a plane which crashed on the road during the 2015 sure is to be charged with manslaughter by gross negligence 11 men died when the aircraft hit the A 27 in West Sussex the 53 year old pilot was seriously injured but survived Simon Ringrose is from the Crown Prosecution Service I have found that there is sufficient evidence to charge Andrew Hale with the manslaughter by gross negligence of the 11 men who died I have also authorized a further charge against Mr Hale of endangering an aircraft Mr Hale will be formally charged with the offenses and will appear before the courts and your course you new members will vote on a new pay deal for more than a $1000000.00 N.H.S. Staff in England he will see workers including nurses porters and paramedics get increases of at least 6.5 percent over 3 years some will receive as much as 29 percent the Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg admits the company made mistakes in its handling of uses data and he says changes will be made to the platform a British firm Cambridge analyst has denied using data collected by an up developer to help Donald Trump's presidential election campaign to go she's a former privacy adviser to Facebook I don't see the practices of this particular company is any different from any other what we really need to try to understand is the checks and balances that companies like Facebook place on academics and other 3rd parties they share data with as well as the way that these companies enforce the agreements that they set with 3rd parties that have received data. Police in Texas say the man suspected of a series of bomb attacks in the state left a 25 minute recording detailing the devices he'd made officers say it showed the 23 year old Mark Anthony Condit was troubled but he didn't mention hate or terrorism to reason may will urge E.U. Leaders to stand together in the face of a threat from Russia which she says will endure for years to come the prime minister will speak later at the European Council summit in Brussels our political correspondent is Elena gone yet the prime minister is going to say that Russia's flagrant breach of international law represents a threat to the basis of democracy across Europe but she's going to insist that if European states stand shoulder to shoulder in the face of Russian aggression then united we will succeed a minute's silence will be held in the Commons today to mark a year since the terror attack on Westminster Bridge 5 people died and dozens were injured when a man run down pedestrians be forced to fatally stabbing a police officer guarding parliament the attacker was then shot dead the reason may told the Commons it's right the anniversary is marked it was a 2nd to pray for the track on the streets of our capital but what I remember most is the exceptional bravery of our police and security services who risked their lives to keep us safe. Poland has been charged with drink driving and will appear in court next month he was arrested after a road accident in south west London on Sunday Declan Donnelly will host the rest of this season of sensitive takeaway on his own as news now he can get the latest on the performance of England cricket is in the 1st Test against New Zealand from Kevin Howes in Oakland What a performance it's been so far and zealand of just begun their reply they are 3 for the wicket in the 3rd over in reply to England's $58.00 all out of the battle for one hour and 34 minutes 6 wickets to Trent ball there were 27 for 9 at one point at that stage the bow is testable any nation was in doubt they managed to get themselves over the line pass fast but they have achieved something the lowest ever score against New Zealand the previous Being 64 back in 1978 so a very poor day to say the least from England with the bat although for 58 New Zealand reply 3 from the wicket in the early stages now the rest of the sport is shut down Eunice jewel Manchester United have applied to have a professional women's team if successful they're expected to play in the 2nd tier of the women see police next see them the club have been heavily criticized in the past the not having an adult women signed Manchester City's women have beaten Swedish champions league jumping to nil and that Champions League quarter final 1st like Chelsea ladies win their quarterfinal away leg to nail a more Perry at RORY McILROY has lost his opening Group match at the World Golf Championship match play in Austin he was beaten by the American P.T. You line Ronnie O'Sullivan is through to the semifinals of sneakers Players' Championship in landed no after a 63 win of a danger and we and former world number one Serena Williams has been beaten in round one of the Miami open by Naomi a Saka in the men's singles Britain's Liam Brody has won his 1st round match against beyond France Angela but Cameron already has been knocked out this is B.B.C. 5 Live on digital form was a smart phone and stuff about the weather and it'll be a dry day for much of England and Wales with some hazy sunshine and fail with a cloud. Persistent rain will push into Scotland and Northern Island become increasingly when date of 11 degrees Celsius in London 8. P.C. Games in schools and entertainment a warming up. John basics on a mission to help even when the world comes to. Preach. 6 being the celebrities put on that Boxing Day on $66.00 sequins at the ready for strictly the full list special needs one and when they get to full Chafey Michael machines gives Andy Murray a wake up call to never forget. The $28500.00 nights on B.B.C. One. On AM and F.M. Around the U.K. On digital and online a mirage. Might. Not too many to hundreds. Be as much fun or as long as those of the old Fick May will be special fun died on the car in Waterloo with a free street party and so on marking the auspicious passage of the years for the famous theater Edmund Keane was tempted to perform 6 nights of Shakespeare there in 824 they were so impressed that his last curtain call he told the audience I have never acted to such a set of ignorant unmitigated brutes I see before me things were rather uphill off . And John guild gave it up beloved place and British theatre has she. Dr Karl has it with us and this week we find him in Brisbane Hello Dr Karl holloed Overall I'm here for the modestly named world saw a festival which actually. Isn't happening all over the world it's just happening in Britain but lies to does happen here in Britain the only other place in which it happens is in New York and it's baby of brawn green that really clever physicist who talks so well on multi-verse subatomic particles a standard theory that's his sort of a lot of work and he's sort of branching out and bring science the masses and I was lucky enough to be invited to come along and speak Welsh is not nice is not nice and so are you are you doing another of your Royal Institution type sessions. With 6 kids and all one last not one this morning and then one to this afternoon out of town then basically 2 a day until I leave on Sunday afternoon. Talking listening learning is a lot of fun hanging around with saw and nerds who make periodic judge table jokes are my gosh it's a funny roll on the floor laughing. Like table juice quite Do you know somebody there was somebody recently who said that her strategy when she went on match start Call me one of these dating sites. To ask the potential date war element they would be in the periodic table is a nice question. What was be to how to know what her various criteria would think is complicated this will because. Different people mean different things when they look at the periodic table so as far as the chemists are concerned we now have 189 known elements in the periodic table finishing off with 11 which is organ this unnamed Russian chemist who is still alive but according to and as Dr physicist or cosmologist there are only 3 elements in the periodic table Hodgin helium and metals everything else is metals oxygen that's a metal you any of this metal gold that's a metal freon has a chemical element anything other than Harden helium isn't metal so would that be the sort of stuff that would ingratiate one self into hot. Well maybe so I see I don't know I don't think I don't think you'd win any any brownie points for saying oh I'm platinum of course you know or something like that I think I think you have to be much more attentive I was I was thinking about saying well I'm all in all combined with anything. But he said to desperate I saw you saying the subtleties here I'm going with. I'm easy to get on with easy to get all you know with well got gold you see not because I'm rare in person easy to get on with and secretly I have no you can see a whole lot of subtleties here wow Rod you have just opened up the whole speed dating for the app you stop an app and you can get fed was the real deal. Let's do it let's do it by the way if you'd like to get involved with. Text us on it 5 o 5 AM all a male up all night B.B.C. The U.K. If you listen to the podcast or give us a call 85909693 meanwhile Dr Karl has developed an unhealthy fascination with the Russian nuclear arsenal you've been looking all these things which President Putin says he's got including U.S. Nuclear powered cruise missile sites says phenomenally impractical a nuclear powered Christmas. At the very least the fact that as it flies around these nuclear powered missile which is also nuclear tipped at the very least the fact that it spews out radioactive waste would have to raise some eyebrows and this is specifically saying is what they call a vengeance weapon we've lost the war we're going to screw the whole world so just to sort of back up a little bit here for those who are not too familiar with the history originally Once upon a time there were no nuclear weapons and then they would nuclear weapons and for a little while I was stored own Lee at the Rose will force base in New Mexico which had very high security which taught in with the whole rolls will institute you know the falling of the U.F.O. . And so what they call it of ignore the U.S. . All ages is the security there was very taught not because the hard and us because it was the only place in the entire womb we were a whole bunch of nuclear weapons stored on planes and flying around every single day OK So Cold War so he had no cold war then off the 2nd rule we had the Cold War which is sort of like I know what war. Grumblings between the United States and what Russia was back then the Soviet Union officially conned a fellow. 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell and everybody went back from having lots of nuclear weapons and we went from a peak of 50000 nuclear weapons on the planet the overwhelming majority of them being on a hair trigger basis in that every single one of the $50000.00 nuclear weapons could be launched within or was started on its path why within an hour or so some of them within minutes and seconds and we've pulled back to situation we've got about figures very 7 to 8000 have to look up the Journal of the sort of the Bulletin of the atomic scientists they got the latest figures so we've now got roughly several 1000 followers $6000.00 nuclear weapons of which 2000 are not hit trigger alert and the rest are just sort of sitting quietly in caves ready to be pulled out and now we sort of ramping up into a new weapons game between Russia as it is now no longer the Soviet Union and America they've got 5 they've announced 5 new weapon systems now this nuclear powered nuclear tipped cruise missile. With an unshielded reactor the way it would work would be to superheat air you know was heated up to thousands of degrees centigrade to generate thrust spew radiation wherever flew because a reactor was unshielded to make it large enough to fly it be hazardous to even handle unlimited raw Inge vengeance weapon probably not existing right now the Americans worked on it in the early sixty's for a few years to sort it was too dangerous just gave up on it there is a science fiction book on a cold steam. Steam as to the AM bird over a copy of it paperback and it deals with an american such weapon OK so that one probably doesn't exist now with regard to one of the nuclear one of the new weapon systems the hour is $28.00 psalm at heavy I.C.B.M. In the Continental Ballistic Missile all its range is anywhere in the world not just says it union to America says that union to anywhere in the world and its $200.00 tons will be running by $23.00 not running now the 2nd one is something called the K.H. $47.00 kin Zol. Which means dagga and that's a ballistic missile all it's a rocket that doesn't breathe air but it is launched from the air it will go to 10 times the speed of sound which is absolutely phenomenal it's got a range of 2000 kilometers I don't know what's the distance between Moscow and London 2000 kilometers out and something like that 1000 miles. Roughly stood is another hop a sonic thing. Evan God which is rocket powered again not brazing. And that's in series production right now it will go to Mecca 2020 times the speed of sound with another 2 to several dozens of kilometers and it'll be besides being launched from the MC $35.00 whatever it is. To make something of it will also be in the Super Heavy Aussie B.M. And in this one is really we had this one has been confirmed by the Americans it's a slug nuclear powered nuclear tipped torpedo right. P.T.O. Here in England and you launch it now and you start a gathering and it takes off around the world and then it goes down var Strider the Antarctic and then lives forever somewhere else and ends up off the coast of America old the Soviet Union 3 days 3 weeks 3 months Lyta I'm limited right because nuclear powered well not unlimited I mean a vote of a couple of years but still and it's cold the status seeks and apparently it has been confirmed in a recent issue of ideation Week and Space Technology So as we had to think that these things possibly exist in the role would be that the Russians would runs them off to attack America from anywhere in the world they small they take days or weeks to reach the coastline and then blow up and then destroy cities and critical infrastructure so we're hitting from Cold War in the fifty's and sixty's to out of the Cold War and we seem to be going into a Cold War It's not a hot war which is good but even having cold will means that we have more nuclear weapons on more threaten more short term. Quick Launch and according to my reading on 3 occasions we missed nuclear holocaust which would mean that we have no electricity a day in the vast majority of the world we missed. Nuclear Holocaust because 3 humans 2 Russians and one American disembodied military protocol and did not set off World War 3 that's a close we came and saw it done like the idea of having. As for nuclear weapons that's just what he does and you know there's a very good you know well for the rest of the less but let's try not to talk about nuclear weapons but let me let me maybe begin with Phil the lawyer driver who was interested in this the talk about the paper that Stephen Hawking completed just before his death. In which he talks and here's here's what Phil says in the paper he talks about the multiverse and the literally endless possibilities or could be I think he may also mention something to do with possible afterlife Phil says I'm very passionate about this I know it's very difficult to talk about death but it's something we all have to go through putting our spiritual beliefs aside I sincerely believe from a purely scientific point of view that death as a way for our consciousness to pass on to a different universe that's how I see it absolutely nothing is super unstable eventually something always has to happen or am I barking up completely the wrong tree. All I would ask you I mean based on this is Did Stephen Hawking address the possibility of you know an afterlife being some kind of a different universe or is that does that come into anybody's discussion of the multiverse. No. My understanding is that I haven't read the paper so I don't know the latest paper but my understanding was that he was prepared to believe that they could be a consciousness afterwards but he fully acknowledged that there was 0 proof and that's where we stand today 0 proof as to what happens to one's consciousness after one's DAWE as many theories many hypotheses but totally 0 proof apart from people who take money off you from being able to talk with your dead relatives nobody has ever been able to make contact with and I quote the other saw it but all we need is one such contact and then we're in business so for example if Stephen Hawking would have a look by the way I have had more time todo with my friends and with the last paper right now he's a full on paper this is big news equation look if you do this you get this problem them study think OK but we got nothing so consciousness evolving after death 0 proof Stephen Hawking I think that was still hawking Sr I think that was his idea as well and by the way I suddenly realized droid talking to Stephen Hawking that he accidentally gave his wife or I in the same sense that Albert allstar gave us G.P.S. And I was that. Well on his watch black holes became a thing to quote the modern vernacular and on his watch we observe them we prove they existed he came up with many theories about them he modified his theories as did Albert Einstein. And that was that as you saying yes there probably are many black holes very small like not the mess of our Earth but like grams and they should be left out of the Big Bang and if they exist they should give off right action that's fairly straight forward they questions tell us so and in a stright Yeah join us Sullivan tried finding the black holes and following Stephen Hawking his beliefs he says equations toward looking at the frequencies etc cetera that he mentioned couldn't find anything had to invent special mathematics to try and pick up the signal which if it existed would be buried in the noise it's easy to see a tree growing out of the Grosse biz very hard to far in the head of a pin buried in the grass and that's what was fired does effectively very small signal buried in lots of noise and so the methane medics that John O'Sullivan came up with to try and follow and was following on from the problem set for him by Stephen Hawking that mathematics gave us was far and as a result in the struggle Yeah the Kumble scientific industrial research organization earned $1000000000.00 in royalties having essentially I'm invited the methane medics behind Wafa and shortly afterwards we followed one quarter of the Saunders that the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization that's the defense are so wise because they are so wise with Stephen Hawking started us on the pathway that made some strides in God go looking for black holes who gave us a mathematics that gave his wife I thank you Stephen Hawking for why Fawcett We owe you big time. Let's take a call Jonathan is calling us from North London who doesn't hate Clinton Good morning. Thank you want to say don't think welcome. Change protocol it's a pleasure to speak here Audie had. A couple of questions but. I'm very very quickly wanted to run past you to whole. Christmas all thing. Considering how I know wrote sorry for us I know you didn't want to so fine you can miss all that but considering how how anything nuclear tends to spew over radioactive particles into the atmosphere they kind of shrug. And then she's a phenomenally efficient pate saying it would be really impractical to have any concrete Michele because it would be really easily tracked in modern with on technology which would make it so of completely impractical to use as a weapon on modern bashful battlefield. But that's neither here nor there they original reason why cold was basically. I want to talk to call how perfect bacteria are is I mean I have every now and again the auto accident whereby I knock of loss of water behind my really really filthy although. I can't be arsed to fish it out over the course of the evening and I'm wondering is it possible for seeing. Fossils water or not so of. Seals is it possible for bacteria sort of replicate their way into. Into my bottle of water I mean like if I fish something out of a bin spin. Like an hour or so earlier how likely is it I'm going to find bacteria growing in that shouldn't be. Well there are bacteria everywhere and did not particularly nasty to us they don't particularly malevolent they just want to live and in some cases the bacteria in the environment can be hostile and if they grow in large enough numbers and they may well divide every 20 minutes so every 20 minutes you double the number of bacteria you can very quickly end up with a very big number so in a stray you are having a minor panic of the fact that 6 people have died as a result of these Styria growing on the skin of rock melons and then migrating into the rockmelon as a result of being caught. So with the bacteria they will grow quickly but it got to be there in the 1st place and they had to be malevolent in many cases the bacteria don't care about us they just Africans. OK So basically you know if it's like a bottle of phobic or Evian and a water. Bottle water are available but if I know someone who was those. And growling and bacteria is not necessarily going to replicate its way into my pool of water over the course of like a 12 hour sleep. It will go to pins if the bottle is sealed I can't get in so you can have a bottle might have glass a little IN LIKE A Yeah well imagine that you've been willed you you must the glass of the top. You have no metal no rubber seals you have glass so you just got this glass container and in Saw it is 100 percent water molecules no oxygen no not genetic Tyria no nothing. You leave that somewhere buried in a pile of bacteria at the bottom of a syringe system for example full thousands of years the bacteria can get in through the glass take it out wash it up in a way that does not let the bank do the water in Saudi see the glass of ice on the out sawed and it's perfectly safe the bacteria have to get there they don't magically go through the year and through the glass I could have been there in the 1st place and you have to involve themselves they have brought them with food which is usually food fat protein carbohydrate and you need a stable environment with water and nuts temperature not too hot not too cold right . OK OK sorry. That's good me. I'll do it in my life in the back you're a very good news. You sound really reassured a little tentative but reassured us. From assurance thank you very much thank Michael thank you very much like him but here's here's an email from Claudio who is in karate but he and which is I've looked up in a long body in northern Italy it looks really lovely anyway Claudio says I'm Italian and I usually cook pasta for lunch when the water boils before putting in the pasta I throw in the salt as a solo plunges into the water a burst of bubbles and vapor come out what's happening. 2 part story number one the solved does not significantly raise the. Or bring it to the boil that much faster if you're looking at temperature Secondly the salt is acting as a nucleation center Thirdly the main purpose of the salt is to add flavor. So let's run through that was a god to study on the new creation Center says there are 3 states of matter solid liquid and gas and depending on how the temperature fakes the temperature it is a material change from a solid to a liquid to a gas so with water it changes from a solid to a liquid at 0 it changes from a liquid to a gas at $100.00 and every other element will do the same. In gold you can have gold liquid you have gold Viper now it was a god to war ta it is saide but it's not entirely accurate that the change of point 0 and 100 close but not quite if you've got a pure water you can write these the boiling point 210-5110 you can measure with the moment that show you 105 degrees centigrade and it's just not boiling and you can stroll in a bit of an impurity into the water now this impurity can be taught a bit of gold or a bit of salt or roughness on the in sawed of the container or a pressure wife easily just the trigger to help it do what it's supposed to do now and. You mean if you just run a wooden spoon through the water or something isn't enough yes the classic one is with a God having beer in a refrigerator and a lot of people coming so you put them be in the freezer you take the be out of the freezer and you look at it and it is liquid and then you put it down on the table with a bit of a thump you don't take the cap off you just put down to it with a bit of a thump and you look at it. And depending on how cold it is if it's a manas fall. Then the beer will slowly from the bottom where you gave it the pressure wave it will slowly turn into a soft sort of mush and you actually see it Rausing at this sort of speed stop stop draws draws draws draws draw as top so every few seconds your liquid will turn into this soft mushy stuff if you've left it there for I was probably cooled down a monocytogenes and you take it out and it's liquid now and you would be pretty lucky for to be liquid you take it out and if they can if you put in very gently on the bench and then lift a day it would. Warm up to 0 and then 234 degrees centigrade no nothing untoward would happen but if you take it I'm honest I didn't agree centigrade and then plunk it on the table gently you will get this pressure wave goes through and it will turn into hot ice not soft must yes and it will crack the bottle and so of talk to people who have done this as an experiment at home they've gone to the trouble of replicating stuff for Mel I would be happy to do it except it would mean lots of ways to be which apparently means that in Australia you get deported as this is called an on a strange activity on a case or. It isn't so clear we've got the border almost about to boil maybe 9 degrees centigrade you throw some salt in there and then bingo it starts balling because of the nucleation said as the salt is acting as a new creation scientists so it's boiling is not hard. But it's boring actually no one goes the other way if you have the salt dissolved in at the beginning the temperature goes up to $100.00 degrees centigrade so boils at a higher temperature so that's having the salt with sodium chloride on ends in the liquid already there as you bringing the temperature up but if you've got the temperature of around a 100 and then you throw the salt in that's a different set of circumstances where you're invoking the nucleation thing so I was boiling at a temperature just a little bit under 100 degrees Centigrade which means it doesn't have as much of a high temperature which means in the past the cooks a little bit more slowly so putting in the pasta putting the salt water 1st in the boarding it you have $200.00 degrees the temperature slightly higher the pasta will come to be. In 7 minutes 10 seconds instead of 7 minutes 15 seconds if you that worried about tall you might as well run with your food to the title rather than war but. It is different very interesting Claudio I'm fascinated by this I've always. Thought of the supports the salt and when the water still cold . I must try your way just see what happens thank you so much for the question thank you for the answer Dr Karl will be back plenty of time to come and join us. 599-693-8505 texts and brings us to 333 on digital online smartphones and tablets this is B.B.C. 5 Live. The news comes from I was I was Rosenthal. The pilot of a vintage plane which crashed at the sure a man show in 2015 is going to be charged with 11 counts of manslaughter by gross negligence Andrew Hill will appear in court next month Facebook's founder Mark Zuckerberg says the site will make it harder for app developers to harvest information in future Cambridge analytical has denied using the information to help Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign to reason may will use a speech at the European Council later E.U. Leaders to stand together in the face of what she sees as a threat from Russia for years to come the prime minister will say Russia's flouting of international law threatens democracy across Europe and 12 unions will advise members working for the N.H.S. In England to vote for a new pay deal it would see more than a 1000000 workers wages rise barely 6.5 percent over 3 years sport now England's cricketers are playing their 1st Test against New Zealand Let's go live to or Clinton Kevin howls. Well East England's own social media site have sent a very honest message to their supporters this morning we've had a shocker all out for 58 and now New Zealand in apply a 9 for one cane Williamson and Tom leave them with an auto pair is the Mount of being dismissed by Bairstow of the burning of Anderson for 3 he was dropped on to technically it was dropped by Joe Root for though it was put off a little rude by diving in front of him 3rd slip but that would have given Stuart Broad on that occasion his 400th Test wicket he still striving he comes in to bowl now but England's all out for 58 in just one hour 34 minutes the lowest ever score against you see in the previous Being 64 back in 1988 there were 6 wickets to Trent Poulter at it burning from bolt in the 5th team to be bowled out before the end of the 1st session of Test match and will continue more stats like that probably throughout the rest of the morning but who are 58 New Zealand now 9 for one in reply with the rest of the sport Eunice jewel of Manchester United have applied to join the women C police our women's football reporter Joe Curry House Manchester United used to have a women's top women's football team but they got rid of that 13 years ago in 2005 and basically over the last few years when they've seen their rivals such as Chelsea in Liverpool and Manchester City would use these women's teams and invest in them fans of sort of saying why doesn't Manchester United have a women's side to put not the case in for them to have a team in W S L 2 which is the 2nd tier women's football and in a statement the club say Manchester United they want to build the women's team in the same image and with the same principles as the men's 1st team and offer academy players a clear route to top level football within the club Manchester City's women have beaten Swedish champions then jumping to now in the Champions League quarter final 1st like a satisfactory performance for their manager Nick cussing we would have loved to have won the game or to know on a clean sheet and happy with it's European football you know which are not to get too greedy and just you know we're really pleased with the performance. It gives us a good a good foundation to take over the meanwhile tells the ladies when their quarter final away leg Sunil at Montpellier in League One promotion pushing Wigan comfortably be Walsall 3 nil while in League 2 Wycombe Wanderers win $32.00 at Crawley a shock defeat for RORY McILROY in his opening group game at the World Golf Championship match play in Austin has a golf correspondent in kata Michael Roy's defeat hampers his hopes of progressing to the knockout stages he came from 5 down after 11 to peace a year live with a run of 5 birdies in a row but hall of the 17 to lose $2.00 and $1.00 defending champion Dustin Johnson also lost 3 a once a berth feast while the All English clash between Ian Poulter and Tommy Fleetwood went the way of Poulter 3 and 2 the pressure is on because Poulter needs a big week to force his way into the field for the Masters 5 time world champion Ronnie O'Sullivan is 3 to the semifinals of sneakers Players Championship in London he came back from 2 frames down to be China's dinging we 63 just shy of just to play aggressive play like House play and bucket load enunciation an exhibition just go from a shut down carefree Mish when you play your best to say thinking you know he just don't care you know consequences and that's what helped me turn and form Well number one Serena Williams has been knocked out of the Miami open 1st. In the men's singles Britain's Liam Brody has won his 1st round match against beyond for Tangier but Cameron is out and that she latest from B.B.C. Sport. Feeds coming to the biggest things in schools I think 12 hours hundreds of players. I. Think this is a positive story once you examine what he said which is the reason stars who face teams for me as a people's come in at school football because that was it. Leaves trees free to flex its muscles in class. It's likely just slightly more common that Washington D.C. . Let's fly to the bridge but 1st for news and the best life skill this is B.B.C. 5 Live. 8 with shop. Talk to colleagues here so let's join Francis who is calling us from Walpole in Suffolk Hello Francis Hello Dr friends welcome I. Forgot to call for I mean you're already on Francis is that what's to say that very to go to read Oh you're very very quiet character you know I think you should think I would make your life much easier give me a copy of the sacred OK. We're going to we're counting the seconds and I have to see something because if we don't see anything got to call it the transmitter goes bang. He would hear you are. There you yes look at it was it was producing some interesting effect so that you grow a. Big star So here you dress is your comment or question yes my question I believe that. Professor Stephen Hawking was to great you did history does Dr Call agree. Oh. History's big. He's up against people like Galileo Isaac Newton On Star and rigid fallen men a whole bunch of people now if you want to chase up more on this this concept of genius read the book with the disarmingly simple taught all of genius by James Glick geo the I K O I E K. Him up he had a C. In there as well and he wrote books on Chi also and various other things a lovely lovely write up and he points out in his book that there are 2 sorts of geniuses there's one sort of genius who when you look at their wook you sort of mimic it you say OK we'll you did this yeah I could do that and then he did this and he says cool and then they get in a whole series of steps and in the stage something very clever and you could have done each one of the individual steps using it well. If I was lucky on a good day a could have probably done what I did and then there's the other sort of genius who they coal a magician who just is supposed to mathematician geologist whatever it is in their field. And so as an example and so Richard fireman Albert Einstein was a commune were geniuses in that sense that was thought to magicians So they're trying to solve an equation is saying we'll know but let's just assume this just assumes that did is equal to costly to puzzle. Divided by the square root of something something something something and then will substitute it in and then they substitute didn't blow me down after half an hour of working they get the right answer so they they they solve the equation and you say to them why did you assume that as opposed to anything else and then say well it's just obvious how will. Could you do and and so they can see things that the average person cannot Stephen Hawking's seem to fit into that category. And also he fitted in with another thing that the other geniuses who magicians made he made mistakes and he would break laws and so for example with Albert Einstein he at the beginning was a god of gravitational waves pretty sure the gravitational waves should exist and then he said Now now I was wrong and then you had a bit more with a few other people said yes probably right he went backwards and forwards a few times until finally said Now look look blow me down we've covered a lot of alternatives gravitational waves definitely exist but you probably come pick them up and so that is an essential part of what Stephen Hawking had he would make mistakes and. You know I did make a mistake but let's look at a different way and see if we can get something from that mistake and he would go to higher ground so differently I would put him as one of the great saunters but the best saw him just ever so they were also good it's really hard to pick and pins what you're looking for you know humility. Billy the cut Craig jokes the toes it feels so special as I didn't develop with other people so a kind of failure there but what do you reckon from the popular point of view he was definitely up there with with being that one of the greatest sawdust Yes He didn't mention. The other great scientists do you. Think I mean. The Indian mathematician the Titian that one. You know Davinci. Now laying out it was amazing you had read through Leonardo's books it he wrote notebooks prolifically he wrote something like 10 pages every day and he saw no Many feel 17 different fields and he would go into each field as a beginner and in the case of early years he was apprenticed to a painter in the town where he was to teach him a bit of painting and said the painter would say oh you will just do that over there and he end up painting the feet of Jesus crossed in a puddle of water now feed a hot and in a puddle of water you've got all these reflections so there's a bit of saws going on and when the boss saw what is apprenticed to Don He says he's claimed to have said this is so good I'll give up paying for it you've already surpassed me you know it was one of the great ones as well differently no doubt about that and he was different in that he covered many different fields but he was from a time with the depth that we go into each field wasn't that great so he'd go into a certain field and know everything that the human race knew and then go to another film whereas nowadays the depth of knowledge is so great that you're lucky just to even understand one field much less 2 or 3 yes. I was surprised to say they've been whole King made a lot of mistakes Oh I I think I can claim. That in my career it is all an engineer Yeah I never really my significantly state most of it's all I'm. Drawing board went into production and maybe still a good production and I'm talking about time from the 190 are started working daunting 68. And what sort of stuff do you design Francis. Pumps for days will engage that if you're injection pumps Wow Because anything when you're really not a person hardly bonds for the fold trench than when I 1st put a folded engine in it because originally added in changing I did the 1st pump put that. On the motion my job on I've a day. The bond the big very big one full of the Rolls Royce C.V. 12 days will it is the engine for the British tank. That engine has many leaders oh so very big. Rollers always a go truck engine stretch their little bit turned into a 12 instead of a strike 6 but they're a heavily. Turbo charged. The Gnomish. Pressure. And. Generates safety $900.00 horsepower. That is huge for diesel engine so that's a result of the turbo engine and you desire we're involved in the design of the. Diesel injection into the head was we took an existing power. Cold That might you make not use or is the max they make which is that the same smile you have betrayed. And. Just stretched it just didn't it didn't charge they how they go told pillory the diameter of the pumping plunger of which went up from about $12.00 to $15.00 meditators sawdust special can forge special Springs. Booked it looks right off the drawing board. Wow a guy that did above all this I wanted I wanted I. PAD thing right as he killed the men meters per degree and I gave them to stay. Had to last well didn't have to last for a long actually because the audio laws that the engine was I was a baby running rather save a lot a lot like old mall. Alternatively it was in battle mode where it guides the full power but it only had to last a lot because you Autobahn the backlog you got knocked out anyway didn't really back out oh man you know. Anybody. That. Rifle not a meter on stress in battle mode. Absolutely all that image and we didn't think it would survive but a DADE But. We supplied them with the 1st product it sought and I put each will need a gain. And within an hour it was running for a day out. Whenever a Chinese it is. A never filed a will run for now from the how is it that write a good still not file a free ball couple. It's. Not often gets its faces like that strike up a drawing board while I did live on the drawing board I just did Carol Christ drug companies. Francis thank you very much as I hope other people feel equally proud just listening to you of what you achieved and their career and I thank you for telling me I suppose you'll have my name Elysia ward the technology taught which I'm proud to wear All right. Well thank you again many many thanks bye bye bye bye. Well Dr Carol you never quite know do you and that's for the fun of doing this here's a question from from David and David says most mobile phones have an indicator that tells you how much charge is left in your phone something in percentage terms how can the circuitry tell how much charges in the battery to me it seems like somebody asking me to guess how fool wouldn't be a barrel as a fact is there an analogous method that could be used to work for borrowers without looking and or weighing it. I'm imagining and I don't know the specifics but they would be firstly knowing what the design capability of the battery was and there are many aspects to this the one they were interested in here specifically is the capacity and it's normally measured in amp hours or Milli and Ballard's so it might be say 5 Amp hours or $5000000.00 barrels that mood mean that would give. FAWELL of amps for 1. 001 am for 5 Alice the other way would end up as far amp hours and then it would measure the current every single 2nd it would be measuring Ike I'm delivering one amp how often at a quarter of an amp and it just adds this up 2nd by 2nd and the end of an hour it says OK you have delivered the equivalent of say point 2 of an amp Al one 5th of an amp Owsley got 4.8 that was live so I think that's how it works out at the beginning then as it runs through from the days to the weeks to the months it knows in the circuitry. That county 70 saw the holes and from experience in the factory they know they probably got 400 or 1000 or 2000 saw Ackles and they begin to see when it starts to go into the failure beginning to run very loud and suddenly they think OK you've been running for a certain period of time and you should have given away 80 percent of your cap capacity in fact you've given away not a percent of the capacity. So therefore you are now running into old age so this battery monitoring is really important to the running of the finds in fact the Apple company got into a bit of trouble when they realize that with their older smartphones if they were working with an old a battery that occasionally the battery would just try to drop dead when it was running low on capacity and so to make it run longer they deliberately crippled the performance of the fund so that on one hand it wouldn't run as quickly it run more slowly it would take longer to open a screen but any other hand the battery would last longer and you see the rationale for that but they didn't tell people they just did it is a one sided unilateral action is offended people and they've got it at least made people aware of you know the need to replace a battery if you're going to hold on to your forward for longer as many more people do you know replacing a battery is a very good idea because it really op's the performance of the forward it makes it makes it into a young thing again which cannot be said for us all. This is from rial and who says where the encreasing number of organisms having had their genome sequenced What have been the biggest surprises so far regarding the evolutionary relation between different species and has a been any relation of the order of evolution. There have been. Well I mean he said I must admit I was somewhat surprised when I read in the media around the world that was a god to 2 identical twins one of whom had gone into space no one had stayed on the ground and the one space had been there for years when they returned when the person returned from space his D.N.A. Was now 7 percent different from his identical twin who died on earth the reason to surprise me so much is the difference in D.N.A. Between you and me and a chimpanzee is 2 percent and yet at 7 percent different he still looked like us and so that was obviously of a dramatization of a rather complex issue they got that one really wrong so we are really doing the the follow genetic That's the wood relationships between different creatures as we discover that this creature is more we're related to that creature so with regard to the Tasmanian tiger in mapping its D.N.A. We fond of the animal which looks like a wolf and which has stripes on it like a zebra the Tasmanian tiger is actually more closely related to a kangaroo Now that is a real surprise So yes we are getting surprises they coming down every couple of days major reorganization of the piece of the title of life the biggest one was a few years ago before we did the genetic mapping and that was that we broke up law from 5 Kingdoms and into 3 groups and the 3 groups were bacteria. That was one group and in the next group were. I asked C H A I was a very similar to bacteria they don't have a separate nucleus they're single cell creature but they've got different by chemistries and the 3rd group was everything else so road you might think that you are the finest product of human evolution but you're in the same group as the fungus growing on your shoes in the back of the cupboard and the muddy through the forest and the while and the Wolf we were just off to the group so we are doing some changes that have all come down you doctor all and it all happened thank you very much Sanskrit Now here's a nice question the scrum Mark who has an all night lorry driver. And. He says What can I do to start my Vyas are on my motorcycle helmet from steaming up when it's closed on the way home and these cold mornings he says I venture in the helmet but that doesn't prevent it from steaming out when I breathe so I always have to leave our gap and this of course lets in the freezing cold there as our solution yes this is what's called anti focusing solution which is expensive and you can get pretty well of same effect with detergent. And these detergent to get the most suitable one is his shampoo so this is a real problem for people who want to go swimming in swimming pools with goggles and so the A space is roughly the saws of a golf ball so you got the top fitting golf these top fitting goggle sitting on your face and. It's not very big on E. Volumes if you spread it's a golf ball is and you've got the cold water out saw it and you've got an eyeball on the inside and the OP Bowl is pretty close to $37.00 degrees. And it's weight and it's releasing water vapor into the S A very rapidly you end up with 100 percent humidity and the would have then hits the cold glass of the goal the cold plastic the cold glass which is at the tip of the soon cool say 15 degree centigrade and it condenses and what you should go for is Troy shampoo which is really normally attacking of most volatile materials now the cleans vases of a head from the military when they go flying in airplanes and all would try to get in contact with the people in a form of military pilots who have this problem and ask have a keep their voices fall get the money they might have super powerful pubs but start of with the Haitian to the last Force run off you have shampoo I was because I was listening to you and I was remembering something that I had I think my father and I had it when I was a boy and it was a it was a stick of it looked almost like a stick of wax and you just apply that you're almost smeared on the inside of of gloss and it stopped the gloss from fogging up I don't know what the active ingredient was so. The basics trying to stop the water molecules from sticking together and I want them to float in the at 100 percent humidity and not deposit on the front of the glass which is colder so whatever it is it's just it's repelling the water that's that's sort of doing him. That's a good start rod and I'll take it even David out doing something like water which is of course incredibly complex so heaven knows what the real answer is. Well that will bid you farewell until next week thank you very much so thank you so much Dr.