And in school it is still here I often live it will be Chelsea on penalties to win this if. This is B.B.C. 5 Live. Fighting starting Good morning Jeremy Corbin set up plans to prevent the U.K. From leaving the E.U. Without a daily labor leader hopes to win a no confidence vote in Boris Johnson become a caretaker prime minister and then call a general election he's written to opposition party leaders and Tory rebels asking for the cooperation form a Conservative M.P. Sarah Wallace to this join the Liberal Democrats she was one of 3 Tory M.P.'s who left in February to form the party which went on to become changed U.K. a Political correspondent Jonathan Blake it's not too much of a surprise that she has finally decided to come on board and add one more and pay to the Lib Dems numbers in parliament she says it's a natural home for and it is really the place where I'm pays are going where they can find a natural home to argue enthusiastically that the U.K. Should remain in the European Union 6 people have been arrested in Newcastle on suspicion of murder after a 52 year old man was killed in the city center on Wednesday evening police believe the victim was stabbed researches of fun that tiny particles of plastic are invading seemingly pristine environments a study in the Arctic and in the Swiss and German Alps has shown that leader of melted snow can contain tens of thousands of micro plastic particles scientists say they're washed out of the atmosphere by SNOW Dr Brice lace is one of the scientists involved for us it was kind of a punch to the stomach to see what looked like a normal sea ice core and such a beautiful pristine environment but just chock full of this material which is completely foreign to the environment chicken boxes carry mornings about the dangers of knife crime have been sent to take away is in England and Wales as part of a government campaign Labor says the plan is crude and offensive. League documents show a score of around 55 percent is needed to get an A in this summer's A level math paper set by 2 of the biggest exam boards at Excel and O.C.R. Results are published in England well the Norland later Jeff Barton's from the Association of School and College Leaders all of this talk about rigor and it was almost kind of a matter of talking the government about raising standards and so on means we have obsessed with making exams harder and harder it's not been good for young people who have been very much destabilized and worried about it and came out in anguish in some cases because the exam felt so hard and it does feel to me as if lessons need to be learned to make sure papers are not too difficult impeach him. And dentists Raskin schools in England to help them fight against tooth decay by removing all sugar from their menus the faculty of dental surgery says figures show that in the past 3 years the condition goals more than 100000 hospital admissions for young children time for the sport now with but he Glover back up goalkeeper and some assigning added and was the hero as Liverpool be Chelsea 5 full on penalties to win the Super Cup and in some Bowl it was one off to 90 minutes with Sadie I'm on a and Georgina scoring in extra time making it to all every penalty in the shootout from the back of the net before Tommy Abraham's effort was saved by address on who was without a club just 2 weeks ago well that save means the Champions League winners lift the Super Cup for the full time in a history it was also a good night for Stephanie fractal she became the 1st woman to officiate in a men's major European match elsewhere B.B.C. Sport understands bassline I'm Rael Madrid have made unsuccessful office for P.S.G. Forward name all Barcelona believed to have authored 92 point $4000000.00 pounds plus Philip Catania and filming then Captain Alec Stewart says Joe for is a special talent but we can't build him up into something that he isn't yet the weather got in the way of England and Australia 2nd Ashes Test play was abandoned without a ball being bowled despite this Larry pace bowler was presented with this fast England cap confirming that he will make his Test debut this is B.B.C. Radio 5 Live on digital B.B.C. Sound Smart speaker. The weather Thursday is going to be largely drivers sunny spells might be some showers in the north in the morning but they should clear away as the day goes on average highs but 70 Celsius B.C. Fine line he actually is the bank and I would say. That they're doing great Jags Felix one Jimmy Anderson for an alternative look at the options would you back yourself to take the final cut you know more than Vodafone about their absolute. God and so far I was. See you say he's a sale and this download unsubscribed now using the B.B.C. Sound is actually saying. That the this is Telus B.B.C. Radio 5 Live on the 1st Wow. This is a photo of 5 live on Dalton at a bio in coming up in this out of the program will open up the phone lines drug call phone in sunny questions of the natural world told the scientific world in particular to feel free to propose him to go to call 180-859-0969 extension 3 which is our phone number 000-808-5909 extension 693 you can text Dr Call 185058 you can e-mail dot to call up all night at B.B.C. Dog care if you like secure phone number in the e-mail and we'll call you back and get you on as he could talk to the doctor directly this from one of our listeners. Can you explain to me in dummy lay man's terms. It's kind of terms I like as well what is the main difference between a vein and an archery I know one carries blood from the heart around the body via the lungs and the other returns about back to the heart but what was difference thought to call good morning good morning doctor thought mustn't he remembered realize that we have still got to make for our inaugural cup of tea some coming over to London in October and in December and I look forward to making you my new B.F. If we have a cup of tea and do you have to do with tea leaves or tea bag while I'm on the green tea at the moment I'm on the green sea but I don't mind the tea bags or loose I don't mind is. How could you Dawson you've got to get to take place and we're told by the group we will bring you to awful sight of a lot and it's. I be waiting for that straight through nearly 60 years now you know we will get there. And now you say about our trees and vines I said firstly you have just in the skin alone 100000 kilometers of blood vessels know that my skin yes that's 2 and a half times around here because the circumference of the earth is 40000 kilometers you have 100000 kilometers of blood vessels and this is the arteries and as you quite rightly said they carry the blood from the hot so the blood from the heart has Firstly lots of oxygen and secondly it's at a high pressure and so goes from the big fat artery you know the diameter of your finger or you thought depending on how fast your fingers a thumbs up comes from the main artery of the heart there you are and it keeps on spitting in spitting and spitting and it goes from the big outreach the order into smaller arteries and they all get their individual names right he'll break he'll carotid set up and then they go into smaller blood vessels which are called here Riyadh's now which will back off for a 2nd these are not plastic pops these pipes made by living creatures that have cells in the wards So imagine that you've got a whole bunch of cells and you lie them out in a flat sheet so you have told Skinny cells or you have flat cells eventually got some flat cells that flat like a couple studs you lay them out in a flat sheet of a sheet of paper and then you roll it into a cube. And then in most cases you have other structures around them like muscles so they can contract and open up so with regard to the tawny arteries and arterials in your skin on average a few percent open all the way at any given moment and then 5 minutes later a different few percent and in 5 minutes later a different few percent and you only have them all up in the same time when you're in a sauna and sweating or crisis and you have the memory all closed when you've fallen into the North Sea and you're freezing it was a really cold lot or something like that but in general a few percent are open so then the blood goes into the arterials a negotiator the Kopitar is or the capillaries as the Americans fish we call them now these capillaries capillaries a tricky there 5 Mark runs in diameter a mark on is a millionth of a meta house that well hay is say 50 to 80 Mark rods so they're about 110th of the thickness of a human hair and you can see them with the naked eye so the Peri's are 5 Mark runs in diameter but the blood vessels are there the blood cells the red blood cells this 7 Mark rounds they bigger and have a get in they squash. And that's because they're lastic and after about $120.00 days they lose their US to city get picked up by the plane get recycled no story so they go through the computer East and liquid goes out and then comes back in at the other end and oxygen transfer happens and Scott the hard drives go across and private planes and vitamins A lot of stuff and then you have the collection now it's given up with oxygen it's given up its food and now it's going into a valley heading back towards the AHA is heading back to the OP to successively bigger vides against through the Capri than the venue then the little vines each of which have their own name if you're looking anatomy take a book and then finally into the big veins and then finally into the vena cava and then you're the superior vena cava coming into the heart from above the inferi of in a cave a coming from below from your legs and then they go into the heart and in the blood gets pumped up the pressure and the oxygen and relax generated and this takes a live in seconds so as to lift the hot the air out and in seconds via its back again it's given up its load of nutrients and oxygen so that's the basic difference between the arteries which carry the nutrient rich oxygen wreaks rich bloody blood Al to the target organ and the veins which in carried back to the heart to be very top up again was strictly speaking in layman's terms in not just layman's terms with lame dummy layman's terms. Rather than dummy the way I think of it is like a 10 year old with a sense of curiosity but no knowledge at all about anything in the world without it without any astronomy so it's the people who have a sense of astronomy curiosity his work the people who would you name your old next . Door The 10 year old 10 year olds now you know how clever they're getting their A level results that runs a day in just a few hours trust me anyway I think that time of year for things to go through their exams 10 year olds. Are simply for the poor things and I think it's kind of unfair but we'll talk about them other time yeah it's true that I would say this might be a leading question you know from Stuart who is in central Scotland I was expected to say well what's new this is particularly leading I think but could be wrong dead don't call reports from Russia suggest that an accident involving the testing of a missile engine resulted in the release of radiation where would the radiation come from I am very curious about that myself. So. On one hand in the fifty's and sixty's the Americans tried to build a nuclear powered plane on the grounds that it could keep on flying indefinitely. Now there were a few problems with that firstly the nuclear reactors of the day were very heavy and needed a lot of shielding so they didn't hit I have always cut back on the shielding and have in their own Li min then think of having women how unfair past their peak fertility who don't mind getting a bit of cancer and will give them a bit of a higher than normal righty ation does and they never actually meant he judged to get a nuclear powered plane to fly there is a book on this as a fictional book is called steam good steam like the stuff that comes out your Kindle bird thing the flaws of a book is a fascinating book and it is a fictional version of how they managed to get a nuclear power plant a flaw and all the things going on with it then a year or 2 ago the. Boss of Russia called a city a president or prime minister or is they've heard of a lot they've got a president and a prime minister but President Putin became the prime minister for inside because the Constitution didn't allow him to be the president forever and then after being prime minister for time he came back as president again so him and the Prime Minister's what jobs are a few years but is president it's all about. Says a President Putin or when his promise a few years ago came forward with a whole lot of statements about enhanced military capabilities of the size of of Russia one of them was about hop a sonic air or craft and hop a sonic basically means 5 kilometers per 2nd and up whole different ballpark when you're dealing with a vehicle a miss all traveling at one kilometer a 2nd. Those As far as kilometers a 2nd and in a normal commercial flight you're doing one kilometer every 4 seconds so it's a whole different ball park 5 kilometers a 2nd 20 times faster very difficult to deal with and there was a bit of an upset earlier this year on that so there is countries around the world astride the United States cetera Russia they're all working on Hop a Sonic and what they could do is get a hypersonic plane to flawed hops on it vehicle to fly but the drag was so great you know because of pushing through the air at 5 kilometers a 2nd they could achieve only one or 2 seconds of where the propulsion was greater than the drag and see one or 2 seconds yet that's all they could do and then suddenly this year the Chinese came out and said that men should do it for 5 minutes and everybody got heaps scared and instead of trying to throw a lot of money at Hopper Sonic's and the other thing the president Prime Minister Putin said was We will have all we have nuclear powered vehicles it wasn't clear with. Or aircraft they can stay in the air definitely indefinitely that's what he said now there's what he said we have no proof that such a vehicle exists now we've had a report that there has been a radiation leak from a vehicle which is appears to be amiss also doesn't have humans in it now was it a regular miss all with a nuclear warhead then crashed while testing it releasing the right activity or was it a nuclear powered missile at the moment we got nothing and this is a person call Sweeney or Sweeting or something of that who works in this advanced nation British writer and also Jane's aviation He works for them as well whatever he says I'll go along with all of the expert but I'm very curious about that as well I'd like to see what is going 108-085-9096 extension 93 that's a number if you'd like to pose a question from the natural world or science to Dr call directly as Steven in Leeds is doing good morning Steven molding good as we. I welcome to say than sorry that was Dr Karl O'Callaghan inside that home am I thought as like Dr Steven as we call you Stephen things fine. Have called question about Hubble constant. Has a scientist has measured it seen 3 different ranges measured against the culture Mark Weiss backgrounds as against distant graph galaxies have relatively in a galaxy is and they keep coming up with 3 different values for the Hubble constant . And the more data points thing may make it coming up with. More accurate results and still saying different values for the Hubble constant. MEMBER Yes Yes And I think it's obvious why autos Yes and not taking into account general relativity and how if you know a whole Jewing the universe. Just will do his complicated. Talking going old to do with clocks general relativity states that the further you are in the gravitational field explode the clocks from. If we would have had a saying is. When you look further and further away you're looking for them for the backing sign. Because you're looking for them for the backing sign you're looking at then so you can if a all the characters were closer together. And when you're looking at the costume are quite back around absolutely to the speck in time you can look so it's the closest together everything is sold as han a frightening event or trauma filled. Of aggressive right so the Hubble Culson really isn't the constant. Rod OK my points Rod said OK so you. Would have agreed with you 2 weeks ago but now I don't because a gardner because a 11 make sit me stright OK. All you want to know process well. OK Brian Schmidt OK you know he discovered 70 percent of the universe you know the expanding universe you know the dark energy that makes it expand faster than before and he makes it work on through. He makes right want to. Believe it exists. Just again making knowing the effects of general relativity. Let me say categorically having spoken with people whose whole lot is general to Vittie that you're wrong in their living let me try to buy one thing on you're ready for this day we're going to blow your mind you're ready for OK go ahead now the background you know about conservation of energy say applying belittle pulls and you line up you've got the billet bowls the same saws and you bang with the Q and the ball takes off site 10 kilometers per hour and here's another ball and that ball then you know N. G.'s transfer conservation of energy you lose a little bit in the collision and take over sign 1.9 kilometers per 2nd or something like that you're with me. And with the ACA are found this out. To not doing a new show called The Color of electrons will be presenting in London shortly in a car but it goes like this OK conservation of energy now he comes the statements going to blow your mind and I didn't even know this conservation of energy does not hold in general relativity just think about that. Conservation of Energy does not haul on the general relativity of your general relativity situation you can have $1000000000.00 ball coming in at 10 kilometers a 2nd and all it does is run only into another 1000000000 ball which can take off at a 1000 kilometers per 2nd and that is allowed in general relativity and will blow your mind the moment doesn't float my mind yeah really what that you know you play billiards and you put a certain amount of energy in the ball and it takes over 10 kilometers a 2nd it's another ball which then takes over a 1000 kilometers a 2nd. So the point is that. No no certainly. No exact same ball you know conserving mentum and energy does not have to be conserved in general to Vittie isn't amazing So firstly speaking to people whose whole lot is studying general to Vittie unlike me who just breeze where I can and we completely have I say and have talked with these traumas that I have taken account of all of those effects in measuring the Hubble Constant So let me just talk for a little bit about the Hubble constant so the Hubble constant is relating to how quickly the fabric of space time is expanding so think about getting a cake in you got some and has some raisins in it and you put it in the oven and it all expands and expands and the dough expands and moves father part starts billowing out of the top of the coffee in the Cake Tin carrying the rice ins with it so instead of rises have galaxies and instead of the diode the pastry have the fabric of space time the fabric of space time is expanding at roughly 70 killers kilometers per 2nd for every 3 roughly 3000000 light years. So if you go and observe the universe 3000000 light years away and you find a galaxy there it Pete is to be moving away from his on average at 70 kilometers the 2nd but it's not actually moving across the fabric of space time is not plowing through the dog the dough he's carrying it with the fabric of space time is expanding with it and carrying it with it and so you double or triple the distance and you double or triple the speed at which is going and you keep on going and he was up and you get to the edge of the observable universe about 40 something 1000000000 light years away and things are moving away from us at a parity the speed of light in it for that we can't see them anymore so this Hubble Constant goes back of course modestly named after Edwin Hubble who took account of all those who use the work of invisible women who did the working didn't get credit for it read the book gloss universe by Dava Seville wonderful book so they did the work and he got the constant but the point is he got the credit but there is a thing called the Hubble Constant and you are dead right Stephen in your summary so what we've got is a whole bunch of different modalities different ways to measure the Hubble constant . And they involve things like stars that blink on and off at a certain known right and galaxies moving away from us and the red shift and white fruit even the behavior of red joints these joint stars as I come to the in their laws we're even factoring that into it as well there's about 6 major methods for measuring the Hubble Constant and over the years of the decades we've gradually got better and better at measuring them so the scatter gets less so recently as I all it's it's this many kilometers per 2nd puzzle Manas 5 and then after was problem on is 3 doesn't want us to puzzle minus one and so now we've got half a dozen methods for measuring the Hubble Constant and they've split into 2 main camps one a bit under 70 kilometers a 2nd one bit of above and as we get more and more accurate with each of the 3 or so methods for each measurement. One by one above they scatter get so narrower and narrower and narrower gets tighter so we say oh it's $68.00 possum honest you know half a kilometer the 2nd or $73.00 plus or minus a 10th of a killer bit of a 2nd so as we do more measurements we're getting more and more precise in the fact that we're thinking that there's something there that they're not going to overlap under any circumstances whatsoever and so our read this pipe up and originally always skeptical. And it said large Magellan Magill in the cloud see if you'd stand it so these are the sea she'd stars that blink on and off and have a certain and broadness provide their blinking they provide a one percent foundation for the terminations of the Hubble Constant blah blah blah blah blah and then it says and this is the thing that got me upset it said stronger evidence for physics beyond the Lemba Cold Dark Matter model and at any stage when somebody says we got stronger evidence for physics beyond what we currently know you think OK another crackpot being a person who doesn't know much about general relativity apart from or already we could pay all the Hubble Constant from what are in the scientific literature then said Well it does say Mark way of getting more and more precise in coming towards 2 opposing views of what the Hubble constant is and yet this paper says that we we might having to have. A new physics I think the evidence for that is pretty weak and I'm of an expert in other of these fields expansion of the universe or relativity and then his wine maker and Nobel Prize winner followed my twins up and said Carl I think he might want to rethink your use of the would wake. And so this is noble prize winner who knows relativity who knows astronomy who's picked up every possible thing you think about it saying maybe there is something going on that we don't understand so I'm sorry Steve it at this stage we're only up with but we're definitely in a stage where we're not too sure what's going on but there's something messy happening and we could be having heading for another revolution in physics not sure that you've impressed even but thank you Steve for the call Thank you very much remains to indeed what about this and this may impress you Philip in Atlanta says does a call if I touched an electric bar and don't do this. If I touch 3 that your bar of a heater that was is 2 of them little pink orange across would my body react to the heat or to be that trick shot 1st 1st the electric shock so down to Do not touch electrical things and I got a bit of conduct dodgy training and the guy said Look just keep always wear insulated chooses always when you work with Kristy and always keep one hand in your pocket when have you near a lot of electricity really was. Because that way all that will happen is the electricity will go into your body and not go through your feet or your hands into an Earth and therefore go through your heart and set off into fibrillation and kill you you just get electric shock so I have had I confess I would admit to a number of had a small number of electric shocks from law I was and what happens is that instantly your bicep muscles contract and then bang your hand muscles contract and make a fist and then your fist hits you in the face and then you think Wow And the other thing he said was never touch an electrical thing with your open hand only might make a fist and then just touch with the back of your hand and then being a use of the face you think I just had something Law of it and I got a big shock all at my arm and into my shoulder but it didn't go through my heart because I was wearing thick rubber shoes and I had the other hand my pocket and I didn't clench it because I was cutting with the back of my head I'm still alive Gee that must be a lot of thought don't do that didn't don't do that so the 1st thing you want to feel is the electric shock the heat that's going to take a 10th of a 2nd 100th of a say you have 5 seconds but see Aleck tricks shock from personal knowledge there's going to touch you and do not ever touch anything a lot I shudder to think how stupid I was. Yeah I shut. Out save this story the moment see if we have the time for it because I did it once and this is a schoolboy prank he believed a school classmate of mine used to walk around with a satchel an innocent looking satchel and I sat sure he had these 2 proceeding wise and he had paused at the end of the joke you know hang on to those bars for a minute I'll show you what's in this show and then he. Got mugged that way and I got a proper show your letter was a guy called David towards another never forgotten and that's when I was like 9 years old. And. One was the one and then he turned the dog show which turned the electricity. Like that yeah anyway. No I think he would have done that at school I was about the 5th person he had done it you didn't think he would have done that at school I was about the 5th person he had done it to have been a serial killer by the time he got to me anyway you know more on this science and natural world phoning with thoughts a call if you'd like to speak to him directly the number to call is 080-859-0969 extension 3 but 1st let's get the latest 5 headlines as they say McCormick on digital B.B.C. Santa Fe come on this is B.B.C. Radio 5 Jeremy Corbin's written the opposition party leaders and some Tory backbenchers asking them to back his plan for avoiding a no deal Bracks that the Labor leader wants them to back you know confidence vote in the government so he can become interim prime minister and push for the date back would cheat leave the E.U. . The M.P. Sarah Wollaston he left the change he K. Party in June has joined the Liberal Democrats she quit the conservatives back in February own protest of the party's handling of bricks that scientists of foreign micro plastics in the Arctic snow for the 1st time researchers discovered more than 10000 of the tiny particles police no more than 300000 students in Northern Ireland England and Wales will get their A level results later it comes a day after some grade bond Rees were leaked on social media people need just 55 percent to get into the biggest exam boards Maths papers with the sport 9 years Betty Glover backup goalkeeper on some assigning Adji and was the heroes live it will be Chelsea $54.00 on penalties to win the Super Cup. All the action in Istanbul it's not little pools most famous penalty shootout triumph in Istanbul but it meant they won the Super Cup for the 1st time since 2005 the same year they so dramatically win the Champions League in the city on spot cakes an entertaining match swung one way then the other Chelsea impressive coming forward led at half time through alleviation Rue Sadi or money equalized just after half time and then early an extra time shot Liverpool in front only for penalty to level it for Chelsea Liverpool scored all 5 of their sport cakes so it was decided when Tommy Abraham saw his save by the leg of the goalkeeper who only signed for Liverpool last week Yep an address and says the victory caps off a crazy week the him Meanwhile despite the loss Chelsea boss Frank Lampard says he's happy with his side's performance especially after that 4 nil thrashing against United in the Premier League I think there were some charms against matches you know I've just come talk about him so much when you lose 4 now but today it is different I think it was very clear. Performance from us against a top team has been building for years it was also a good night to Stephanie for she became the 1st woman to officiate in a major men's European match. Meanwhile B.B.C. Sport understands Barcelona rail Madrid have made unsuccessful office for P.S.G. Forward Neymar Barcelona are believed to have offered 92400000 pounds plus Felipe Teenie a now former Tottenham defend Iran a Hector who was the victim of racist abuse during a women's championship match in January this year says she has no regrets in reporting it despite sinking into depression as a result of online abuse she told the B.B.C. Spall how it felt as our no object here I did hear correctly and it wasn't until the final whistle where it all sort of hit man and I felt quite emotional I just sort of just sat on the floor and sort of reflected on the situation from a chef and United place Sophie Jones was banned for 5 games by the Football Association for racially abusing Hector she still maintains her innocence that I asked why the weather got in the way of England and Australia 2nd Ashes Test heavy rainfalls plates be abandoned without a ball being bowled that fast bowler job she was presented with his 1st England cap confirming that he will make his Test debut today so could he be the bowler to get Steve Smith outs will his former England captain Alex through it but he needs to because the others could special challenge a serious challenge but we just have to make sure that we don't build him up into something that decent yet the lad is 24 he hasn't played a Test match yet yes he did wonderfully well in the World Cup if he does get Smith out early then I can guarantee you we will build him up well the weather's looking good so you can follow live ball by ball commentary on T.M.S. From around 1025 and finally the double Olympic champion cost us a man yes as she has never felt supported by other women in sports South Africa's 3 time world 800 metre champion will not defend her title in Doha in September and that's the latest from B.B.C. Sports for latest polls the Premier League is back and right now on B.B.C. Sounds you can hear the football daily podcast the usual superstar I mean it's potentially with the best players in the world. We've got the latest news and analysis and big name guests as we usher in a brand new season of special episodes from inside some of the Premier League's biggest clubs we have to state it nobody wants to play against our just think you might just please you've got to win and I might find if you don't sneeze even. Listen on B.B.C. Say it's the 1st thing you and the best lifestyle this is B.B.C. 5 Live. It doesn't add a bias if you've got questions on science and the natural world for dogs of the VO for a pick up vacuum a cool the number to call is 080-859-0969 extension 3 dogs a call we've got Dr Chris inst did come up with us hello Dr Chris. I don't call. It welcome. But the question I want is it was announced like a week or so ago that they've just produced a a right folk. Brain grown in the exclusion zone around Chernobyl but perfectly safe and it's not radioactive Why would it be radioactive after being . Being grown inside things. Are. Ahead of sort of the what radioactivity years. Got an atom and it's in Skiles kind of like a flaw in the cathedral or a little pearl inside Wimbley stadium is a nucleus and then there's a lot of empty space and then at with the spectators or the walls of the Cathedral as we have the electrons now there's 3 sorts of radioactivity that you can have alpha. Beta and gamma and that's it alpha is with the nucleus falls apart and then gives off 2 protons and the is basically the core of a helium I have and I guess flaw. The alpha start really quickly. A centimeter to Cinnamon is there will stop them then there's a bitterness and they're associated with electrons flying off from an atom and maybe stuff having in the nucleus and they're stopped by a sheet of paper and then and several many centimeters of air and fun it is gamma gamma is a nasty they were so scared it was stuff happening in the nucleus and they can penetrate through lead depending on their engine they can be nasty so providing there were no atoms in the liquid So what is the liquid that you got your glass bottle this is the glass is totally non radioactive and inside you've got 60 percent water and 40 percent alcohol the water is made of hard region and oxygen and if that's just regular all water like it's not tritium it's just luck or real boring Hardy's And that's not right you active. Then you've got the alcohol Well that's corridors of oxygen and hydrogen and carbon and you might have in there say carbon 131 of every trillion atoms of carbon is carbon star carbon 14 which is radioactive so assuming you've got no radioactive atoms in the alcohol then there is nothing radioactive in the AT ALL You might have a contaminant you might have say some polonium which I think has been used in the United Kingdom to kill various people that certain governments didn't like you want have a few atoms of polonium in between but providing you don't have the extra atoms of radioactivity such as polonium or you write any more radium and providing that the carbon heart is in oxygen molecules are themselves not the radioactive sort then there's no actual radioactivity in saw that bottle that you buy but there's just one other thing to consider you can have perfectly normal say carbon and oxygen or not region and then if you hit with a lot of neutrons you can then make it radioactive And as possible so sort of give you a little bit of background So tell me what you want me to do what he will discuss next well that's that's that's that's OK I mean I just I just I just quite interested because. They want to replace one part of the moment just to say I think to see if it would work. They want to go into big commercial. Production and call it nuclear fallout real could you know it's a great marketing thing is an adopted daughter Yeah I was going to say if Chris did the honors and had to think of it 1st let us know how you feel oh I've certainly drink I've got no problem with drinking something enjoy. And have is if there's a green glow about you off to as you join us to tell you but to carry on drinking. And drinking now maybe I should bring with me my God account and now of course Dalton And Chris you each have a god counted don't you well not anymore I used to have had you had a dog that used to be there used to be repaired or used to work really. Well tell me more. In the 80s I went for the Home Office and they said it was one of the things we did but recalibrate them right now I've got a primitive old dog count about 30 years on I'm sure you can buy them on the web and are used in my travels around Australia and one place Oh Mark I was in a place in South Australia called problem the springs P.R.I. In springs and this is noted for having hot hot springs which bubbled up a radioactive gas called Right on and back in the early days and not in tens and twenties. They thought that radioactivity was good for you and healthy and lazing what marketing can do and so we went there and I had my dog counted the sense of just suspended over the pool of water just linear in and background radiation was actually harder Norman citizens are being like take in they have all the ticket was a sort of slow steady background tick tick tick which is much higher than anywhere else and then suddenly the bubbles came to the surface go tick tick tick you think and then go away and we we hung around there for about 5 minutes we thought well I really don't think there's any possible benefits from having radioactive right on gas in my body let's go and camp somewhere where it's not right you like yourself. So Aubrey with me next time I come over when you say come see my show the road situation. Yes I'm Chris thanks very much for doing to give away any national secrets or anything like that because you thought I didn't know I knew all that he still signed the Official Secrets Act You know yeah very different to say the certain countries I still can't I say you can go like Nigeria or something like serious I can think it. So I got it I got to get permission to go. Some of the Eastern Bloc countries. Wow I had a friend who back in the eighty's was offered a huge sum of money equivalent to maybe. 3 a 3rd of a $1000000.00 a year or more to work as a mechanic person American strike in facility and because he was incredibly clever not formally trying but he was doing music studios for various musicians coming around the world and recording in Australia and the stuff that he was doing the SO events that would go back he got invited to apply and I said you're always money but once you saw the Official Secrets like all their equipment one of it's called here in Australia you could be in a pub 10 or 20 or 30 years in the future after you've left the job and the person next to you behind you could be there just to listen to see if you blabbed and if you do you're going to jail straight away and so they thought he decided he wouldn't take the job. None of the Chris thanks very much appreciate it but you know things wouldn't know what I call have a degree of radioactivity due to the fermentation process one of our listeners wonders fermentation is caused by a bacterium now a fungus called Secor Masi something something which gives us Britain B. And as an aside what would society be without Britain being fermentation does not involve right of activity vermin Taishan involves getting sugar and turning it into alcohol no radioactivity involved however. One in every trillion carbon atoms is radioactive Anyway it's carbon 14 as part of our natural background radiation in in bananas potassium which is not by the way to bust the myth in a particularly high in potassium but in bananas one in every 41 every eye 1500 atoms is potassium 40 there are 2 other known writer active types and it because he's And the fatal dose of bananas they have a name for this about Nona equivalent of that and and to get a fatal dose of poisoning you need to eat 37000000 bananas now think of a. Ship floating around on the ocean there about 3 and a half 1000 tons so you need need to eat maybe 20 percent more than one of those white of bananas in one sitting and then you will have picked up a fatal dose of radiation. Thanks to divorce someone from future emotion used to have plastic soles I don't rob or do both protect you from trade seeing and asked Miss mum rude. They're moderately helpful but if you work in the business you can in font special shoes that are fully insulating war and is sold as such and their specialty autumn is what The sparkies should wear . Like traditions in the United Kingdom Spock easier I know we gave you that would come on oh did we get it from you Sparky is a company word isn't Sparky. We comics to come here in the Callie thank you the mother country for giving is which and so at the other extreme behind the saws having shoes that you can buy you have to find them and pay extra which are totally insulating you can then fall and shoes which are conducting and they're made of rubber and if you use bar workers in petroleum planes with the refining oil running and so you do not under any circumstances want to generate a Spock and so you don't carry your batteries around with you and drop them casually making sparks and if you happen to have any steady electricity well then it will drain out through your conductive socks into your conductive shoes and out into the ground so yes you can go looking for proper real insulating shoes but they're not common talk to Simon in Sheffield's once you know whether we should be worried about and it's a story that we've done both tonight and last night as well last night with regards to rain in the Rocky Mountains and tonight with regards to snow in the Arctic Circle should we be worried about micro press ticks in the environment and what effect. Yes we should not be dumping plastics and Mark replace sticks in the environment I love plastics and I love using them providing they're in an application where they do something that other materials can't and there are long wearing long use multiple use autumn so on one hand a bit of plastic that you reverend is sandwich instead of using a paper bag don't like that one bit on the other hand some an oil products such as Kev law which you then use as a tow rope so when I started off doing full driving through the strike an outback and I've done it for 2 decades you had to use only a steel rod which surprisingly is fragile if you get a kink in it and pull hard it can break at the kink and apparently can cut through a human like a knot through butter but now we've gone for Kevlar which is white for white stronger than steel and thinner than stale However that sort of plastic all like Marco plastics we're doing really dumb things bar wasting this resource not only are we doing bad things the environment by wasting the oil which should be used as a resource for all materials for our children and their grandchildren and so on 20 generations in the future so mark a plastic of a problem yes and we should clean up our act like we did with secret smoking in public OK. I was looking up with not directly overhead when going into space when going into space when does the perception up and down and sideways ends when you're at 70000 feet which is about as high as you can fly in a plane with wings and an air breathing engine such as the 71 which is the flaw of the you 2 which still flies up there. The sky is black and the earth is curved but you've still got some perception of up in them and then if you keep going all I up to the International Space Station well all of those who are around to look at the ground and you know where down is so are they asking when you go into when you go into weightlessness is that what they're asking not know exactly sure the questioner surely nor should I have you dreamed they'd be lovely if it was a magic number they should ring Dr gotten him give giving it to you with no well they're going to be cool wigs Hurry hurry hurry hurry the numbers 08085909693080859 or 9693 what about this other question though and this is. From one of our listeners this is Martin who says morning doctors sorry 2 questions if possible the group who took the image of the black hole early this year I understand they took 2 images the one we saw was far away but the other was inside our own galaxy and that's what we're waiting for any news on that 1st of all. It's still being processed so what happened. was it firstly well taking a photo a black hole because white for it going to blow your mind a black hole has 0 saw as the even though it has the mass of 30 tom's a mess of the sun a few 1000000 times are a few 1000000000 times it's saw is is 0 not not small not really really really really small but 0 it has no saws so you can actually photograph the black hole but what he can is not heard over of stuff snow well that's just a name oh it's the the fizzes good very you have to talk in mathematics which in and buy though i met the medics is not something for just super smart people as just like a language like french will knowledge year ian or swahili and use have to learn the language and you can speak it you know better who he was are in your some of it is in english and what they say ding this is the everything disappears done the black holds a this going to have some kind of damn it's of it does it disappears into the black hall and now knowledge of what happens on as why in stops nor the black hole itself which has a saws of 0 but it another location cold the event horizon the event horizon if our son would he turned into a black hole would be seeks kilometer diameter a bowl the event horizon would be a 6 kill me to bowl or a surface the sphere with the right he's of 3 kilometers and it's purely linea Double or triple the saw the mass of the black hole the double triple A black hole so we took a photo of stuff outside the black hole falling into it and to understand it let me recommend Veritas him so go and far and Veritas see him on You Tube The R T S Are you in there or Tassie I'm also called Derek Mueller and he does these amazingly wonderful 10 minute video and just watch it about 3 or 4 times and take notes and then eventually get the feel of what's going on so to do the 1st image of a black hole event horizon or actually the stuff falling into the event horizon which is you know many thousands and millions of kilometers in diameter that 1st image what they did was spent 2 years. Taking images with radio telescopes all around the world and stored the information on a total of one half of a ton of hard drives now half a ton of hard drives is a lot of hard draws special hard drives with helium inside and then they spent 2 years deconvolve ing the the image Detroit the make sense of it and after 2 years they managed to get an image and it fit in exactly with what they thought they would find the image though of the that was a black hole far far away from us the one much closer in the center of our galaxy that's made more complicated because there's a whole bunch of stupid stars coming between us and that black hole and the event horizon and they make it more complicated so it's still trying to mathematically recreate what it looks like we haven't got the I don't know is expected to come out . But the other part of the question was how how how the universe is explained think of it as a balloon deflated to stick white dots on it then blow up the balloon you see that all white dot separate from each other that's how our universe works. Due to the Big Bang but how do you explain about the enjoyment of galaxy and our own home Milky Way and how they're heading for each other in the same kind of terms that would help. Line up a 1000000000 yeah OK so he's dead right so the blowing up of the balloon is the expanding the fabric of space time and instead of the raw Eason's in the cake you've got little white dots and then the what does move apart not because they're moving across the surface of the balloon the push the fabric of the balloon is expanding. But that's on the big scale on the small scale you are all sorts of crazy Mysie stuff like the moon is sometimes 10 percent was it who was the other times I was known to man up Jim Sorensen George or should have gone to Paul in Portsmouth for some amount of the. Apologies if we got some combat smarts and 2nd part of his question Paul good morning 1st good morning that's kind of you that's a pleasure Barry even while you delivered Paul. Reynolds a hold with a comment or question yeah interested in gemstones and particularly an isotropic gemstones and why some gemstones are able to reflect all the colors of the rainbow whereas with diamonds if you. Shed or reflect your polarized filter filtered light on diamonds they just seem to be black and wonder what you say really good and that is so you get lot and then it's not regular because it's policy so polarizing one plan a case that Ross Yes go on and then what happens. When you shine this light into various gemstones able to reflect all the colors of the rainbow. But I'm wondering what is the nature of those gems where there are able to do that whereas with with diamonds for some reason they don't all rubies that they just don't reflect all all that light. Must be something in the nature of the diamonds that. Or other gems whereby they are just not able to reflect all that like that we can see in the normal spectrum of light. Again they used the word an oyster tropic So let's start off yeah I so. Tropi I don't know what that means I don't need it but also means the same so are should try to pick means it has the same property in a couple of directions old directions and then in is a root of Greek root I think meaning not and you best example of that is your daily newspaper diary newspaper and in which is Troy and tear it you to think is talk to 2 hands one thumb one forefinger and in one direction it is in a dead straight line and in the other direction goes jiggly generally it is not always a tribe it is an awesome trophy so right and I was a traffic jams agenda to go to different properties in different directions and I had noticed talk about Paula was a lot imagine that you've got an electromagnetic wave going through empty space now this is. With water you need the wave to travel through the molecules of water with sound the sound wave you need the sound wave to travel through molecules of something like oxygen and nitrogen but with electromagnetic waves you don't need nothing. Goes back to James Clark Maxwell he was a genius if you did look like a hipster trying to sell you celery juice in a coffee so what happens is that you have a magnetic wave going through space up down up down going sort of process going away from you and at right angles that doesn't have to be would usually is a magnetic wave going at right angles left right left right and so the magnetic wave creates the electrical wife which creates the magnetic waves and so they go bootstrapping their way through space and it's kind of hurts my head. I think that the electric component is going up down up down up down but then if it's not polarized you can have a business going up down up down up down and you can have one tilted one degree and that's going up down and then 2 degrees and you have a whole bunch of them tilted always through the $360.00 degrees of a circle or more if you want to just chucking as many as a lot and that's around you know a lot coming from the sun and the electric waves going up down and let's drop in that and down up and also saying Paul Ross lot has it going any in one direction I can only one of them can get through now this something about the James and this stage I'm getting outside my range of knowledge there's something about the James that will accept lot only of a certain polarization separately polarized glasses and stare at the T.V. And as you typical head you'll see it goes dark I do not have enough knowledge to give you the full answer Dr Paul and we're sorry we didn't get He's running about Dr Paul we. Know I'm not a doctor. Just to make you feel good OK Thank you. Mr Rich people like. A foreign city apart from factors not. I would have said and that's OK because if you left I should say I'm from Lagos Nigeria. Originally sooner or later your fact. Close in Syria Larry legless Niger to be precise and thanks very much it's great tweet she broke thanks very much Dr Paul but it's a call as ever could do without you very very says it in the snow and cold for Stephanie eaves and sky high Libyan state and not a crime for anyone else this is C.B.C. Radio 5 Live.