The whole of the. Line speech extra this b.b.c. 5 My It's 3 o'clock news comes from Alice Rosenthal the main news on 5 Live Donald Trump has hit back of the number 10 criticize his behavior on Twitter and in sports adverts and bounced back in style is that interim manager old manager inference of the new manager. This is b.b.c. 5 my. The b.b.c. News on 5 life the labor m.p. Chris Bryant says Donald Trump should be arrested if he comes to the u.k. His comments came after the president retreated 3 anti muslim videos Originally Posted by the far right Great Britain 1st the 1st thing that should happen today is that the foreign secretary should summoning the American ambassador and give him a dressing down because the American president is meddling in British politics in a very very dangerous way and secondly the prime minister should make it absolutely clear that if Donald Trump comes to this country he'll be arrested for inciting religious hatred. Downing Street says the retreats were wrong but Mr Trump will still be welcome to prison next year the president says treason may should concentrate on fighting u.k. Terrorism rather than criticizing him America's ambassador to the un has warned the North Korean leadership would be utterly destroyed if war broke out speaking at an emergency meeting of the Security Council Nikki Haley called on all countries to cut their diplomatic and trade ties with Pyongyang a war criminal has died after drinking poison in court in The Hague former Bosnian Croat General Zod I'm proud yack had just learned his appeal against his 20 year jail term had been rejected former b.b.c. Correspondent Martin Bell testified against him. Crash an officer but in civilian life he had been a separate director so a lot of the cover surprised because he was always a man where the sense of drama and I'm sure this was premeditated. A watchdog has found police helicopters take so long to reach crime scenes that more than 40 percent of incidents are over before the escort has arrived inspectors have called for the service in England and Wales to be urgently reformed the government is setting out plans to get a 1000000 more disabled people into work over the next 10 years measures include extra training for mental health professionals disability charities say progress from previous schemes has been to slow the Work and Pensions secretaries David Cork we all making progress we've got 600000 more disabled people in work than we did 4 years ago what we want to do is to continue to work with employers to continue to exploit the opportunities of new technology and keep testing and learning to find out what works what are the things that actually can make a difference to clinical trials have shown antibodies can be used to prevent migraines and around half of those tested reported a 50 percent reduction in the number of attacks American Airlines says it suffered a computer glitch which is too many stuff to take time off over Christmas 15000 flights have been left without a pilot earlier this year Ryanair had to cancel thousands of flights because of a similar mistake with the shuttling of leave and Prince William says the royal family are all very excited about Prince Harry's upcoming wedding to Meghan Marco the couple announced their engagement on Monday speaking at the start of a trip to Finland the Duke of Cambridge wished them well for a fight it's the life of Great Britain with the happiness and it's very exciting time for me personally I have resumed my fridge and you know what foods are the most. Sport now is James Greg Wayne Rooney scored a stunning goal from his own half to complete a hat trick as Everton thrashed West Ham in front of incoming manager Sam our dice the 4 nil win Kamins David Moyes as hammers who remain in the bottom 3 Manchester City when 8 points clear at the top of the Premier League after beating Southampton 21 regime stilling scored a curling winner in the 96 minutes. All inspired Austral to a dominant 5 nil victory over who does field at the Emirates the going to stay in 4th behind Chelsea who beaks one see one mill with manager Antonio concept being sent to the stands and Burnley are up to 6 after winning 2 want to Bournemouth was live a pole a warm place above them in faith after cruising past Step 3 now in the Scottish Premiership Scott Sinclair's controversial light penalty extended Celtic's unbeaten domestic run to $66.00 games as they drew one all away at Motherwell Rangers close the gap on Aberdeen in 2nd place winning 3 nil Brock's Meanwhile Alan Pardew's 1st game in charge of West Brom will be against former club Crystal Palace on Saturday he signed a 2 year deal a decision on whether to charge Ben Stokes could take several weeks after police confirmed they would be referring his assault case to the Crown Prosecution Service and the u.k. Sneak a championship Mark Selby is through to run say he beat Bassam al to harm by 6 frames to fall this is b.b.c. 5 live on digital online smartphones and stopped at the weather staying cold after zone with just a chance of sunshine in the West the wintry showers Ivan is that England and the snow if it's a arrives could affect areas as far south as South and staying cold for the end of the week to highs of 5 in London and 3 in Manchester the best lawyers coming up On am and f.m. Around the u.k. On digital and on line I'm Roger shot and we're up all night Happy St Andrew's Day Time was when I would come to work for the b.b.c. In my kilt and it's a day that encourages everything from a quiet pride to something more obvious and the heart of every Scots woman and Scots smile there are good be fireworks and sometimes lose a festival in start away and Team Scotland for the Commonwealth Games in Australia next year by getting up some fun Nicholas sturgeon says we should all do something kind for someone else like a pitch and say the words of the website Scotland dot org standards philosophy was incredibly simple take what you have and share it with those less fortunate. Well Dr Karl even as we speak is winging his way to London for a special appearance at the Royal Institution good to talk at the Royal Institution about science and Christmas and doing little experiments with Santas can be enormous fun I have to say if you go on the Royal Institution website you will see sadly the talk is sold out and there's a waiting list but you know you never know if you hang around the door on Saturday evening at least you get to see a hero and he's only in London for the weekend and then he's getting on a plane and coming right back to Australia but we have Abel substitute in the form of Bianca Grady the science journalist Hello Bianca Hello Rod How lovely to have you with us I don't know what's possessed up to Carly suddenly he said. He seems to have a 2nd home a Royal Institution which is lovely well thought out place to live not a bad place a tall and we're also joined tonight by Dr Jessica Blum the astrophysicist at the University of Sydney colleague of Dr hello. Well highly unlikely the sun is really said the sun is it Jessica it's $28.00 degrees I spent the morning on bond each. Oh that's very good that's great Do they still tell me do they still go up and down Bondi Beach with these tanks on their back hosing you with with with sun screen and stuff like that. No that sounds like a great idea yes yeah. Well Time was when they did on I think it was I think I think those those days were where days when people were actually horsing us all well so you know you could fry a little faster so probably a good idea that's not being done so much anymore anyway had it right you know carry on carry on I had a funny story that it strains actually tended to be bison indie deficient sometimes because we're all to want to. Stay out of the sun you know sleep on a t. Shirt slap on the hats and all of that in sunscreen so we're actually not getting enough vitamin d. I'm conscious it's not silly whereas the bishops have every reason to buy some of the deficient and that's so difficult to know just what to do I'm going to I'm going to get up lots of questions in just a minute but in the mean time I mean maybe you'd like to sort of start off I'm going to give you something to get your teeth into straight away after I've given out the numbers of course. Call it to a 5 this is the phone number 285909693 takes us 185-058-5058 or you can text b.b.c. 5 live on Twitter so and of course you can e-mail us up all night b.b.c. Dot seo dot u.k. As indeed people do so if I if I am very coming here I'll just go back to where I was and we've got a question from Steve who somewhere on the m 6 so. I think I think this might be a very quick answer but will surely see Jesco this is this is for you in the in the 1st instance and maybe Bianca can can I add something if the sun suddenly when type . How long would humans survive how cold would it get on earth and would any species survive Thank you Steve Well Joe who not not long so interestingly if the sun went out right now we actually wouldn't know anything for let's say about 10 minutes to 10 minutes everything would be fine because the sun is approximately 10 light minutes away from us which means that it takes light or anything else at least 10 minutes to reach us so our the good news is we've had would have about another 10 minutes of normal life after that things would get very very cold indeed the Earth has a little bit of residual heat so we might survive for maybe a little while but I mean space is generally at about 3 degrees Kelvin so are several 100 degrees colder than it is right now in Celsius which is pretty chilly even for London. It would be a pretty miserable experience and then of course you've also got to think about why the sun went out and we've got to contend with whatever that was so I'm assuming some kind of terrible radiation so I mean the real question I guess is whether we die of particle cancers or freeze to death my money is probably on freeze today. Well as overcoaching Bianco it is interred. Well I think the extinction of the dinosaurs gives us some sense of what might happen with even a small reduction in the amount of radiation from the sun because one of the I think the dominant theory about the extinction of the dinosaurs is that is when the asteroid is John asteroid hit the Earth it threw up so much dust and and material into the atmosphere that blocked a significant proportion of the sun's energy from reaching the f. Surface and so we got the Effectively what we call a nuclear winter which subsequently caused the mass extinction which we're familiar with and the few things that did manage to survive were very small were I guess warm blooded So they were able to as opposed to the dinosaurs and so that gives us just a taste of what we might be in for if if we lost all of the sun's energy say yes it would not be a cheery place today Good grief well. It's very difficult to go on from a I mean we've had a witch on the night of of you know North Korea and alarms and excursions and so on and just to think about the sun going out is about the only thing I can think of that's worse than that right now so we'll we'll pass on maybe to something a little bit lighter This is from Bill in Glasgow who says item has got this is it true that the original Native Americans didn't have beer of growth. You'd have to. Well it's a see there's anything we could still. 7 I I haven't heard that before I would suggest it's highly unlikely there may have been cultural reasons why that of American didn't grow beards I mean there are certainly some and I don't like these were bright I'll go with ethnicities that that to grow here differently certainly people from Asian backgrounds generally don't grow sort of I guess I guess you call them seem to be is perhaps than people from a Caucasian origin but I don't know that there's any ethnicities that don't have any believe I think if they will yes I think if there was something like that it's more likely to be a cultural raising with their shaved off all the time as opposed to any biological rate well shaved well almost Let's leave that and carry on to the 425-0584 us tax we'd love to hear from you and. 5 I don't mind 694 calls we've got Bob us calling us from London come about hello doctoral It's good morning thanks for having me on and speaking to a steam panel I just tried to do a drive Nottage out the astrophysicists lady she completed for me yes basically. It's that happened in our galaxy which happened a few 1000000000 years ago we noticed because every Kalak city has had well every galaxy with a known supermassive black hole is set up as a quiz or episode of some sort but tentatively now I think is. When did this episode of clays like Kitty commence in the galaxy when did it cease how can we determine the evidence of a other then I think called said all he goes 50 was compressed down to Mercury and so forth yes but what the other evidence is. And is was didn't know normally on this actually due to clays or episode. Of supermassive black hole in the center of our galaxy Sagittarius a belief. All right so there's a lot there to unpack and obviously you know quite a lot about this but I'm just going to do a quick recap for those who haven't done such a terrifying amount of study. Scientists believe the stardom is that there is a super massive black hole in as you said Secretary of a in the center of our fine galaxy the Milky Way So it's nothing to worry about basically every galaxy has a lot of super massive black hole that's just kind of sitting there at the center now. Is a sort of highly energetic phenomena that we generally see around black holes in the very early universe so in astronomy where it was sort of lucky in a way because light takes time to reach us when we look out into the distant universe we're actually looking into the early universe was sort of looking back in time and so what we see in this very distant area is a lot of Quezon so crazy as tend to be something from the early universe. However there is a thought that they may have been a quasar Milky Way Around 6000000 years ago or so it's a little bit difficult to tell it's always actually quite hot to look at things in our own galaxy because when we're looking into the center of our galaxy we have to look through the rest of the galaxy if that makes sense we sort of we have to look through this fog of dust and gas so it's actually really more hidden for us then all the galaxies which we could to sort of look straight out through your empty space at. So it's entirely possible that we may have had a central black hole swallowing a large amount of gas which would have created a sort of a shockwave which might have left this very large 1000000 degree gaseous bubble extending out from the core of the Milky Way So we think maybe about 6000000 years ago our that that could have happened it's a little bit speculative and yeah it's really hard to actually look at our heart which is. So sorry to interrupt did you say 60000000 years ago they did. Yes I'll tell you Dr Cole said no all of the supermassive black hole such Here is a has been. Cool Yes and for 200000000 years so we think that this is our this is a new discovery that we think there might have been a more recent rise. Which is what I would use what I thought you were me. So I mean if we were looking at the very early universe then yeah we're looking we're looking at around the 200000000 Your ma but there is some recent evidence that we might have had a more recent quite is off base on the 6000000 is a. Very good prospects for that. That's got us kind of thinking thank you indeed. Here's here's a thought This is from Frank and Wurster and he says we've all heard about the bad effects of living for long periods at 0 gravity for instance on the International Space Station have on the body if we set our base on the moon and we're to live there for extended periods at a 6th of Earth's gravity would that low gravity be enough to keep most of the body system running normally one for you again Jessica I think of the 1st and I think that's interesting I think probably it would certainly I mean there's a huge difference between 0 gravity and low gravity just in terms of how our bodies function and sort of the direction that we can you know we can tell our blood to pump and things certainly wouldn't be good for you I think one of the advantages of having a moon base is that it would be easy to set up exercise machines and areas that could simulate normal baddies you would also then be able to offset the bad effects of low gravity much more easily than you could on a space station it's still not probably grateful you are unfortunately funded it would be to bounce around. That's And some like it and I think they. Yeah I think it's a really this is a really interesting question and certainly if we have any intentions at all of traveling exploring other planets and traveling beyond our solar system this is an issue that we're going to have to deal with is the effects of low or low gravity on the body and in fact I don't know if you're familiar with that there's a science fiction series of novels the expanse series which has also been made to the Today show with a part of that is that they have human civilization living on in the built in the I think it's the coffee built all of these to smaller bodies the smaller asteroids that have very very low gravity and and so they actually talk about the fact that people grow who grow in this environment much much toll a. Lower muscle mass it's because they don't have that pressure of gravity on them and I think in the shorter term we would have to find ways to encourage the human body to adapt to those environments as we do with astronauts on the space station you know there are lots of exercises that they have to do but they do have issues for example with the i so the pressure inside your eye is is very carefully balanced and there are quite a lot of diseases that result from it being over or under what it should be and that pressure actually changes considerably in space and this is one of the issues astronauts deal with so in the shorter term we would have to find ways of making our body adapt the using you know pharmacological methods or physical methods but I like to think in the longer term if we do move out into living in the lower gravity environments that the human body will adapt to those environments that might be a kind of a painful and slow process but we might say that we're going to be people do start to grow have different bones that our bones alist dents than longer have some musculature changes because you won't be required you won't need such big muscles to the whole yourself around not to mention anything else and diets will change how our vision works will change. Stomach works will probably change so I think a lot of things will change and I don't envy the panis who are. To be on the frontier that you are on the frontier that that it's certainly a very very important question for the future of our cities Jessica does I mean I was just going to say it's a very sudden shock to the body isn't it I mean we all we can change our bodies through physical exercise and diet and all sorts of things or poor diet for that matter but but to to do such a big change in such a short time surely requires some something more than the human evolution has ever been they're capable of if you imagine something like balance I mean one of a kind of common things that we say in movies about who going to space is when I 1st get into 0 gravity that I throw up and it's because your balance relies on these 3 kind of bones in your ear that a very delicately presses a precise and liquid as well spinning liquid and all of that gets thrown completely out of whack in 0 gravity and so our sense all of our position where we are all of that gets totally ruined and to my mind it'd be you know it would be like you're on a cost rollercoaster and that's for me because I don't envy going to space would be awesome it's the it's the nausea that kind of would put me off but again these might be things and this is you know we can study this potential problem and people who have diseases in that part of the eager that's a relatively common issue and we can look at will have can we stabilize that particular feature all the our balance system to try and offset some of those issues you know well a less Jessica want to come back and explain that she's still going even if she has to take a barf but it's absolutely I don't even can throw up as much as is necessary. It could well as c.e.o. Call I Richard's calling us from Ben fleet in Essex Hello Richard. Morning Brook morning oh. My question is to read all around the world you have lots of very kind of people looking into space and what have you for evidence of extraterrestrials. But always gets me about issues everything that we would look at a site even the age of our own galaxy is so far away that you some of so wonder what's the point because if you look inside fall back in time and if we write travel back in time and I becomes issues you just talked about living in a different environment in space what is the point of looking for anything that might will be extinct Well that's on the evidence of it reaches us and to us 1st safe you know we send out right now ways and have been doing 500 years anything that take that up would put it somewhere you know like go to us we would be probably gone but I'm on the propensity of lawfulness to extinguish itself. Knowledge not to send all species every 6 to become extinct so it makes you want to put in a can is something good to do for a lease or a clever people the new presumption is to be really honest point is how much. Well. I guess I have it's not it's mine please please do go ahead please do. Ok sorry I mean look I'm not going to lie I can see where you're coming from it is true my my Ph d. Was looking at galaxies that were billions and billions of kilometers away colliding with each other there is no way that it would ever directly affect my life. But to me I think 1st of all that's what makes us human beings that kind of curiosity that desire to explore the universe and learn new things and find out where we are and what we are I think is really beautiful I think it's similar to looking at all literature on music I mean what's the point of that it doesn't it doesn't give you a new wonder drug by it gives us something to live for and so I think that science in it's really kewl fall but I think astronomy is a very pure form of science in that way is actually is a really fundamental part of the human drive to explore the universe on a slightly more prosaic level there are tons of examples of theoretical science leading to really important technological advances so if you look at radio astronomy for instance that led to really incredible advances in radar and communications you can find the technology that's used telescopes and interferometry that then gets translated into the communications wiring that we use for the Internet I mean all of these discoveries will sort of coincidental it where we invented new technology to tackle difficult science problems and then found out that it could actually solve problems here at I think they're out there lots of really good reasons to do what we did and it's fun. That is fun but I go Oh Ok I totally agree I mean there is that idea that you know if a civilization was to eventually receive a signal then by this point that would they be so far away that there'd be no point with that having communication I mean I probably would err on the optimistic side and say well if a civilization is advanced enough and I I I am an optimist that there are civil as ations out there that are advances enough then presumably they will come Could some of the restrictions that we currently face on traveling at Sydney a lot spades or even you know a significant fraction of the speed of light and would be able to make contact and to me the or or inspiring aspect of that research is what if what if we are alone in the universe and it seems like such a silly question we have so many you know Monday in issues to deal with that day to day life in the end you're but we're hell bent on destroying ourselves the spaces but imagine what the impact might be a if we did receive a signal from another civilization somewhere else in space mean I think the impact would be so profound and maybe it would put all of these relatively insignificant squabbles that we have put you know politically and socially it might put all of those into perspective a little bit more to get I keep referencing science fiction from a science fiction but I think context the book context from a really illustrates just how much of an impact that can have on the psyche of humanity I think it would I think it would be an overwhelmingly positive thing. Perhaps it was a lot. I was thinking about that the technological aspect I mean I agree completely I'm an optimist as far as for the coming technological problems and the way I like to think about it is that if you think 600 years ago and you had to say that was the height of technology you have the best possible sailboaters there's a limit to how fast that boat can go is limited by wind speed by dragging the wars at all of these things so you might think that somebody in a strange could never be affected by something in Europe in less than the time it would take your sailboat to get from one continent to the other that was the limit and it seemed insuperable But then one day somebody attached a bow to 2 of ours and that was a completely different way of travelling that was completely independent of winds faith and that's what we need to do with space travel right now we've got a speed limit which is the speed of light but what we need to do is that attach a word or invent the airplane and I'm really optimistic that that's something we're going to do because every time human beings have ever been confronted with a problem that we thought we couldn't solve we always have and I think that's something we're going to continue to do. Well I was rather wonderful Richard are you are you more optimistic now that you've heard I saw a kinder expression as an answer you know I do understand oh Cyril scientists so he would say precious little Appreciate what you sign although I think probably your biggest hurdle is not a propulsion a story ability to human being in space to withstand not living on this earth which is of course where it evolved to live so living and spies just as you said people living on the space station suffer Goodness knows you know I doubt very much for a walk or a Walkman not catching just in perfect condition in the middle of nowhere but. Thank you Father. A skeptic says. Ok ladies we're going to give you just a few minutes to have a cup of something and we'll be back in the well ready 5 to 4 and we're listening this morning we're here with Bianca Grady science journalist and Jessica Bloom who is professor of astrophysics. At the University of Sydney and we're very pleased to have you both with us right now it's half past 3. 5 for me at least for anyone else this is b.b.c. 5 Live The news comes from Alice Rosen the president says treason may should concentrate on the radical Islamic terrorism threat in the u.k. After Downing Street criticised his actions on Twitter he had retreated 3 anti muslim videos posted by the far right Great Britain 1st the Us ambassador to the un Nikki Haley has warned the North Korean leadership would be utterly destroyed of war break out she was speaking it's an emergency Security Council meeting of the Pyongyang's latest missile test has been found that police helicopters take so long to get to crime scenes well into fits over before they arrive inspect is one service in England and Wales to be urgently reformed and American Airlines has a computer glitch means too many staff have been allowed to. Time off over Christmas so $15000.00 flights don't have a pilot is offering extra money to anyone who come in sport now with James Craig incoming manager Sam Allardyce watched from the stands as Everton beat David Moyes as West Ham 4 nil the Goodison Park Wayne Rooney scored his 1st hattrick for Everton to beat them 5 points clear of the Premier League relegation zone Rooney says his 3rd goal strike from inside his own half is one of the best he has ever scored a new of course invite him obviously Joe Hart was alters goal and you know it fell nice for me and I've just tried to go contact with an element of control in the ball and at the quarter as well as of course football and complete one Manchester City 8 points clear at the top after this from Raheem Sterling Sterling in the dying seconds at the at Yad Sterling into the books to his right foot Laden so I did a broad of his back to sterling silver with a shot that was. The England international there scoring a 96 minute winner to see off Southampton in a 2 warm home when Chelsea stay 3rd Antonio rooted his 1st Premier League goal was enough to be swung the Stamford Bridge in a match where and. Was sent to the stands. Inspired are still to a 5 nil home win against has failed scoring and setting up 2 more is the 4th place going to stay a point behind Chelsea Arsenal was full of praise for performance he's a vision to watch and I think his one Sean is fighting abilities again suppose he's shown you to get in tonight that's what one people want to see from. Liverpool moved up to 5th after a 3 nil win at Stoke substitute Mo Salah scored twice take in the Premier League leading scorer to 12 goals for the season manager you've been caught was happy to take the credit for 2nd half substitutions and then we brought a 1000000 more on the side of the game. Those quiet nights with a genius strike of the manager. At c one win at Bournemouth pushes Burnley up to 6 managers Sean Di ses his team went rest on their laurels I think we've progressed most that we're moving forwards but as I suggest way we're not certainly not naive enough to think in the Premier League you just roll into the next one a look of and it just continue so there's a lot of work to be done but I think the the group of willing to do that I like I said There's the only state you know in there and the amount of the group is fantastic in the Scottish Premiership Scott Sinclair's controversial like penalty extended Celtic's unbeaten domestic run to $66.00 games they drew want to Motherwell Celtic a 4 points clear of Aberdeen after they lost 3 nil at ranges we still don't know if Ben Stokes will be able to play any part in the Ashes the England allrounder won't find out if he's going to be charged for an incident outside a nightclub in September for at least several more weeks Mark Selby is through to round 2 of the u.k. Snoo could championship in York the World Champion beat back to Holland by 6 frames to 4 and England's netballers 4 back from behind to beat Malawi 62 points to 60 it completes a 3 nil series win as they continue their preparations for next year's Commonwealth Games that slide school class is the greatest rivalry in sport smokes on his way 5 Live. Right with the show. And we're back with Bianca Grady and Jessica bloom and here's a question from Richard in Ramsbotham who says if the space station's orbit is deteriorating decaying I suppose how is such a large structure lifted to a higher orbit and how many times he says Can this be done any limit on those Cesco the limit there is fuel it's essentially all you need to do is to fire fuel and speed up and that will get you into higher orbit if you do it correctly but it is really really hard to get fuel to the space station so it's incredibly expensive to carry heavy things out into space and you is every 3 x. That's the limit if you could get fuel indefinitely up to the space station then you could do that as many times as you like sharper. Doesn't try Bianca No no I don't actually. No I didn't I mean the comprehensive answer splendid let's carry on and let's take another call and this is from Ted's who's calling us from his things hello to all morning would I like to ask my question was it was already of course if it was because of an. Earlier you 'd can replace it with a revised version because you have. To think it. Was. Openly say 40 READY or talk or. If I talk to. As many people to read to create truth tool for both. Parties. Over stuff for both parties are the toast you have is difficult because for one thing you need the. Board another thing you need the politics of. the 'd tea to get it like a very difficult city and how would you communicate to see all of tips of indications but it's one thing and the other thing was is the realization was Is this the cools the rent the mall or. In the street of resolutions of things. As of what you call good part where you still see. So these places these civilizations people wouldn't come. Because they would. Of course. We've always thought that we were both perfect tools of peoples a misty tales of war and they spoke with both the Roys of peoples places but those would be able to say wouldn't be there it would be like gold Oh I see awful task x. Very much indeed while another rush all on your optimism Jessica what do you make of it. So I mean the Aspire is reasons why they might want to talk to us I mean Game of Thrones is pretty good. Or we could tell them about that and I think. In general I think we probably do have some interesting things to say actually there is an interesting aspect to that though because when we beam out you know radio and television signals a lot of them do actually go out into space and so it's not inconceivable that an alien civilization if they had the technology to decode the signal could get a significant fraction of our radio and television war costs which makes my stupid quiver about Game of Thrones actually potentially relevant as far as the random walk is concerned look it is a problems faced is huge I mean you have a navigation problem that we have on earth but then you have it in 3 and potentially 4 dimensions I guess I'm just going to have to rely on my optimism again and say that by the time we're in communication with an advanced alien civilization would have a much better way of navigating in pinpointing a location like Google Maps but without the tendency to direct you into traffic. Very good very good and I think the ACA Well they didn't think the question of how we would communicate is an interesting one because we have this problem at the moment of how do we communicate with ourselves in one way into the future because language changes so much in often in very short periods of time and this issue is particularly crucial around recording the location of nuclear waste dumps we need to leave that information for future generations but 1st of all how do we store that information and 2nd of all what language do we communicate that in I mean if you think what at how our ancestors might have spoken 340-508-0020 extension 00 years ago I mean this is a very rich chance we would not have been able to communicate that but we need to leave this in a language that will be understood by people potentially tens of thousands of G.'s the future so the issue of language is a critical one and I guess we can look at the disk that was put on one of the voyages of wager to avoid what if you are one of the Voyager spacecraft that's now accelerating beyond the edge of our solar system and there I guess is the only universal language to some degree is is the language of science it's the language of math the language of physics and there are some fundamentals that can be communicated so it forms a start of a foundation I guess to build on that you know communicating 01 in the position of our solar system and the number of planets in our solar system in their orbits we can we have a base to start from which is that the language of science and particularly the language you know math and physics Yes I suspect that's the only starting point we've got at this at this stage. The fact that things flash on and off across the universe so perhaps might be a way of of making ourselves understood here here's a question for you to start with Bianca so as both the physiology. And I don't offer a feeling I might know the answer to this Pete in Belfast Peter in Belfast says I'd like to know why is it that no matter what we eat and the many colors of our food that fecal waste in both humans and indeed animals is always brode. A that's a sort of that is a question I think my kids have probably asked me Yes the short answer is that everything that goes into your got good basically gets it gets mashed up it gets enzymes added to it it gets acid thrown at it it gets basically pulverized and processed beyond all recognition so very little of that color because often that color itself is for example the orange of carrots comes from beta carotene and that itself is a useful nutrient for our body so that is absorbed into a body so generally speaking anything anything of use is absorbed so what's left behind the ease the stuff that our body can't use which is generally speaking if you're a healthy functioning digestive system turns out to be Brown if it's anything any extremes of color there's probably something wrong like oh you know I mean I bring up one exception to this which is beet which shows yet very alarming that the babies are alarming I must admit I'd say it's one of those great science experiments the kids always love is having beetroot and then saying how long it takes fear you are prepared to change color they're always a winner I actually don't know what it is that causes the red color in but it's why it persists when the orange of carrots and for example the grain of a of a cucumber or an Apple doesn't but generally speaking what comes out e's a kind of is everything that the body can't use and so it's should generally speaking always baby the same color and if if it's not then I'd be reading baits or you're eating something with a lot of food coloring in it or you have a medical problem they go to I mean just as well the president who asked me why we wanted to do astronomy one answer is that astronomy is a lot less gross and biology. And that's a huge reason to want to do. Because nobody ever asked me no kind of question. Like yours that's so comforting isn't it let's take a one more call and this is from Pete in Leeds how Pete. Yeah I mean I know I ask if I'm alive. When the $100.00 dinosaurs died out did we do is divine a misfit I asked because the ominous star Yeah it's at the same time. I'm sure yeah I just. So I don't I just know now you got. The I don't believe we lost necessarily lost a lot of atmosphere as if it disappeared into 'd space I think the composition of the atmosphere changed drastically because there was a lot of dust that was was to it was put in the atmosphere the a lot of things died out a lot of plants that would have died out a they composition of the atmosphere would have changed drastically in terms of and I mean that would have had an in an impact as well as much on the ocean because the ocean. The marine environment depends on sunlight almost as much as as the terrestrial environment and so there would have been impacts on marine creatures as well but also any creature that forms a show is reliant on the ocean being of the so. So not too acid not too alkaline and so if you have a change in atmospheric composition which is something we're actually saying at the moment because we're getting increasing levels of c o 2 in the atmosphere we're actually getting increasing ocean acidification which makes it harder for for creatures with shells to actually make those shells so there would have been a huge amount I mean we're probably only just scratched the surface in terms of understanding the effect on that extinction event and that asteroid hitting the planet but I don't know that it necessarily and I could be wrong but I don't think it blasted anything beyond the earth sort of gravity well I think it will kind of still hung around the Earth it just messed things up a lot. Wow that sounds right to me. Good will it will take it then thank you very much. Here's here's a curious thing this is from Mark in Leeds and just looking for clarification really he says I keep reading on the internet about the so called Dark Knight satellite and Dark Knight like Batman I've seen numerous pictures it is pure black no government has taken responsibility this is a hoax yes. Tresco Yes it is. Essentially it's there it's a conspiracy theory along with most u.f.o. . There was originally there was a photograph in about $998.00. Which was a photograph of some space debris that got interpreted as being a satellite but it's essentially just people putting together little bits and pieces of evidence into a compelling and interesting but not true story thank you and and to go back to our original question about what would happen of the sun when typed keys in inventory says what about the creatures living right at the bottom of the ocean around the volcanic vents Surely he says they'd still be living if the earth was still turning even if the sun was out yeah that's actually a really good point which I hadn't thought about the extremophile bacteria which is down there by ocean vents. I think that as far as I'm aware they seem to live without any light from the sun at all because all of their energy comes from the Earth's core so that's actually a really good point good news for extremophile bacteria if there are many of those listening in you'll be fine. Well thank you excellent. This is. Just yeah here's this is a different question this from Philip who says please would you give me an explanation as to why I sometimes feel uncomfortably cold even if the temperature set by my heating system in the room is 20 degrees Celsius at all other times with only 12 Celsius in the room I feel perfectly comfortable I experience it every winter is it to do with the rate of heat loss through the room structure if it is should I have a heating system that senses the outside temperature and compares it with the inside temperature and so modulator the boiler according to the temperature difference. I would suggest it's probably less to do with your heating system and more to do with you namely your own metabolic processes so your constantly producing hate your body is it's consuming oxygen and it's basically burning all of these this you know the fat in the energy that you've consumed to keep you warm because you are a warm blooded creature. And so our metabolism waxes and wanes or sometimes when it's burning really hot particularly for example after you've had exercise and you've you've had a lot of physical activity then you feel really hot but in contrast if you've been sitting around you haven't really moved very much particularly for have to be Haven't eaten so much then your metabolism slows down and you'll feel a lot colder so I mean I'm familiar with this is well excite have days when I know the thermostat is right I know that it's showing me that it's currently 22.5 degrees but there were days when need to wear a big thick jumper and then they'll be days when I'll be swanning or at imitation it and really it does come down to what's going on in your body at the time what you've eaten how well you slept what what sort of physical activity you've had and also there are some medical conditions that can change how how I guess how much hate we produce and particularly people with our weird conditions who have an overactive or an underactive thyroid that can change with you know you know how I guess how your metabolism operates and I think people with an underactive thyroid often really really feel cold whereas in contrast a few women going through menopause can experience hot flashes where that's got nothing to do with physical activity or what they've eaten or what they're wearing it's purely a hormonal thing where it's causing the blood vessels in your skin to to dilate it's bringing a lot of hate to the surface and so you have these these flashes all these flashes of hate so it's almost certainly to do with what's going on in your body at that time as opposed to I guess what's going on in the environment because you're. I missed that should be corrected it won't be going walking down the list there's something seriously wrong with the electronics it's much more likely to be what's going on inside so interested I remember hearing somebody declaring that that the actual ideal temperature for a thermostat. If I give it to you in Fahrenheit forgive me just it's just the number that they used was 68 found on it. Don't know why that number strikes me as a nice comfortable number it's maybe it's just because it's a round about that I keep my own therapist set to but there's no magic number you're saying no not really I mean it to it depends on the individual Some people really feel occult some people are totally not I mean just within my own family we can lie and siblings I know that my brother is always hot you know and he has a lot of he will use to have a lot of hair and so it depends on even just a lot of hair on your head or if you've got really hairy arms or not so hairy arms it's a very individual thing I think is this probably a temperature range and I'm afraid I'm going to have to do this in Centigrade which is probably between about sort of $18.00 to $23.00 Ross seems to be in the comfortable zone for humans in a standard work environment but again that will change a lot depending on what clothes you're wearing what food you've eaten how stressed you are many many factors I think my 68 is about 20 choice so out right in the middle of that really good thank you very much for that here's one for Jessica Nigel says in a novel called Ringworld a space ship was envisaged which spawn like a wheel creating artificial gravity for travellers living on the inside of the ring Is this feasible How large should the diameter have to be to create sufficient gravity for human survival how fast with have to spent. So it's absolutely feasible and this is one of the great inside seen Einstein's relativity actually which is that acceleration is indistinguishable from gravity and here acceleration can include spinning yeah completely feasible and one of the ways that scientists are actually looking at creating spaceships that would be able to house people for a really long time because it's in a comparatively easy way I mean mimicking gravity anyone who's ever been on sort of a merry go round or anything spinning has had the feeling of being pushed to the edge and that's exciting that's exactly what you get in this kind of brings a ship as the how large it would be and how fast I think those 2 are really closely connected so I can't work out off the top of my head exactly what the relationship would be but you would have to work out some sort of relationship between the size of the ring and how fast it was spinning in order to get a comfortable at gravity I think one of the things that is interesting about this kind of design is the you can actually play with that a little bit so you could have something that was customized for the comfort level of what you were trying to achieve the people who were on the spaceship you could have more all s. Gravity that you know that and then if that was something that you were interested in so it is a really reasonable design and definitely drawn from science I think that's what. Franklin was to say about the color of it value of food so I think we're prompted to you Bianca this is I believe the body has a built in system to estimate the amount of calories in food eaten and will tend to eat more of a food if it senses that the food is low in calories if so would it be better and healthier and save money to eat smaller portions of high calorie food rather than large portions of low calorie food. Well let's I guess that does cut to the heart of the. Problem we have without food source which is that so many of the foods that we that we are confronted with I guess if I can use that term today are very high calorie low nutrient sources of food that are provided in vast large quantities lost sort of large portions and this takes me back to studying primates at university and I remember we learned about a kind of it's called a leaf monkey because all its leaves and leaves a very low in energy so they've got lots of fiber they've got lots of nutrients but they don't have a lot of calorie content and so these monkeys have to eat huge quantities of leaves every day to get the amount of energy then 8 and then they basically lie around in the afternoon with a belief a these huge bill is facing the sun and just digest so yes it would make sense for them to eat small amounts of the high calorie high calorie food but they can't always get that and so really we adapt to the food source that is most really readily available to us and I guess as omnivores wait and eat pretty much everything and what we now have the situation though is that we we have pretty recently in I guess what the 1st the kind of developed world industrial world we have access to a very very high calorie diet the problem with that is it's not always high in the kind of nutrients that we need but we are also driven by this desire to. I guess to store fat feeling at times to store energy for later times we're still operating on that kind of model where we used to have a hunt at everyone would face they'd been they'd eat as much as they could and then in but the lean times for a few weeks they used to be how we lived we don't live like that anymore but our body still thinks we does we do and so it's constantly driving us to accumulate energy to store fat in case you know. It becomes winter in a laugh resources disappear so it's it's a tricky question is a lot of different elements to it but generally speaking what we should be doing is eating small amounts of high energy foods but also we need to balance those with nutrients as well fiber it's not just about the energy intake it's also about all of the nutrients that the body needs to build bones and keep our eyes healthy and all of us lots of questions to complicate it actually let's race on thanks very much Bianca This is from Adrian in Hartford and he says if the h. 2 a was delivered by water based asteroids will our planet now attract iron based ones now that were covered by metal satellites When fact he says become a giant magnet Jessica. No unfortunately but that's an absolutely amazing image so I know they think the simple answer is that Assad lives on not any ties and even if they were it would have to be an incredibly strong magnet in order to attract asteroids to us however there is something really cool that's related to to that which is that there are companies that are starting up now looking at mining asteroids so we're not bringing them to ask but actually going out to them in order to find them so they minerals which is I think a fascinating idea because really I think the 1st time we've got a real estate and pretty near future way of gaining resources that on anything to do with territory now we're getting into really interesting questions about what that might do for politics and what that might use of resources and how that might even things out for us still we've got the problem that it's expensive to get things into space in the 1st place by the fame of this the theme of this morning seems to be that Jess is really optimistic I think that's a problem that we're going to solve soon and the basic reason that we have to and then I think that asteroid mining is something that's going to be our reality definitely within our lifetimes right and we've talked about life on Mars and what have been like on the moon so try to obvious to Suniel there's a bit of a bonus to be struck here and he says there's a big Superman fun I was wondering if I saved up enough pocket money to build a spaceship to travel to another planet with a be any possibility of me possessing a parent's super powers for example if this new planet had a much weaker gravity relative to earth would my body see much stronger there as it would be used to coping with a gravitational field of greater magnitude would a more oxygen rich rich atmosphere also enhance physical capability for example running toward I could develop x. Ray vision as a capricious that's a bit far fetched meal. I think you might. Experience some sort of increased stress strength so you know we were talking about how if people grew up in low gravity environments they might have in a weaker muscles then people in high gravity environments my gut feeling and I'm not of Iowa just and if Bianca wants to weigh in on this I'd love to hear what she has to say is that these sorts of effects would wear off really quickly the effect of being in 0 gravity makes itself felt baster annoyance even on relatively short missions to the space station so I think any sort of increased strength would probably fade reasonably quickly because essentially a body just wouldn't be getting any exercise and your muscles would atrophy Oh dear that's Jessica Bloom from the aggressor said they had a great one word 2 words. Superpowers are what you make of them and they could be some.