Is b.b.c. 5 Live. President Trump has accused his former chief strategist of losing his mind after he was sacked from his job at the White House Saban has described a meeting between Mr Trump's son Donald Junior and I Russian lawyer as treasonous and unpatriotic Callen borders is a politics reporter at The Washington Post and even Dad quoted in a blog coming out next week speaking very critically about the president's family in particular about Donald Trump during your and if we know one consistent thing about this rather than if you cross is family you're welcome back to real bangun the children's commissioner for England is calling for more education in primary schools about the risks of social media and long failed says many children are ill equipped to cope with the sudden demands of online sites when they move to secondary school we know that increasing let the fans r.t. a Showing in children 131415 if we don't tackle this by building with aliens helping prevent children yet overwhelmed by the digital world and West storing up problems for the future and the government says it's working closely with schools about online safety education 3 people have been killed after a storm Eleanor crossed from the u.k. To Northern Europe a skier died in the French Alps and 2 people were killed when they were swept away by a huge wave in northern Spain that in power cuts in tens of thousands of homes and operation has begun to recover the wreckage of a seaplane which crashed near Sydney on New Year's Eve killing 5 members of a British family which had cousins died with his 2 sons his fiance and her daughter there are calls for more to be done to rein in the top 5 Chief chief executives of the U.K.'s largest companies new figures show they've already earned as much as the average British worker will in a whole year as a business correspondent John t. Blum the figures been calculated by the High Priest center I think tank and the c.i. P.d. Which is the professional body for h.r. Professionals they believe. That excessive boardroom pay can have a damaging effect on the rest of the workforce and should be based on stronger criteria than at present a department for business as it hopes new laws will address the issue drivers are facing the highest prices at the pumps for 3 years the r.a.c. Says petrol raced reached an average of one pound 21 last month with diesel one pound $23.00 the high price of oil and the weak pound being blamed Simon Williams is from the organization it's obviously more expensive time to be on the road but not as bad as April 2012 when we saw record highs for petrol at 142 and diesel at $148.00 pence Alisa So we're still a ways off that and Tony Blair has stepped up his criticism of Labor's approach to Brecht's is accusing the party of being too timid the former prime minister says Labor should stop backing the U.K.'s withdraw from the e.u. That is your 5 Live news there sir cross live now to Sydney where Day one of the 5th Ashes Test is underway and often over and has the latest and the 50 is up for England $52.00 for one courtesy of a lovely cover drive from James Vince who's 8 not out with him as to cook has 18 the man to go Mark Stoneman caught behind off the bowling of Pat Cummins for 24 it was a quick fire not from the England open a bit we disappointed by the way he was dismissed but Vince and cook have withstood some good pace attack from Australia and Nathan Lyon who's on with his off breaks and already getting some turn cook beaten outside the off stump in the over before last but England 52 for one here in the Sydney sunshine the rest of the sport from Joe Kerry also Venga has described referee and see Taylor's decision to award Chelsea a penalty in the 2 all draw as far cicle Jack Wilshere had put the home side ahead before adding hazard one and then scored the spot after heck to Beleriand appeared to catch his foot in the box Marcos Alonzo gave Chelsea the lead late on only for ballon to salvage a point for Arsenal with a superpower folly Japan's kind she Curry has pulled out of the Australian Open. And off to failing to recover from a wrist injury in time the news comes as Andy Murray roughen a doll on Novak Djokovic all remain doubts for the 1st grand slam off the year and Wales wing George North could miss the start of the 6 Nations with a knee injury he set to be out for up to 4 weeks this is b.b.c. 5 live on digital online the smartphone and stop let you wear the rain will cross some England Wales and Northern Ireland by the morning for the top temperatures of around 11 degrees c. As the 5th Test live from Sydney so he gets his own story the serious story of the woods a free fall exhibit in the Stevens wasn't. Even the most the series but now price a playful droid and there are. Groups around which against that war now is tied. To the ashes start to slot for 6 right now by phone 5 like thoughts extra. On am and f.m. Around the u.k. On digital and online I'm Raj Shah more up all night. There was some pretty fast food work by various power companies yesterday in the wake of star Eleanor treaded 2000 homes and Scottish and shallow Alec just a cereal lost power all night was stored as were over 11000 sat by the North on power grid tried a 5000 homes lost all interest in Northern Ireland and all of been restored by no exchange for an unfortunate 1700 losing power for any length of time as a householders nightmare especially when it's freezing at night and we face a spade to burn burst pipes so the best trick I endorse the charge on everything. Time to shake off keeping the water moving and sometimes focus on the big problem. Stuff for us to say hello to Dr Col for the 1st time in 2018 Happy New Year dot com . Happy New Year Dr awed and also happy closest of the earth to the Sun day of the Perry. Today's the day. Yes it always seems to be peculiar though that we have to celebrate it when it's cold and generally unhappy as it says you know up in the northern hemisphere I know it's much nicer for you but there we are somebody has got to take the rough for the smooth. Shore So what we've had is the most abnormally hot toys we've had for years because it got the combination of firstly the perihelion which you have heavy plants that Epeli in I think this one has the from the sun right and then Perry helium and the distance change is roughly far 1000000 kilometers out of a total distance of about 140000000 kilometers so today the earth to be always is at its closest approach to the sun by 5000000 kilometers secondly it's also getting awfully close to a super moon in this case the moon is at its closest it's about 50000 kilometers normally closer than normally is so instead of being about 410000 kilometers 360000 kilometers or something it's actually very very close it's a very large moon so the combination of the very close sun and the very close moon means the Tods a big if they happen to coincide which they do today and so we're down to my local pool and hard thought even though there was hardly any at all was enough to make it real or to flee dangerous and he was sort of wondering with He'd go in or not whereas at the beach it was just dead flat and it was lovely and warm so happy Perry Healy indited everybody well that's good. There are lots of lots of thoughts that crowd and on a famous scientist at the beginning of the year and you think about Lost. Well I was saying I suppose a slaughter such a slow slow slow creature but there's something odd about Slawson. Well yes a they are truly a source I will well named. They are very slow in fact they have the lowest metabolic rate of any mammal that we know of unless of course that memo is hard but I think the for any mammal this sort of wandering around in functioning is got the lowest metabolic right if you were to get technical it's around $162.00 killer Joules per day per kilogram and then the next one obvious say the Giant Panda which is about 185 and then the koala in Australia about $410.00 so it's down $162.00 so firstly it is the most sought full animal that we know of Secondly we don't know much about them they really had to get at they live high in the canopy of the jungles in Central and South America they really hard to get to because the rod at the very end of the canopy with if you step on the branch the whole thing bends over the hard to spot the very small that a move much and they're often gets mad with green algae so they they blend in there's a wonderful article about this in the new sawdust of the 17th of December which alerted me to these gauze and they've got to with things going with them the 1st is their body temperature varies wildly like you and us you know. $37.00 degrees plus or minus a fraction and it goes down over in really cold war and if we having a favor goes up but normally it's $37.00 plus or minus a half these cause they got swings of belief far I've said the grade degree. And that means that they save energy it costs a lot of energy to maintain a core body temperature there. Disadvantage of course is that when it gets cold they get it even slower but they're his worth it but the weird thing is that they have fast twitch muscles now you'll see fast twitch muscles and somebody like a sprinter such as Mr Ball the same bolt and why they're inefficient inefficient but boy can they put a lot of energy for a very short period of time so why would a slaughter have such a thing have these really energy hungry muscles and it turns out that it doesn't move much but when it does move it wants to move relatively quickly and so it just moves from here to there then just stops again and we think that's where they've gone for these inefficient but. Very fast moving fast which we still run with you know we can assurance we can develop these current If we want to to turn and to use a ball as kids we train like mad and we develop these fast twitch muscles would be . Well firstly there's a bit of genetics involved and that counts for a lot and then you can train them and then thirdly you can cheat and you can actually switch the nerves over so if you switch a nerve that runs a slow twitch muscle over to a fast twitch muscle and vice versa the muscle changes to become what the nerve tells it to become so if that nerve originally came from a fast twitch muscle then that muscle turns into a fast twitch muscle so the nerve controls what the muscle will become which is something we still getting our head around. Well if you would like to talk to Dr Caro I suggest the following phone number or 590-9693 Alternatively you can you can text us and you can e-mail us on our poll night at b.b.c. Thought c. O. Dot u.k. And the text number will come back to me in a minute I just had one of these amazing moments I forget I forget what they're called out guy no idea what you call these things when you forget the text number 85058 I'm good to see is our tax number. Having. Having sort of scanned through the e-mail for the last couple of weeks when we were off the air last week and all we saw on I find a rather nice piece from John root separates in Washington d.c. Who sent us a little clipping about cellophane I don't know if you happen to see this too dark but. It's a short piece from a Smithsonian magazine that says to cope with a shortage of boots and World War 2 grocers created the self-service meat section with those rows of precut shops and fillets yet there is another invisible force behind that change cellophane which profoundly colors how we shop today a Swiss textile manufacturer invented cellophane in 1908 chemists improved the product which was eventually controlled by Dupont making it both moisture proof and Pam able to or that was a boon to brightly lit modern supermarkets because even chilled red meat kept in an airtight package turns browed and initially harmless bio chemical reaction shoppers mistake for spoilage In contrast cellophane permit sausage and to react with meat maintaining its crimson hue for days cellophane changed our idea of what natural looks like said I know. Kyoto University of business a story on wrapping the story in a forthcoming book however this writer Abigail Tucker says things are changing internet based food shopping is projected to take 20 percent of the traditional market by 2025 and visual packaging online is reportedly less important than information so. The moment a cell phone rules yeah but it's not it's not interesting I mean. It's interesting how the technology has changed social habits so it's a 2 way street and this is a case of when you take nosy changed what we did how cute that is lovely Yeah well I'd like to give you an engineering kind of car question to begin with because I know how much you love them and it's come right in here from Jethro the mill cool and it just Jethro says modern biofuels are supposed to give an engine performance and keep the fuel system Clete Why is it then that I have to run a tank of injector cleaner and clean the throttle bodies of my motorcycle say once a year to maintain a steady idle and keep keep the engine running smoothly. That's interesting my son's in the motor box and I was surprised that even today there are still some very high performance motorbikes and use calculators but it's like this motorbike has got fuel injected So yes they do have fuel injectors and I guess is just simply a case of in this ng to have that is. That they the new products do not match up to the all products so having a biofuel. Is a relatively new addendum and the systems in the engine have not been set up for this new fuel but rather the older fuel and so therefore because the fields are not identical he gets the blockage of the injectors of heard people talking about this and harder carbons if you dealing in something that is always a side or as the blend does change for fuel between summer and winter more volatile all in winter less volatile in summer because the temperature is higher so you go to the heart of carbon fuels that are essentially the same in this an industry which is being built up over the best part of a century and so the 2 have come together in the last confluence such as the power output in fuel economy of engines is much better than it used to be the downside is that you if you introduce a new feel it more been there for a decade but it has been there for a century and is not the majority of the fuels do not know what is about the biofuels that causes the blocking of the injectors so we'd need in order mode of engineer specializing in fuel delivery technology to be able to tell us exactly what the chemicals are that but I doubt no. We'll come back in there in just a minute with a question actually I have for you let's join Jonathan over and the cricket's Hello John hello again Rod wearing the batting 1st after winning the toss 64 for one at the moment Stoneman the man out to 24 but cook and Vince a rebuilding impressively here Cook 22 not out James Vince couple of flashy boundaries with a backward point area in the last few minutes is 16 not out every rain for Brant is here former England batter How do you rate this partnership so far I think this is excellent 1st of all it's good to see Cook has taken momentum from the last innings he's been moving is fee excellent he's been getting behind the ball we still get his ever you know he's not he's not necessarily going at the ball unless it's there but Vince is coming in nicely he's looked as he always does beautiful on the I actually like to see him play that slightly more aggressive shot the ball was there and he called out it so this is an excellent partnership building nicely and you get the end of the session at this sort of feel that have a good morning it's a big match for James Vince isn't it you feel that if he doesn't get the runs here could be the end of his Test career here there's been a lot of talk about whether he's mentally got it we know technically he's more than capable but whether he's got that concentration ability so he needs a stampedes Mark what he does he get starts he looks good but he's got to capitalize today if he if he does go on to get a solid score in this or the next innings I think given the license but if not they'll be a lot of questions asked Thank you have a nice 17 James Vince has cooked 22 Test Match Special with the commentary right now on sports extra 165 for one. Thank you John I'm just a quick question because I recently when I was in Scotland I hired a diesel car and I don't usually drive a diesel car and I got a big warning light saying I had to the blue. Because that was going to you know the engine actually apparently stops if you don't keep up the level. This thing is a huge big tank in this particular car I was driving and if you let it go. They don't like that but I wondered if you had any knowledge of the saboteur of an particular and why. She used to you know keep a diesel engine running clean. A do not know this is to homework for me and hopefully one of l. Wise listeners will be able to fill us in on this and this is something I've been curious myself almost certainly to do with pollution in the monolith and of knowledge Ok that's fine will it will go on clean burning Diesel's and any thoughts . This is from Judith in Lincolnshire who says I hope this isn't a silly question and Dr Karl say there are no silly questions the 1st time machine but why is it. And friends I have asked in holy on scientific research much prefer cold drinks with savory food and hot ones with sweet food Who Code drinks. With several savory. Hot ones frozen Ace's regular meals I don't know conditioning totally out I think there is that condition with the morning and afternoon tea that you do have the hot tea and then says who that is some sort of biscuit cookie cake inserts we can fix and so it could be a case of conditioning once again where is our largest to use the that one range of as you say could be as you say it's conditioning might be upbringing it might be something that you've done since you were a child and you just associate sweetness and you. Right. Let's talk about U.F.O.'s My name is Michael says our correspondent I live in Birmingham over the last few years I've texted about something I have seen almost 30 years ago what I saw was a giant triangle which was hovering in the sky it made no noise I don't lighten each Karna in those days were normal while cameras but what I've seen is burned on my mind the object was later spotted over Belgium and seen by many people and chased by the Air Force since then the been many sightings all over the world of the same object no one can explain what it is but on the Internet some people said this is an American secret aircraft called the t.r. 3 b. The question I ask is does anyone know of a giant flying triangle or object which can hover and make no noise and accelerate at tremendous speed I've attached a link he says to something spotted over Russia and the Samurai he says that this is the same thing and please please don't dismiss this as some crazy alien in 4 story. There are various black programs of the military do run and like Comus they will deliberately disseminate false information about their programs to keep them quiet. And there were many cases with the a 71 when seen at certain angles there was the black bird which would have production the few years ago it had this sort of a disco appears when you soared from certain angles this one that. Harvard had lots triangular and could accelerate suddenly no idea these reports keep on coming up all the time now if you read the aviation magazines consistently which are been doing for about 30 years always the military a trying to come out with a bit of a vehicle ideation vehicle that will give them some sort of vantage of whoever they are opponents in that particular decade and so over the years I've seen the b. 2 bomber come out of the dock the f 117 a the crazy Goblin the 1st still thought up and then the. If that he fought popped out there wasn't much of a secret the f. $22.00 that wasn't much of a secret either there are some thoughts now about the hopper sonic replacement for the it's a $71.00 but going back 30 years ago Braun Dunning on the skip toy did is k e p t o id deals with some fo the communication forms of device that relate to this and he taught was it in with various objects that were flying around that would expect will by not having to invoke a secret test program so if you look up the broadening skip toward program when you have England I think it deals with that triangular object in much more detail that I know about thank you thank you very much for was great. Mark writes to us from Turkey and wishes your happy new year he says I used to listen to you on radio or podcast on a stallion morning radio years ago a really cool stuff he says to me is what my friends with me liked your book about the Bermuda Triangle as well and Mark is curious about something which I have heard and I to my shame I haven't actually gone and looked it up but Mark too has heard that data mining for a bit Koreans uses the same part shell tricity as Ireland or another small country and I thought I've read this as well I just wonder if you've got any knowledge of the process and why it should use quite so much power. It does use as much power as New Zealand or half as much power as a straight Yeah I think it's 4020 or 40 gigawatts is how much power it is using her power is the right of using energy and the when you say I was much power. Over what sort of a period. See well when it uses much energy as New Zealand uses per day or is then tiny Asli it uses much power so the relationship between power and energy is not the relationship between distance and speed it's 20 kilometers to the nearest village and you can cover that any speed you like from 10 up 2 kilometers in Arabs' the legal limit so Palla is the right it was your burning you're in an energy so. Stride has a bigger population the New Zealand so we're burning our energy at roughly twice that right so power is not of any given time in the same way as speed is done over any given time must be the market is right now 60 kilometers per hour and if I choose to stay at 60 kilometers per hour for one hour then all of cover the distance of 60 kilometers and that's a similar relationship with different units between power and energy so power is the right at which you burn your energy and it just takes a couple of repetitions of this using the analogy of speed and distance before it becomes locked into your brain so I'm hoping that will help right he probably need a few more iterations to get stuck in that it took me quite a few Yeah I. Know Just remember it's like speed it's the speed at which you're covering in a car it's the right at which you're covering distance so pal is the right of which a bunny energy so if 2 countries are burning in g. At say Noddy gigawatts they're burning through so many jewels per 2nd now it's a bit Lisa I mean these ships computers are story always teraflops or whatever they're doing. It's the speed it's the speed at which they're pulling the energy in . The burning huge amounts of energy to do the fast processing so the teraflops flip flops stands for floating point operation which means in plain English add subtract and then multiply and divide just a whole bunch of adds and subtracts. So. The faster the processing speed the more power they need to be. So the way that the Bitcoin was set up by the mysterious and I've written a 4 part series of this on this on the a.b.c. Home page which you can get free and just look up Dr Carl d r k r k a l i b c and Bitcoin and you're coming to the 1st part of the 4 part series and just follow through so. The Tashi Neka Moto was a person who invented the technology behind big corn and we do not know whether it was a he or she or they and Tashi make a moto and we don't know that name Israel manufactured a method for having an unchangeable Public Ledger So if you want to do Bitcoin if you want to have a crypto currency going to have an electronic currency there are 2 problems one is proof of identity and 2 is double spending to. Solve the double spending so the 1st one is the proof of identity I want to buy a bus legal for Rod I will give you 200 pounds for your boss you go you'll give me in return a boss equal but we have to know each other's identity so we can do the swap over and that problem was solved by Hellmann and defeat back in the seventy's or eighty's and it involved private and public key encryption. And I won't go into it any further other than to say use mathematics to prove your identity uniquely and at the time and you and your boys have a bit of this it's like. Isn't it you have a bit or yes I saw you give that your public could see that there's an increasing code so this is a weird thing everybody in the world can have a copy of the software and the software might be for example p.g.p. Pretty Good Privacy and everybody's got a copy of it and everybody in the world has my story has yours has roads public so we wrote the message saying Hi Rod I'm coming around for a cup of tea I encrypted with the public everybody in the world has the software everybody in the world has the public you Rod the only one with a private cookie and only you in the entire universe can decrypt it apart from the military with virtually unlimited budget and being prepared to spend missive message message computing power but in ordinary day to day terms it's unpossible So that's the proof of identity and for me back then in the early seventy's too as a hippie to read about public and private key encryption was mind blowing but no go there the 2nd problem is double spending supposes boss ical of you for 200 pounds and then with the same electronic $200.00 pounds I cut and paste it and then buy another bottle of somebody else and at the end of the day when the money turns up suddenly only $1.00 person gets the money out of double spent the money and Statoil she fix this by having the blocked child in. Now the block chain requires a huge amount of work to verify that this transaction is real it's all explained in a 4 part series but it uses a huge amount of computing power how much well some much the people house will last winter when I was doing it as ago when I was doing most story on block China I asked around in the school of physics to see if anybody knew anything about this guy came up the most in the corridors need to be on to his place and in the middle of winter his house was toasty warm and he was mining bitcoins and he had several 100 g.p. Use or graphic processor units which were chewing up some much electricity. That it was keeping his house warm as well as earning him money by verifying autumn's on the Public Ledger which needed a huge amount of computing power the 1st person to solve the problem which is a mathematical problem and he just sort of guessing for the answer the 1st person Firstly puts it in the ledger and secondly gets paid a fraction of a big coin so that's why people are busy burning electricity so the trouble is the block tried isn't the way it's set up inherently It requires a huge amount of computer power to set up this unchangeable Prof Public Ledger now what I'm saying unchangeable it used to be unchangeable but if you go to a small number of players who have massive computing power they can in fact subverted but apart from that possibility it is unchangeable So the reason that it burns up so much electricity is that you have to guess a solution to a mathematical problem and he's run through every possible solution so you've got for example a number with a 1000 digits and one of the only 2 prime numbers. That multiply together to give you that you just go searching and you're burning up huge amounts of electricity you're burning up electricity at the same right that New Zealand or I believe all of it is burning electricity and there we are well how well so just have a look there Mark. At the home page for for a dot on the p.c. And you'll you'll learn even more and thank you very much for that question it takes us to just after half past 3. 5 from your league football anyone else this is b.b.c. 5 Live The news comes from Nick Hatton following claims in a new book President Trump has accused his former chief strategist of losing his mind Steve Benen has described a meeting between Mr Trump's son Donald Junior and I Russian lawyer as treasonous and. Unpatriotic social media is exposing children to significant emotional risks they start secondary school at Seaview of the children's commissioner for England and Longfield says she's worried that many are ill equipped to cope 3 people have been killed after a storm an across from the u.k. Into Northern Europe a skier died in the French Alps while 2 people were killed when they were swept away by a huge wave in northern Spain and prices at the pumps are at their highest for 3 years the r.a.c. Says petrol reached an average of one pound $21.00 in December with these all at one pound $23.00 the weak pound and the high price of oil are being blamed those are your 5 Live news headlines us cross live to Sydney now where Johnson over and has the latest on day one of the 5th Ashes Test England 74 for one the here in Sydney after winning the toss and batting 1st some excellent shots from the England batsman so far here's a lovely pull shot from James vents to the boundary for 4 so he moves on to $24.00 alongside him Alastair Cook has 28 the man out Mark Stoneman caught behind by Tim paid off the bowling of Pat Cummins for $24.00 sowing and now $78.00 for one of that brings up the 50 partnership between Cooke and of it more from here shortly we're going to head to the Brisbane International tennis where Joe Concha is on court hears correspondent Russell fuller and the 5th seed is playing her quarter final match against the 3rd seed Elaina Spitta Lena and she's made a fabulous start after a hard 4 wins in the early 2 rounds against Madison keys an alley or Tom land of each where she dropped the 1st set contour is broken in the opening game she has broken again now she leads by 3 games to love and everything is going her way at the moment she's playing aggressively and looking to play just the way she did when she made such a successful start of the season last January Andy Murray news for you to he appears not to have given up hope of playing in this month's Australian Open he has been driven to Brisbane Airport today. And on a flight to Melbourne Here's the rest of the school from Joe Kerry picked a better ins injury time strike and also a 2 all draw against Chelsea at the Emirates in the Premier League with all 4 goals coming in the 2nd half Jack Wilshere had put the home side ahead before and has not equalized moments later from the spot market then gave Chelsea the lead late on only 5 Beleriand to salvage a point for off no with a superpower folly but for the 2nd game in a row also boss also Vanga was left criticizing the performance of the referee describing ansi tennis decision to award Chelsea a penalty as fossil was a remarkable game and once again we got very bad decision against us and so we have to account now in the preparation of probably game set but what you have to face and not to give up with 200 and over and it was a great football game when you come here you see who go but unfortunately she is worried by the decision and elsewhere next Chelsea striker Diego Costa scored 5 minutes into his Athletico Madrid return after coming off the bench against the east but tio former England defender Ashley Cole is signed a new one year contract to remain with the m.l.s. Side l.a. Galaxy at the age of $37.00 and Wales women forward and Tasha Harding is joint reading on a long term contract Japan's kind to Curry has pulled out of the Australian Open after failing to recover from a wrist injury in time the news comes as Andy Murray roughen a doll on Novak Djokovic all remain doubts the 1st Grand Slam of the year Wells when George North is a doubt for his country's opening 6 nations fiction against Scotland off to sustaining a knee injury a previous knee problem picked up in October caps now out of the autumn internationals and the former Wales captain Jonathan Davis says it will have an impact on the school board it's a big blow but it is part of the game. You're trying to go collision up with one of the problems of that we are not that strength in depth at the you know some of the country so it's good that you know any injuries no is going to put a strain on on the on the squad especially when. It's such a concentrated toward event where you know it's so there's a very demanding and the former England and Great Britain rugby league prop Ryan Bailey has won a landmark case against u.k. Anti Doping becoming the 1st player to escape a drugs ban for refusing to submit a test sample the Toronto player was charged for failing to provide a sample in May last year because he is worried about contamination f.a. Cup Brown 3 best to bring in a game plan to stay because now it's time for the big guns to enter the fray the British. No anything and no one has a right. To wish me to want to keep some of the jungle is going to destroy your dreams just run to the board it's when the stakes feel they can to find out where you can watch or listen to the f.a. Cup pub b.b.c. One of 5 life go to the b.b.c. Don't go to u.k. Slashed but. Across the u.k. This is b.b.c. 5 up all night. I remember that we began the sorrow of the question from Jethro about his fuel injector on his bike and why it still has to run injector cleaner about once a year and this is from Jack in Brighton who says that the finest of dust or carbon build up an injector is carburettor sore throat all bodies can the star of the air flow can also affect the pressure standing wave used to operate the pressure switch on the diaphragm so pretty caution trace a dancer but it's a lot to do with. That Alec it set things off of the motorbike engine even modern book motorbike engines need this cleaner. I was talking with the ignition who told me that the pressures in the inject is the so high that if a thin jet of the fluid would come squirting out not into the engine but on to your . If you cut your arm like ona. Fluid has enough pressure just to cut through you Rob lucky shoppers not right and we also have an answer to my question which is by the side a to bloom and diesel engine. With the answer here's David who is calling us from Saw spring loaded Hello Autumn Hello Dr Col David thank you so much for helping us out please enlighten us Ok basically out is consists of water and a substance called you we're but that's not the animal you align it's something that is to choose with. Basically a purity chemically produced Carbonite solution I believe and it's the Sultan high purity water and this Lou is jacked it into the exhaust gases from your diesel engine so just harmful. Carbonite oxide all not oxide so I say this to form comes out of the end of your exhaust pipe photo that is actually checked into the hot exhaust gas and it chases the harmless . Effect from Yorks all system and you get just much an oxygen at the other end charging and is the true to say David that as someone has text here saying it without the engine has reduced power it does basically what happens if you run out of out blue the engine management system will automatically which is the power on the engine to reduce the emissions and you'll end up with less power and you may even be with Jason speed as well. Thank you kasi David you guys over there get cold weather does this stuff freeze exaggerate or minus a 100 or had to deal with the fact that you're dealing in subzero temperatures. So I don't understand your question of saying that it is a mixture of your area and water water freezes a 0 if it's good you re a freeze a low temperature that much higher than temperature which Petrow different he's so what how do you deal with the fact he got this tank of water which has little bit of you really could potentially freeze in your very cold climate very cold climate in freaking no country to have as it is filthy So let's stop it from freezing so you can still have the process all of which is seen your harmful gases out the back end of your car so because that's in place you freaking it doesn't freeze we don't have temperatures like you do have over the America at the moment where you've got minus 17 Celsius we don't have that low that often so hot in our country it's not going to be that much of a problem. What do they do in the USA when it gets them on a 17 had they suffered from freezing and I believe. They add something to the days so I've even heard that you had a little bit of petrol today so that stops us from freezing but I also utilize things like some form so slight a. Candle Flame which is specially covered so it's safe and I think. I think by myself probably I'm talking about the days of freezing I'll talk about the ad blew freezing Oh right I took quite how much I don't know 30 years out blue in America. Hopefully they do over the you up because they use it on the yes 60 cylinder. David I think you after all this wisdom I think you had a little question for us too so why don't you ask it oh yeah it's basically why do we dream. I haven't really seen any explanations to that and I know scientists are . Still searching for a complete explanation as to why we sleep and dream. And we don't actually know what goes on in the mind when we are sleeping I know Sigman folds fuse believed dreams were expressions of unfulfilled wishes and other scientists said that it is elements of our past experience that we bring into mind and once again. It's an element different types of sleep I mean it's just an expectation if you can why do we dream Well I get my zone this from Firstly the journal called Scientific American mind and then secondly General cold now I can't remember the dream or dreams or dreaming but there is a peer reviewed journal dedicated entirely to dreaming and we don't fully understand from what I've been reading while we dream but it does seem to be as you mentioned as you alluded to firstly reinterpretations of the day events but also. Possible scenarios for future events where you might be worried about a meeting that you having the next day or. The crops that you're trying to grow or some work you try to do on a motor vehicle or on a program that can get incorporated into the dreams and in some cases it can help you resolve a bit mostly still of with a bit of a mess the bottom line is that we don't fully understand dreams though to fully understand sleep which is not in very informative answer but at least that. Being consistent with most of this morning on the 1st period Day the year. Thank you David thank you for your question let's let's join Jonathan over and at the Sydney Cricket Ground who are just how Iraq well England have just lost their 2nd wicket and it's James Vince who has tried to cut loose ball from Cummins to the point boundary for 4 only problem is he didn't get enough of the bat on the ball and he's edged it behind Tim Payne the way the keeper has pocketed to catch the 2nd wicket for Pat Cummins an England 88 for 2 and a real shame for James Vince because he was getting going in that innings he was 25 just like Mark Stoneman before him who got to 24 these England batsman are getting themselves in but then they're getting themselves out at the other end Cook has 37 he's still there joined by the man Captain Joe Root but success for Australia is there to work it's for Cummins $88.00 for 2 is the ignorance. Or well oh boy thank you Jonathan and here's a question and the email from from David is headed kino on markets He says My question is not of the usual kind my grandson is 13 and keen on math she got on very well at junior school where his teacher and current exploration of math now he is secondary school where is matched teacher simply says turn to the next page and do all the examples are very good mass teacher can Dr Kraus suggest some good ways internet books or whatever to keep his interest and to keep him from dying of boredom. This is a problem in the schools or with trying to do with the average students and so the one there are some of the get left behind and some who don't have the curiosity fully for all would suggest what I've been doing with some students who have come to me is to hook them into some sort of university system where they can start doing university level mathematics at a young age that would involve. Because the that would involve talking with a local university to see if you could find somebody who'd be repayed to allow him to enter into the class as an early age what about all you have another cough there producta What about some of these online for show it is and I'm thinking particularly of an American one called Khan Academy which does a lot of shooting online but not for nothing to be added. Is that is that a viable solution I mean for a 13 year old just if you if you look around the internet for the showings The trouble is that when you are self-taught what you learn you know really well but you don't know what you don't know you don't know what you're missing out on you don't get the big picture on the other hand the stuff that you have learnt because you went down the pathway you saw if you know really well so you can end up with gaps in your knowledge which is why it's helpful to have a teacher so there was many different branches of mathematics from number theory to computational to express abstract mathematics to top policy. You know this is what he would love to play with and so he needs to sort of dabble in all of the huge variations that exist within the land of mathematics is not just simply counting and so that would be one advantage of having a God along the way but certainly this stage the Khan Academy is excellent I've used a lot myself and found it really really useful with my kids but it might not take them far enough or might take them to put down the pathway within that just getting . Very good at one thing and not realizing that there are other equally wonderful things available that sawed. Before Christmas I remember you know we were asked a question about Best difference between blue asbestos and white especially and a very kind of concise summary here from Robin Michael who who says blue are specialists has more concentrated small particles of glass fiber these can become airborne dismantling quite a specif glossed fiber Warren into the fabric of the construction these are more Jura ball and not as easily this law dodged so it's the fact that blue asbestos particles more. Get Free didn't to the air and therefore can be breathed in and cause all sorts of nasty long conditions. This is particularly relevant to me since that my beautiful homeland of the bra in Sydney. Part of the cliff has been cordoned off because of his business problems from. Bad dumping procedures in the past so motivated to learn more. Ok. This is from Lee who says we sleep like completely dark room with no light whatsoever and after a while you start to see shapes moving around the room in the total darkness I can only assume it's not something you're seeing but your brain trying to make out image in the total darkness however the other night I was asleep I had a very deep sleep when a car pulled up outside on the road I heard 3 loud bangs as people got out the car 1st by of the car door slamming didn't quite make wake me up and then the 2nd door slamming made me realize something was happening outside began to wait me and I open my eyes to see what I would describe as a geometric triangular kaleidoscope pattern in black and gray folding around in on itself in the darkness and then the 3rd car door slammed completely waking me up in the pattern disappeared and slowly reverted back to the usual black swirling any idea what's going on Dr Karl I find it strange when sleeping and recharging the brain that it's making such complex patterns and then when. I wake up struggling to make sense of the total darkness. These 2 factors involved the 1st one is synesthesia we catch he was able to get a glimpse of in that strange zone between being asleep and being awake in my case if a car door slams when I'm falling asleep I will not see. In Shape throw will feel ripples run down my body. So synesthesia is actually a normal state of affairs and we it's present in all of us to some degree but only a very very small number of people have the full on synesthesia with for example like Franz Liszt the composer they would twinkle If fingers on the piano keys and then see colored bubbles floating in the air and then adjust how they move their fingers to make pretty shapes out of the color of bubbles so there was a case of with the sound was turning into images. Where most of us have it is in the marriage of smell and taste and if our nose is blocked or we've completely lost our sense of smell then the taste of food is much resists is much reduced so that phenomenon that he was experiencing in the waiting period was that synesthesia that we all have to some degree the 2nd thing is what's going on when there is no light in this completely blackened room and I'm not too sure what's going on it could be that there's just random farming of the chemicals in the rods and cones in the written or the chemical is cold 11 Cis Ritenour e t i n i l which is the name of the chemical which turns out to also by coincidence be the educate of for written out but in this case is that I have a chemical and it's a chemical that is bent and then when a photon of light lends all it changes shape to stright electricity is given off and then the electricity is pro is processed so. They could will be a very low background right of these chemicals 11 says right now just spontaneously bending stride or maybe being made straight by the casual cosmic ray out of nowhere or as the other option is that the brain itself in trying to make sense of the blackness is trying to crank up the gain on the system so that any visible lot then gets. And made very diffuse So for example with an amplifier and he tried to pick up a very quiet sound from a marker for the other indeed turn the gain up you get a massive amount of theists which is the random noise in the system and caged little bits of the signal coming through as well so I don't fully understand that one at all yet another I don't understand sorry. This is from our old friend should Neil who is attempting an answer for the question that we heard early on from Judith who prefers cold drinks with savory food and hot drinks with sweet food and should Neil says the 2005 paper published in The Journal of sensory studies found that the savin temperature of cheddar cheese affected how its taste was perceived the cheese was served at 5 centigrade trial centigrade and $21.00 set a grade and Sarina said increased as the temperature rose another a search or discovered in the same year why ice cream seems sweeter when warmer the observation was attributed to the taste receptor t r.p.m. 5 which picks up sweet bitter and mommy tastes sending a strong light will signal to the brain when food or drink is warmer thus also explaining why beer tastes more bitter as it gets warmer there are of course other factors like the concentration of taste compounds in the food and variations in taste sensitivity among people and other relevant study published in Nature in 1995 and that warming the front of the tongue where the card attempt any nervous from a cold temperature can cause a sensation of sweetness while cooling the same area cause a siren us and salt in us so in summary temperature seems to affect the neurons and that is pathway involved in perceived taste Happy New Year Suniel thank you very much. What a lovely end to think you have been to sink in getting it introduced to this complex pathway that is food saw us and taste perception. Not marble sort really has a has a bearing on the on the temperature of the of the drink and that's why Yeah Ok thank you Judas for starting us off on the path and. A question here. Yeah this I don't get but you may Steve from platen here Sevenoaks and can't says I haven't heard anything about the e m Dr for a while and I was wondering if Dr Karl might be able to comment about whether or not the quote impossible drive has become possible the last I heard was that it was being tested in space but I've heard nothing recently that yeah. The draw of the electromagnetic draw was supposedly some sort of reactionless draw of 4 outer space so if you're trying to travel on the ground you can rotate Atara an. Uber type the top and you go in a certain direction in space there's nothing to grab onto the vacuum is pretty close to a pure vacuum it's not exact and so if you want to go in one direction you throw something in the opposite direction and then you using Newton's 3rd Law of Motion for every action there's an opposite an equal reaction and you multiply up the mass by the velocity so the momentum's match up and then you go the Am draw it was supposedly. Some way to produce movement without. Throwing any material in the opposite direction and the results were always right at the range of test procedure capability so they could maybe pick up a movement and maybe not and with more sophisticated testing it never got any better so it's never been proven to work and the current thinking is that if there is any movement. In the reactions just part of the read of noise of the universe. Oh well random noise of the universe Dr Karl our pleasure. Thank you thank you to the world. For news and. Clearly for anyone else a b.b.c. 5 Live. 4 o'clock on the b.b.c. News comes from like half of the main news on 5 Live President Trump aides back at accusations made by his former chief strategist England captain and past and present at the crease in Sydney with England $95.00 foot 2 Cook has $39.00 root has 5. This is b.b.c. 5 a. President Trump has hit back at accusations made by his former chief strategist Steve Bannon says a meeting between the president's son and the group of Russians was Trey's and us Mr Trump has accused him of losing his mind state as the head of the right wing Nissan Breitbart Kurtz about l a used to work for the.