To our national security then for example terrorism Russia I have been using social media have critical fiber warfare tool and Russia has understood that acts in many ways is easier to manipulate people than technology the lawyer for a woman accusing Cristiana renowned of raping her in 2009 says the me too movement has given her the courage to come forward the vent his play it firmly denies assaulting Catherine male. Labor says to reason raise claim that austerity is coming to an end isn't credible the prime minister told a conservative conference that after a decade of economic 2nd Feiss the end is in sight but the shattered has led John McDonnell says the claim doesn't hold water the families of those who died in the Westminster terror attack say they hope lessons will be learned after the inquest into their deaths a coroner has ruled that all 5 were unlawfully killed by Khaled Masood last moment and that the security system had shortcomings John Fried's wife was one of the victims one of the 1st pieces of advice I ever gave me was dance the things to change you need to change we hope that it's just part of her legacy lessons we learned the venting of the families and being in the situation in the future I shall be forever or guiding lights and even though our family will never be the same without We will continue to fight against the injustice of which. Mark Radcliffe has been diagnosed with cancer the B.B.C. Radio 2 and 6 Music present he says he's taking time off for treatment but he hopes to be back in the new. Don't Trump is facing criticism for mocking a woman who says she was assaulted by his Supreme Court nominee he's pokes fun at Christine Blasi for the not recalling key details about the alleged attack by Brett Kavanaugh who denies the claims is the White House spokeswoman Sarah Huckaby's and as the president was stating the facts and frankly facts that were included in special prosecutor Rachel Mitchell's report he was stating facts that were given during Dr Ford's testimony and the Senate has to make a decision based on those facts and whether or not they see Judge Kavanaugh to be qualified to hold the position on the Supreme Court and his leaving B.B.C. Radio $101.00 extra The D.J. Puppy live his fine in the booth IJA made enormous mint on his Instagram after almost 10 years into the game alive to B.B.C. Radio one D.J. And Radio one and achieving everything I set out on the side of the time has come to me to be the B.B.C. In challenge I want to say thank you to everybody must listen to me over the years means more to me than ever know a lot of them on the journey to news that's latest news on find life at 11 has the sports arena held off a told them whole spec comeback has Leno messy school twice to help the visitors to a full to win Wembley that's 2nd successive Champions League defeat Meanwhile Liverpool midfielder Nabby cater was taken to hospital after being carried off with a back injury in the war no defeat by Napoli clubs men held of the home side until the 90th minute when the men's are insinuating made it one nail elsewhere in the Champions League P.S.G. Thrashed red star 61 in the Championship West Brom came from 2 no down to level against Sheffield Wednesday all the other schools can be found on the B.B.C. Sport website U.K. Spall as announced that they are bidding to bring more major sports events to the country a potential World Cup bid for 2038 received government backing last week and now it's been announced a feather events are being targeted including 3 of sightings grand. Tools the Ryder Cup on athletics wild championships and the E.C.B. Chief executive told Harrison says a very sad that Andrew Strauss has decided to step down as director of England cricket the former England captain has been on a break while his wife gets treatment for cancer. This is B.B.C. 5 Live on digital online smartphones and stop at a town and county stop for most places rain spreading southeast across Scotland and Northern Ireland flooding the patchy rainfall the northwest of England and you know the rains mostly dry elsewhere and that some sunny spells the 26 days it was Thomas On. In the U.K. Digital and online I'm Roger Sharpe and we're up almost 2000000 pounds in lottery money has just been awarded to 2 Robin walls from our excitement to the walls but to a lot of people who care about the job that Adrian and tonight's walls did in protecting the soft sites from the neighbors we all know that in the words of W.C. Sellers 16 to 6 all that the wall had everything to do with the Scots originally Irish but one scotch who were at this time and have a thing Ireland having driven the Irish rackets picked out of Scotland while a picture brackets originally Scots from Irish where they can pry. It's vice versa it's essential to keep these distinctions clearly in mind verify some of that 1000000 pounds gets spent on wallet you cations probably a good saying. Well very pleased to introduce Dr Karl hello Dr Karl hello Dr rug and become very honored to have here in the studio with me an astronomy student who's heading down the on as Ph D. Pathway and going to give you a different inside which is that the seasons the different here in Australia from the United Kingdom in Europe and they vary across Australia which is a huge land mass and so the me introduce Kirsten Banks who's in astronomy student welcome coastal Hello welcome thank you now you told me the story of the EMU So can you just sort of explain this and how it's different from other constellations is Sarah Kay the road to go Dennis power 1st yes of course Robert Kurson So things are having me so in general constellations when we look up at the night sky we look at the stars we connect the dots being the stars to create these vast images that some make sense others take a bit of extra imagination but down here this trail for Indigenous astronomy we often look at the dark patches of the night sky and what I mean by the dock patches when you look at the Milky Way you see these bright spots of dust a gas be can also see Doc patches of dust and gas and when you look at those dock patches you find these patterns that create massive manifestations of an emu shape and then has a very with the seasons so with the seasons it's position in the night sky indicates to us when is the right time to go looking for a new eggs so when the new ways have been he's a name you ate like a golf ball. Have be other and Amy is about. 3 quarters the size of a 40 wound like a head to pull out a head person's head oh my gosh a thing's a huge wall so that Mrs Amy lies one a good food per year no Mrs Amy lays around 30 to 40 eggs post season on the porch thing I know the ones that are OK that sounds terrifying it's about a couple of eggs every couple of days. OK And so take us through how the shape of the ME there is in the sky what this means with regard to what we do with the emu eggs Yes So the emu is huge so it stretches the HOTH way across the entire night sky when its feet which is near the center of the Milky Way need a central bulge when it's fate down on the eastern horizon the EMU looks like it's running along the horizon so that tells of the EMU and now running around trying to make a nest and get the nest ready so you realize that you just let them do their thing you. Love each other very much in a special way yes very much so later in the year when the body of the emu is now directly above us we now see in my country we're under the indigenous country Roger we see the central bold as not the body of the EMU but instead an emu egg in the nest. And this tell us now is the coldest part of the year and that's when the emu eggs just right for us to go out and collect these emus is the big guys the toll of the human being in a kick from an emu can break a human leg so you don't want to miss Had you do it you say hey look at her there look there's a monkey or what have you had you get the egg I agree they are terrifying birds but how you get to the egg is you would go out with a friend and take your emu Cola and all of you will know what any Mukul is any color that's not a human it is not a person no not a person not a person so most normal who has lived had to make a game you know is no no not quite because they measurable know and love. Most people have heard about a degree day before an equal it's kind of like a mini version version of a didgeridoo So it's not it's about the size of your forearm as hollowed out and what you do is you whack the top end of it so one of the openings of the EMU call it with your palm and that makes the sound of an Amy. Are there in the within goes what is a do this is just sit there will follow to the chase the sound of what So the particular sound you want to make is the male in the sound so that's 2 taps consecutively you can save taps along the top of the opening and the male sitting on the nest because it's a male in means that diesel in the nest they get very territorial so when they hear that there's another male somewhere around as an impostor it goes to trying to get rid of the imposter also then you can sneak in still one of these 30 IGS That's right Rod So you wrote this so this is a difference here in a strange I've only slowly realised thanks to people like us that which is that in astrology the indigenous seasons a not for like summer winter order or what have you call it the rather this 5 or 6 or 7 and then each related to when the vegetation does something and then in response the animals do something so the tree might come up with more berries and so you need the berries but then the animals can only the berries and or and then you can get the animals but these different hints from the environment so the seasons are related to what is good eating with the season and the things that this treasure is big is that you the saw is the USA So this is how many different language groups are they coast in the story from the did indigenous people who are here for 65000 years there are more than $250.00 language groups in Salia says whatever it is that there is many different seasons so there might be 6 seasons in one part of the country but I eat in another part just depends on the local good eating That's right so you know you're learning that this is well as doing your regular source I would be doing for your regular astronomy stuff my regular starting the stuff I've just finished my natural assigned to the major in physics so learning about what I like to call the magic of the universe and on the side I'm also looking at the cultural aspect from my own background and all around Australia as well but specifically actually look at the role of planets in Aboriginal astronomy Wow Rod what do you reckon there I mean I guess. I really hate mail stuff to intrigue death so as so is Paul who's one of our keenest astronomers on the program and he sent me a picture of what he says looks like an upside in the British night sky the idea of this thing stretching all across the sky Carson's really is really amazing it's just a different way of viewing things isn't it that's that's right it's all about a different perspective Yeah yeah well look I'm going to give Dr Carl the floor for a 2nd because he wanted to tell us at some point about my headless chicken and I I wouldn't mind hearing about my headless chicken out. So back in $946.00 a chicken survived for a year and a half we have ahead now in the language there is the metaphor the phrase of you running around like a headless chicken or like a chicken or chip with the head chopped off is that common in oh yes scar yes yes yes or yes really. OK Now in this particular case the people who were involved did say that they were killing a bunch of chickens for food was a mediately after the 2nd World War times were hard and they were trying to get as much food meat of a chicken as they could and so even though there's not a lot of meat on the NIC still a long neck so the cutting as high up as they are pseudo the neck Yeah useful and is a very thin layer of movement which is very delicious as well and so they said the they and then the chicken would run around for a few seconds and then fall over and then dog but this one didn't darn it. And so they started feeding it with an odd drop off feeding it a mix of mushed up Cohen with olive oil and various other foods and dropping stones down his throat as well as I need to stun the guy and Mike grew up as a chicken for a year and a half without a head was exhibited across the U.S. I had for a brief all was the highest paid in the Taina in the US I made the front cover of Life magazine and I spent $10.00 to buy that ancient copy of Life magazine which I have. And how did he survive without a head because humans don't survive well without the head and it was due to a very rare set of circumstances the 1st part is that their brain is much smaller now as we humans have very big brains mode 2 percent of our body whites 80 percent of our body white but 10 percent 20 percent of our blood supply so there's be fat blood vessels to us in the body white 20 percent above apply big fat blood vessels and when they cut they just squid like crazy whereas in the case of the chicken the head of the brain is much smaller and so the blood vessels a smaller So firstly there was the peculiar circumstance that the HID had been cut off at a very high level leaving behind the brain stem so the Fullbright in the bit where the chicken would say hey you're another chicken can you be my friend that had gone but the brain stem which govern stuff such as keep the heart beating keep the lungs moving in and then in and out that was still behind the 2nd peculiar circumstance was the blade was just dirty enough and just clean enough if the blade was too clean they'd be no clotting reaction and then the tawny Audrey's would have kept on dribbling blood so there's a bit of dirt to sit of a clotting reaction but if the blade is too dirty then you get infection and I'm sure the other circumstances will. And so Mike lived for a year and a half without a head the photograph on the front cover of Live magazine does show I had nice feet but it was a head taken much lighter from another random Cina wasn't his original had been chopped off and amazingly these special circumstances happened again in March this year in Thailand and I'm still chasing up the You Tube video trying to get more documentation on it so yes it is possible for a chicken to survive for a year and a half without a head but it requires very special circumstances but you really really feel that this is not a wind up and that this wasn't a very clever. It made the front cover of Life magazine which back then had very high journalistic standards that no longer exist as a magazine and it was we'll documented by later people who were long in video made made moves about it I personally accept the evidence on this one as I do accept the evidence for climate change but do not accept that the earth is flat good well we have we have Carson weather sweet who's very interested in Aboriginal astronomy and we've also of obviously got Dr Carr we got lots of your questions already let me just tell you the corner say 5 or 5 if your tax up all night B.B.C. Dot SEO dot U.K. If you happen to be listening on the podcast and 0000 Crikey 080085 Why do I always do this I do beg your pardon OJT or 590-9693 that is the telephone number for this program should you wish to actually makes the car and he would be very pleased if you would however let's start with an email from Ian in Chatham who says I recently got a window seat on a Boeing 77 Dreamliner and I wondered why there's no pool and window by the Sun The Think instead there was a button with 5 settings which dock in the window over a few minutes from totally clear daylight to virtually totally dark in a pig how does it work what was wrong with the old cooldown lines anyway well experienced air traveler what do you make of that. Number one I don't know but let me speculate I'm guessing that if you have a pull up pull down window blow and after a period of time it will file so the maintenance on that will be high up if you've got something that has no moving parts providing the electronic standoff you've got something that will have lower maintenance further down the lawn how does it work on guessing is a variation on polarized nation that's just totally a guess on what a real physics are forgotten about physics I'm guessing there's some sort of polarization but I think the works from the top down and how they do that must be with clever Tronics you have any idea coast in your real physicists if you sell you a trunk I definitely agree that it would have to has nothing to do with polarized nation so if you get some polarized sunglasses and you take them and look at a T.V. Screen certain T.V. Screens any 10 your head slightly you can see it the screen goes slightly DACA as a cause of the polarization so the angle is at 90 degrees you'll have absolutely no light coming through but if it's parallel you'll have all the light coming there is I suppose you probably have 2 sheets changing. Changing angle will likely maybe the good crystal display so maybe so think about this stuff called light and we call it electromagnetic radiation so if you talk about the electro part imagine there's an electric wave pushing itself through space going like a saw and wave like a wife in the ocean goes ha and then down to the 0 point in love and up and down up and down and the progress is forward through space that's just concentrate on that electro part now in normal lot there is this of the electric component of electromagnetic radiation there's bits of it some of the light has a lawn vertically and there's some off to the saw and all the angles of 360 in polarized lot already getting is it you getting one particular component the business is a lot. Vertically up or not it degrees to that of 70 degrees or whatever all of the lot has the electric component of the lot lined up exactly and then if you have a filter the blocks everything this is set up at 90 degrees to that you get black is coming through and the way you do that to observe these leads to get to polarized glasses and then tilt 19 degrees the other and you'll see it goes to virtually jet black it doesn't go 100 percent because the quality of the polarization is not that hard for a to Misty device but if you get a professional WANT TO goes for Egypt like so. Between the 2 of us we're kind of thinking that it's some sort of polarization but I don't know the fine details Axel right thank you very much for that in that was super. This is from Robin science S a talk about windows he says say one of the topics last week was go Las Rob says he was told that gloss in old buildings sometimes ripples and this is due to gloss not being a solid Is this true. Unfortunately they lied to you Glass is a solid It does not flow so if you go looking at the old buildings the cathedrals and the log in buildings built before nodding 100 you'll see if they've got small place piece of glass generally the think a part of the glass is at the bottom 3 quarters of the time because the standard building maneuver that if you build anything you put the heavy stuff at the bottom of the top but in the I'll consider those one quarter the time the glass is thick at the top and you think well what happened they did gravity act backwards know it goes back to have a make glass now as opposed to back then now the principle is that you have a bar of molten liquid tin like a whole box of liquid tin and when I say bath it can be not just a meter across it can be several meters across and several meters long and it was Pilkington of Pilkington Glass who's doing the washing up back in and on in 30 S. And suddenly observed that when he drops from dishwashing liquid onto the hot water in the sink that it spread out woods in old directions keeping in even thickness and he thought well there's probably a liquid something and liquids by the nature of dead flat on the top of the except at the edges we get surface tension but on the surface they did flat he felt that the right Likud was liquid tin Oh my gosh how many liquids did he go through and what they do is they literally poor all the liquid glass onto the liquid. And then cooled down and the surface is kissing the tin is dead flat and the surface is kissing the atmosphere is dead flat and it is I'm guessing that it cooled down and they lifted off and it's how you get your dead flat plate glass but if you look at glass before the morning thirty's it had a ripple in it and this is how they used to do it you'd have the glass maker no. As the gaffa G.I. Devil if they are getting a vat of molten glass so there's a vat of molten glass and then they'd be a junior person who'd be wearing some sort of a protection gear and would in a gloved hands. Hold a rod so this is long rod at one end is the gaff as a wise old oppose it has been making glass for a long time and they gradually push the glass rod for would. I push the rod which might be say on something that pushed the rod forward into the vat of liquid molten glass and they lifted that and that comes a blob of glass and depending on the temperature in the viscosity of what you've made out of it could be the saw is of an orange the saws of football a ball I rode in the United Kingdom is that round bowl called a football stone of a ball so that it has golf ball all discuss it because you hit it with your football games I can with you on there I say you people have this big blob of glass now you got the poor junior assistant holding the end of the rod close to the blob of glass and the gaffer uses the decades of skill to start spinning the on rot they spin the rod and then they spin it faster and faster and faster and the thing that the poor assistant has to do is not a wobble up and down it's going to be dead true and you spin and then suddenly wait for it with the sound of a whit. Suddenly opening I want you to get that mental image sort of like a noise the roll of the bowl the bowl of spinning molten glass expands suddenly into a sheet and it goes from saying being a football say 30 centimeters 20 cities across into something a meter walk ride. Wow And it's spinning and then you go to slow it down gently and then not live to do anything better because going to lodge a service here is suddenly solidifies and they go to pane of glass and then what you do is you then use your deepest skills to say OK I need a sections 30 centimeters by 30 cent of it is and that's how you would make Windows before not in 30 so a lot of the windows were the well mainly panes dog non panes of glass it was only when we had cheap plate glass that we could actually have big sheets of glass so does glass flower know what does it have ripples in it because as it cooled down suddenly with the sound of a wood umbrella suddenly opening it got a little ripples in it because the turbulence or maybe the young assistant was moving too much and so wasn't dead flat and how they got inverse saw those huge mirrors a metre across as a single sheet of glass and did flat on guessing that you used incredible wealth and just got people to Gras in the US slowly the days and weeks whereas now a large mirror is a cheap commodity autumn but back then it was well he said to emphasize glass does not flow they lied to you about that well I'm sorry but it's an automatic story so for about things like a note from modern Belfast. Reminders a bill of composition material or designed to be as light as possible so having no window blinds is all part of the weight saving. Of C.E.C. How clever our audience is I don't think that he that because now now now thank you man for coming up with that course as part of the whole thing thank you write and thinking about Mike the headless chicken from Julie who says and also by SAD Seasonal Affective Disorder now I'm just a silly girl says Julie was plainly not true but back in olden times before fire an artificial light was invented we didn't set up at night pontificating the wonder of the universe we went to bed when it got dark like my chicken still do so we didn't bump into bears and other to some hungry animals patting about side the cave in the winter that might mean we got 15 hours of sleep and in the summer maybe 5 or 6 perhaps as chilly that's why we feel all sad in the winter we think we're so smart because we have things like toasters and cars etc but in fact we are after all animals just like tigers and weasels my husband staff and I but we won't go into that she said. Now I do see that on average the normal adult of today he needs about 7 or 8 hours sleep in the teenager between puberty and 20 plus or minus a couple years and he's about an extra hour or 2 and later at night. I don't think you can go long term on 5 hours sleep. I don't know what they do in there in that part of the world close to the North Pole when you're heading into the 24 hour day I do believe people kind of get grumpy but don't have enough background knowledge on that but the overwhelming modern sleeper such as you call and in the 78 hours sleep I was dissing to the Sun show on the A.B.C. Podcast is the thing called The Science Show and turns out there's a link between your muscles and sleep and finally gives us the answers to why when you don't have enough sleep you become uncoordinated stumble over things or if speaking on radio begin to slow your woods Ennio So thank you so much record right quick question from Mark from Tasmania who says conductor Col tell me of putting nitrogen gas in car tires is a good idea many tire stores recommend it and charge 5 or 10 dollars a tire sounds like snake oil to me says Mark. It's recommended if you're a top athlete a top racing car driver pushing your car to the limit and you're doing things like going through a set of TA is in an hour or 2 so I have some friends who are fabulous the wealthy and they'll go off on the expensive European cars track day and I'll go out there and they'll have their toys filled with not region and then no and as somebody from the shop and now we're at a set of Taus between non and mid day and if a man around the race track at 20250 kilometers an hour and enough get another set up our 2 sets of toys in one die under those circumstances when the top is a really hot you did need to worry about knowledge because what is in the Tardis is a mixture normally of and knowledge and water vapor and they all have a lot the different characteristics if you are a really skilled driver then you will notice a difference and by really skill drop I mean somebody who will take the car for driver on the track and say the lift from Toya needs another half pound per square inch of pressure rod and they will notice a difference but for you and may not for most of us it's a con but for the people who really top drivers and who understand the cars and the talks to them and they they have a wonderful days to give and they need to not you and me that way I thank you thank you Mark for that interesting question and when we come back we will resume was Dr Karl and this week not quite but soon to be Dr Carson and don't forget Carson and wide range of knowledge in the matter of physics and a different way of looking at the night sky at just off the top US 3. On digital online smartphones and tablets this so you see 5 Live and maybe. The news I was sure about the U.K. Is blamed Russian military intelligence for a series of recent cyber attacks the government says it has high confidence that the G.R.U. Responsible for reckless and indiscriminate Hawking's of political institutions as well as business media and sport organizations the lawyer representing a woman who claims she was raped by Christiane a renowned Oh says the me too movement inspired her to come forward the football that firmly denies attacking Katherine Mayorga in Los Vegas in 2009. The inquest into the Westminster terror attack is heard there is a chance P.C. Keith Palmer might have survived if and offices have been nearby A coroner has ruled that he and 4 other people were killed by Kalamazoo did in March last year. Officials say a man rescued from a wooden shed may have been held captive for 40. The 79 year old man has been arrested on suspicion of modern slavery that's the news on fine that he has this good morning to held off a totem Hotspur come back. Twice to help if it is to a fall to win when play in the Champions League making the Spurs 2nd consecutive Champions League to fate nevertheless put a teen I praised his players for fighting when they were one nailed down inside the fuss 2 minutes he called them hey Rice defender Kiran trippiest said they can't complain about the outcome he in such a top side has a fair result in the end you know disappointed the way we started. With the call is today obviously Messi the post twice 3 times in the 2nd awful you know awful we. Got the goals we got back into the game it was them products. It was heading for a nail drawl but nothing he struck late in the 90th minute to seal the deal against Liverpool also for reports Alistair Bruce bull was watching in Italy Liverpool very nearly left Naples with a valuable point but they couldn't really argue against the end result Napoli with a more threatening team who created all the chances coming on really strong in the 2nd half and the study of San Paolo exploded with join the 90th minute when Lorenzo in Sydney I tucked away Jose Callahan's into perfect cross to put Napoli on top of this group one point ahead of Liverpool and P.S.G. The goal had been coming Allison say brilliantly from Callahan dress Merton's flicked an effort against the bar and more worryingly perhaps but plop his team didn't manage a single effort on target with most Salar subdued again no time to mope Manchester City come to Anfield on Sunday he's also being from Liverpool midfielder Nabil Cates A was taken to hospital after being. Hurried off with a back injury in the one nailed to fate elsewhere in the Champions League P.S.G. Thrashed Red Star Belgrade 61 in the championship came from 2 no down to level against Sheffield Wednesday all the other schools can be found on the B.B.C. Sport website Aston Villa's say the process of recruiting a new manager has begun they sack Steve Bruce after winning only one of their past 9 championship matches full of a left back Stephen Moore knocks as he will be mentioned I think is very much of again obviously for some reason but the so many young people are going to see Personally I'd like to see the best given a crack at it when you look at the job he's done a brand search of the front supposedly believe in the style of football is playing with limited resources are you being given the time to sit next optional job elsewhere U.K. Spall of released a list of major international events Britain could bid for over the next 2 decades it includes football and rugby World Cups the start of all 3 of cycling's grand tools the Ryder Cup on the wild Athletics Championships in HOCKEY Great Britain beat Belgium 21 in Donnie Carey's 1st game as head coach and finally it's now because European Masters the defending champion Judd Trump has suffered a shock fall to 2nd round of fate by the well known the 115 T.N. Pang of China and that's the very latest from the spill on B.B.C. One reading what are you asking her and the doctor cutting sometimes. Off an hour ago was why it's called Woman and. Not the end of the world or the end of the world but one was 1st on send anything loose and run with French troops welcome to I presume if you. Don't touch anything with a brand new doctor just a traveler doctor this is. Starts Sunday night at 645 on B.B.C. One 1st for news and the best life for this is B.B.C. 5 Live. Right with Russia. And we're back with Dr cow and that person in Sydney and lots of questions for you couple up my sleeve for you Carson right now but 1st of all I'd like to turn to Heller who's calling us from London hello hello hello there Dr Wood. And coastal flooding here are welcome Yes thank you very much good I always enjoy your program very much and I'm always trying to find a more tricky question so I shall give you this week's one and it is as follows various fruit was terrible that have been studied in the Atlantic between Iceland and the years or so and contain. Colonies of various Frinton to birds and things but because they've evolved to live in such sea bass it almost boiling water and these stocks are hundreds of miles apart how could they do you think this is an example of a sort of convergent evolution or how could they possibly have traveled at some point from one area among habitat to another. Please. Well 1st of all marine biologist studying Sirius I don't know cell speculate so just a bit of background so. We're talking here 1st the about the biggest mountain range on earth 80000 kilometers long which is roughly twice around there's a conference and this mountain range winds around the earth like the same on a tennis ball which is how you fit. A 1000 kilometers on to something 40000 kilometers around and most of us will never see it the overwhelming majority of us will never see this longest mountain ranges because it draws from the ocean floor. So the average depth of the oceans is 5 kilometers so we'll say that Ross is 2 and a half kilometers and comes to a gentle peak well gentle slope at the top and then there's 2 and a half kilometers of ocean above it at the belt so if you're a marine biologist in a submarine you might say that this was one of the say it. Ended about $500.00 or something like that points a lot with found these hydrothermal vents hydro as in water thermal heat and vent where something comes out like in a conditioning vent when it comes out in this case water comes out what comes out at a temperature with measured hit of a have up to $460.00 degree centigrade as it would not turning into steam because of the pressure cooker effect of 2 and a half kilometers of Sion above it and so imagine you go to submarine and you're flying along the ridge of the. Ridge and you've got nothing nothing nothing nothing then bingo suddenly there's an oasis of light this is these are the white steamer or black Stamer you know you'll see this stream of hot water coming up all the white or black or red depending on the colors of the minerals in it and surrounding it and ices of life maybe 50 metres maybe a couple 100 metres ballpark figure and then he will fly nothing for another couple 100 kilometers and do this for roughly $500.00 each of these and your question is are you saying you have come this similar document in the cube no these are little small little D.N.A. So analysis sort of thing. And I want to even if you may never see it you still have to know about. A definite want to know it yeah so off Khan run out of my knowledge he would have to do this dog to anyone for it and I don't have a scholar you know. I just find out so perhaps I could actually take some samples and check close to the kind of the woodland. One of the flipping was if I divulged completely Secondly I would have a great theory of supposition for the possibility that the trash a life start might be put into your antenna Well Michael and strength of the crank alone can only help. On warning image that some of the research is being done and if one goes looking into Google Scholar and looks up hard with them oh Vince insoluble the comet may have been one celeb and then a D.N.A. As the other thing into our now Google Scholar something will pop up though I haven't done it because I've been lazy but then I question Have a look and feel and also quickly before I go could I thank you very much for the. Absolute in troll to learn that the score follows the shape of the of the surface controllers in terms of oceans and mountains and it's created an image in my mind which is extraordinary such a lovely source I'd never possibly imagined as anything other than a round ball before say thank you for a. Long way to feel high kill Dr Heather on this matter I can give you a haiku a permit is this I am a catapult stand so it is as far as all hell the giant squid eyes as big as a dustbin lid. Are last days thank you very much OK I have actually can I thank you. It. This and the hike. Right this is from buy from Northumberland Could you please start the car since she could 1000 better buy the new planet Einstein the news recently and how that could confirm a much bigger planet close by. Yes the Goldblum planet I've had a little bit about this I don't know a lot but I have had a little bit it's a dwarf planet in the outer reaches of ass solar system and the interaction between the how it moves around the sun. Hints to to us that there must be something big that was really exciting about the Goblin planet is that by seeing this we might be very close to finding Planet 9 Planet X. Or whatever we're calling it now the really big one that we've been speculating for a while by looking at the mathematics in the dot on the statistics of comets coming into the solar system they we think is a big fat guy out there yes. Yes So by finding Mr goblin out that which is only a small one a couple 100 kilometers across very small very small 12 planets with its interaction with how it moves around in the outer reaches of the solar system that's giving us more evidence than must be something else big and scary that. Is very exciting stuff so that I think the 2 main options are yes there is a big guy out there maybe 510 times a mess of the earth. Lurching or launching comets from the clouds or from the Kaaba building towards the sun every now and then and making things our goblin do weird orbits so off number one this is because their office number 2 there is the big guy just a whole lot of goblins and we don't know yet we still looking they're still looking let's just say with how we found that gene that chain was 1st discovered in inverted commas by mathematics we saw its effect on the outer reaches of the solar system and didn't see it until many years later that's right so we had we make it all right we could see Jupiter in the next one out 7 and half to building up observations on satin over a few centuries we saw that it certain places in its orbit certain would speed up and slow down so if you are there's something out there mathematically should be there and there were 2 people one in France very a Adams one in the argument forget the name. And they both came to the same conclusion look in this part of the scar they found it and then they repeated the same process again for your anus to find Nick you. Lovely bit of mathematics and thank you both Miles the chef is up working or so I think he's doing something at this time he's you know often there he says it's cool I was told back in 1906 the universe was around 5 or 6000000000 years old and know 25 ish years later it's was 16 or 18000000000 years old what's going on please discuss. Better observations so we're currently sitting at 13800000000 years plus or minus point one of a 1000000000 years or something like that so we're not that we're we're pretty sure the we're I will to rewind the cosmic clock of dark in G. And expansion and super inflation back I do remember it was a younger age I can't remember historically what were the data points that made us Rivas the age of the universe upwards Can you remember why I know what we do these days we look at supernovae from a type one a supernovae which a white dwarfs gaining just a bit too much mass and there exploding at the same very similar brightness no matter where they are in need of us I see her why do off which is something say the saws of the Earth and about a percent of the mass of the sun and when it gets to a certain magical number which is Chan. Limit Chandra scale it was a $1.00 times the mess of the sun something like that so they orbiting something in a 2nd Mass on to themselves and they will when they get to somewhere between one and 2 times it look up the chain to see the limit then they go pop and then they do it's like blowing into balloon they get to him as too much air in the balloon in a pulse there's too much mass in white too often it pops as well so how do we use these to the universe so they always pop at the same brightness. Their way in the universe we can see how bright they have right they appear to us because of the distance and we can measure quite accurately the distance we measure the age of the universe with these measurements just earlier this year although we keep doing it all the time but when good friend Brian Cox came to Australia for style using live A.B.C.'s dog in life we found 2 transition objects which were 2 supernovae type one a supernovae the ones we're talking about and we again measured the age of the universe to be the. Attain point 8 something something something new in the concept is that these stars because it is a standard candle because you know I've had you know the difference between a really fine light close up or really broad lot far away you've got the same broadness and so you need this concept of a standard candle it's kind of like if you're walking along a long straight and you see all of the street lights you Ashima with the street lights of the same brightness because that's usually what they're like and the further away the straight line is the thing to it appears and so therefore you can say it's fine if it's far away yet so to answer the question that's how we work out the age of the universe by the standard candles that one of the many ways where the show is when you're walking home Miles think about the street lights and it'll all come back to thank you very much right let's take a call from Steve who's calling us from Bristol. Good morning doctor. Dr Steve welcome Hello. Yes Or to put it down on things a feeling but now. When our son for me goes no. Whatever is 567000000 years time. In BB you know the inner planets a toast included will happen to be able to planets all this one off into space or. Say let's let's clear a few things up their ass on right now is mid-range of its age about 5000000000 years old it will continue to live for another 5 or so 1000000000 years during this time it will slowly. Use up all of its hydrogen and then into helium and for it to stop burning the heavier elements it has to burn hasa rest to be a bit hotter so as it gets hotter and hotter it expands out again like a balloon I really like my balloon and allergies so expands out like a balloon and our sun won't technically going nova what it will do is will just continue to expand out expand out it will like you said it will gobble in Macquarie it'll take a huge chunk out of Venus and it might even swallow the earth as well there expand so big that it will swallow up mercury Yes And then this and Venus and maybe only and maybe the Wow And what will it continue to do is the outer gaseous part of the sun will continue just to expand out and turn into what's called a planetary nebula just as big a wispy cloud of leftover sun gas and the core of the star of our sun will turn turn into what we were talking before a white dwarf savor the outer planets they were probably just turning they will no longer get heat from the sun why not actually the ball on these French unwilling to guess is atmospheres be interfered with by this mess if the flux of the planter nebula being thrown out in all directions from the surface of the Somme I would speculate that they would have some sort of interaction they may not be so dramatically glowing to Pace's so to say but maybe slowly. Blown off into the wind that was some of the the scenes Steve we've got a new series of the evolution of the solar system as a result of all have been seeing with the Kepler spacecraft it was a new one that's coming in test case and so the old theory was that you had all these bodies roughly the same saw as well forming around the sun boring boring and then the ones that were close in they had their Gacy is like is blown off leaving behind a hard rock or hints you've got make your and miles and the further ones will if further away from the fire and they don't have so much gets blown off shame about Jupiter being the biggest object in the solar system not for out but still and then you have the guest Johns House or the rocky planets close in the guest joints and then we started looking at the dynamics and people have been saying things like It seems from the orbits that we have today that way back there was a period when Jupiter could have been close in towards the sun and about. This Steve there's a there's a whole lot of. Chaos chaos theory involved here where it could well be that some of the out of plans could end up coming in Kloza when the rejoinder to the sun goes from Sun. Is the G. Star or something G. Yes I do will feel as you will of time. So then it goes from a G. To a red giant is that right and it will shrink down toward 12 so could will be that the other planets may be so I'll just losing a bit of mess could will do some cosmic dance with a change their locations because it happened it could happen in the past so we're still learning about these incredibly complicated dances and I think it was. Hard to can go is a 2 body problem in astronomy was a 3 body problem and you can have an body problem but it gets significantly hard to figure out as you go up so 3 body problem so if you're just 33 or objects in your entire universe and. He said still says it's solvable by mathematics would have to go to computers I can't remember I think it's some of my mathematics with a lot of calculus a bit and then that's it and then there are SOL we'll throw in the solar system is a full body problem because you got the sun and then you've got the 4 guest John so that there's a 5 body problem straightaway so it's truly complex. State thanks very much thank you for for raising the question know we're always encouraging experiment and I would like to retail an experiment from Dr Richard and Dr Alex. Myself Dr Richard and my colleague Dr Alex were discussing a time when Dr Alex as a child trapped a spider in a vacuum seal past the tube as he pumped the air from the chub the spider go slower and slower until it stopped moving then chalets him to a climatized pressure and began moving his normal stars have a sad outcome for the spider I'm sorry thinking the experiment had come to naught Dr Alex released the pressure on the past the tube exploding or imploding the spiders to dust. Silence that's got us thinking and our questions relate to the ability of a spider to operate a deep sea levels and is this a climate size ation the same for all animals and if a human or in the tube would they implode or explode into dust and how slowly would the spider have to be readjusted to ambient pressure in order for it not to and it stays in this unfortunate way. Wow that's covering so much stuff so firstly I remember reading is still fresh in my memory. And it's in my 43rd book so was a god to deep sea fish. When they're brought to the surface they don't explode but they're not happy an down there they're experiencing pressures of hundreds or thousands of atmosphere he is and at the surface in a tank they're experiencing any one atmosphere and then explode because the pressure equalizes but does cause a problem in the cell membranes so we humans have 37 trillion cells in our bodies and each cell has a membrane to keep the outside out an inside in and the membrane is double lifted by live so what that means is around all of the gloopy stuff in each cell of the little machinery near an assault he water is membrane which is God and if you look at the membrane it's got fed on the out sawed facing outside well fed on the inside facing the cell and in between it's got proteins in a bit of liquid and stuff and these cell membranes have many functions including passing stuff across them and when they're working at a lower pressure they work differently and therefore the fish is operating in a sob optimal or not as good condition if they don't do well so that's one change where the fish doesn't explode with humans what we've found is there's also many experience experiments by various forces around the world seeing what happens to humans when at low pressure which happens if the pressure was ation goes on apply and you get a sudden gap there's a case of a Greek airliner where there was a maintenance problem and the pressure went out of the plane everybody slowly went unconscious including the policy because it was all. On auto pilot it was seen by people in from the Greek if forces flew up I think in if sixteen's and they could see the pilot in the cockpit just not responding in the plane just ran out of fuel on the water part in question to a man the very dog there's nothing anybody could do better we couldn't mount a media risk you so we were as a result of trying to find out what happens to humans of various pressures not just up with 30000 feet 100000 feet we got a certain amount of data now getting to the spot spot is don't have lungs they have a cold Spiric ules S P R A C U L E S these little holes drilled in their body and it defuses down these how it's so you reduce the pressure with a vacuum pump a thing and then somehow the spider then manages to survive and operate at lower pressure I don't know exactly sure how but then when you that certainly there's a difference between internal externally a pressure with a human you've got roughly 20 tons of pressure pushing on your 2 meters of square to square meters of surface area and 20 tons pushing out and if you put them in a vacuum they try to expend twice the volume they can do it but the skin is made of leather so they don't explode maybe the spider Now I'll run out of knowledge at this stage what I do not have enough Eric Knology is part of monumental toolbox of stage we don't know how was I was spiders is constructed but my gosh. Terrifying. Must have really really got got to Alex going when the poor old spider. But the dust in that way I want to I want to finish with more from our knowledgeable listeners and. We're back to nitrogen in the tires Professor Mark and Tasmania says I understand nitrogen shoes as it doesn't expand so much when the tie gets hot and so maintains a flat. Shed on the road if it's over inflated the middle well bolds and reduce grip and. Then Kit Kat who says likes aviation a bit too much says that nitrogen is used in aircraft as compressed air expands and burst tires during the rapid heating and cooling in a normal flight cycle I'm not finished with a little bit more wisdom shows you to what you make of that. I heard from an airline pilot. The trouble is that the outside a temperature is minus 40 degrees C. There's a tiny bit of water vapor in the tire and it turns into a block of ice that takes up much less volume when the talk ums down it warms up but the ice hasn't had time to turn into water and take up more volume and suddenly got this sharp little spin spike in saw the tire spinning at high speed as it hits the ground so they definitely don't want that so they use was in the quite clear has to be drawing nitrogen so not it makes up 80 percent of the atmosphere and the oxygen only 20 percent so if this is different it's an expansion. I don't ever make that much of a difference because the oxygen is only one 5th the pressure I have to go read up on this more deeply wrong or right this read from some experts and a last thought from Kit Kat although it's true that removing weight from an aircraft is a benefit to revenue generation a much bigger benefit we're talking about the blinds again on the Dreamliner a much bigger benefit is removing multiple individual parts which can break off and be propelled around the cabin and a catastrophic airframe event just as well you're on the ground I just want to say to you dot the car until Kirsten what a pleasure to have Carson banks with us tonight I hope you'll come by I mean that seriously. I'd be more than happy to YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU Dr Karl for the all again I think it was a rather thank you to our lovely audience for giving us wisdom. For news. And healing for anyone else this B.B.C. 5 Live it's 4 o'clock news and I was shocked by about the many news on 5 Live ministers claim Russia is to blame for a series of something going to mix and install its messy help finish off a spirited spat as well a late night legal standard for this is B.B.C. 5 life. The U.K. Government says it is confident the Russian military intelligence was behind a number of recent cyber attacks it claims the hackers known as fancy banners belong to the G.R.U. The agency also believed to be the nacelle poisoning in Salisbury which Russia dinner he's a security correspondent. The attacks they are accused of include the hacking of the World Anti-Doping Agency in which athletes confidential medical files including that of sobriety weakens was stolen and released there was also a previous attack in June 27th teen which crippled businesses around the world a woman who claims she was right by Cristiano Ronaldo 9. He is a guy who has been inspired by the me too movement according to his lawyer that they have been they denies assaulting Kathleen mio going Las Vegas he still has been giving a press conference in Nevada the need to movement and the women who have stood up and. Disclosed sexual assaults and. Publicly has given. Catherine a lot of courage and to a great extent leaving her to come for labor has rejected to resign.