Especially in those families who had somewhere along the dnieper. In the twentieth year , pelsudsky and his noose occupied kiev. That is , they are already fighting the soviets together. And then in the twenties and thirties, this idea that ukrainians should be used to fight the soviets was very close to the poles. This is a promethean action, support for various antisoviet forces, and so on. At the same time , within poland these relations are becoming more and more aggravated, but because then the career of such a young man bander and some more serious at that time people from among ukrainian nationalists. On march 14 , 1923, the council of entente ambassadors authorized the transfer to poland of lands received from russia under the treaty of riga. In addition to volyn and galicia, the poles gained three more districts of transcarpathia, which were mainly inhabited by ethnic ukrainians. The polish side pledged to provide them with freedom of religion and the right to study in their native language. The corresponding decision was made by the polish sejm, but it was soon forgotten. In december of the twentieth, a law on the nationalization of land was adopted in poland, in accordance with to which retired soldiers of the polish army received the right to receive free plots in new territories; plots were cut from the lands of former landowners and orthodox churches. As a result, about 200,000 poles moved to these regions and another 100,000 moved to the cities; in october 24 , the education law came into force, according to which polish became the only state language. The number of polish schools and libraries in foreign languages. Was reduced to a minimum. All this caused discontent among ukrainian nationalists. Also in in the twentieth year, former petliursky colonel Yevgeny Konovalets created the Ukrainian Military organization uvo. And in the twentyninth year , the organization of ukrainian nationalists oun was formed in vienna. Both structures were replenished with unemployed ukrainian youth, who were not hired either for Civil Service or for any other prestigious job. Ukrainian. They set fire to the estates of polish colonists, blew up Railway Lines and police stations. On august 24, 1930, jozef pelsutski signed a decree on pacification, to force golic and volyn residents to peace, 130 ukrainian activists were arrested, including several former deputies of the sejm. Often searches and arrests turned into ordinary robberies and pogroms. On september 30, the polish police. The head of the oun in western ukraine. In response to this, on the orders of the head of the oun propaganda department, stepan bandera, the minister of internal affairs, bronislaw piracki, was killed. In the summer of 36, all the organizers of the murder were arrested. The Warsaw District Court sentenced bandera and other conspirators to the death penalty, which was later replaced by life imprisonment. Bandera was released from prison in september thirtynine and began actively collaborating with. German military intelligence, then all this flows into the tragedy of 1943, when in fact, this is the socalled volyn massacre, this is the struggle of partisan forces to maintain. Demographic control over this or that territory, aun and upa they slaughter the poles, with exemplary cruelty, so that. These people from volyn, so that those who were not slaughtered would be frightened and run away, with forty in the fourth year, an exchange of population began between the soviet union and the polish peoples republic, ukrainians were invited to leave for the ussr, poles and jews who were citizens, then became soviet citizens after the thirtyninth year, they were invited to return to poland, first completely voluntarily, then voluntarily forcibly, as we were able to do in soviet times, in fortyseven, and what was not done as part of this resettlement was, as it were, completed as part of the vislo action, when. Ukrainians, lemkovs, boykovs were evicted from the eastern outskirts of poland, already the new poland , to those territories that poland inherited from germany, after the Second World War, the new communist leadership of poland wanted the country to remain a mononational power, in fortyfour, as part of an agreement on the exchange of citizens between the ukrainian ussr polish National Liberation committee, trains with poles were coming from the soviet union, ukrainians and residents of the western regions of poland were returning. 2 years later, more than a Million People returned to poland, to the ussr, mainly to ukraine about 500,000 citizens arrived. At that time , according to various estimates , there remained from 20 to 50,000 in poland. Ukrainians, among whom were representatives of the rebel army of the upa. In the spring of 1947, under the pretext of protecting civilians and the actions of ukrainian nationalists, the authorities began to massively evict ukrainians from southeastern poland to the northern and western lands, which until 1945 were part of germany. The process was led by soldiers of the wisla task force, which was engaged in with the liquidation of the upa, all suspects were arrested. In collaboration with the underground. All ukrainian and mixed families were subject to resettlement. The deportation process was often accompanied by violence. The preparations were often given only a few hours, and people were sent to their destination in freight cars. Upon arrival, the ukrainians were dispersed over a vast territory, mainly in the alsztyn, szczecin, wroclaw and gdansk voivodeships. And their numbers. Should have exceeded 10 of the local polish population. In places during the period of residence , Police Surveillance was established over the migrants, family, cultural and religious contacts were limited, and public speech in the ukrainian language was suppressed. Along with this, there was a ban on moving without government approval. All this was accompanied by the work of emergency military courts, which sentenced people to death for collaboration with the upa. In progress. During the vistula operation, about 150,000 ukrainians were resettled. A thousand ended up in a concentration camp, and several underground members were shot by decision of the field courts. The official operation ended at the end of july 1947, but the deportation continued later. The memory of those events that i spoke about is very vivid. In 1989, i worked in and my friend invited me to her village , where she was from, in the Lublin Voivodeship , to spend christmas, and for 3 days, well, people eat, drink, however, without losing the ability to communicate, and for three days they remember some interesting events from the past, and there would be nothing about any. Communists, everything was about that this 43, 44, and about from which edge of the forest the Ukrainian Partisans came out, from which edge of the forest the soldiers of the Regional Army came out, and this is such a trauma when you live for months, waking up and not knowing whether you will live until sunset every day, incident canada attracted attention. Diaspora, how was it formed . Ukrainians and rusyns moved overseas, in much the same way as the irish or. Italians, that is, these were moves in search of work, quite massive, by the way, among these people there were quite a few, well, if they had any political sentiments, beliefs of the left, this is before emigration before the Second World War, it seems to be a separate issue, but at the end of the Second World War and after it, many people who were war criminals ended up overseas, or well, or in australia, or in england, but these were the main directions, and they actively collaborated with various Intelligence Services during the cold war, in fact, this was their main. Task and the main way to avoid punishment for what happened during the Second World War, canada gradually became the center, that is, in fact, these people took over the existing canadian organizations that existed at that time, created their own, and it cannot be said that every ukrainian canadian is such a heir to the criminals of the Second World War, but people who are closely connected with this tradition, in fact play a key leading role, and they very harshly punish apostates who try to question the correctness of the cases, i know of, of fellow historians who are simply they were thrown out of work if they began to object to what they were doing, and this ukrainian diaspora, it was very influential in ukraine, after the collapse of the soviet union, and it is very influential now in canada, well, because they control a fairly large set of votes , well, that is, the embarrassment in the Canadian Parliament is not an accidental misunderstanding, an event that shows that those who organized it believed that now this could be done, because, as it were, well, he was fighting with the right enemy, who now our enemy, so no one in the ranks will remember which division he fought for. But here the poles spoiled it, this shows how important these stories are for the poles. Thank you, we talked with alexey miller. On thursday, the president of the unrecognized republic of nagornokarabakh, artsakh, signed a decree on its selfliquidation. There are no examples that immediately come to mind of an acute territorial conflict ending in such a routine and regulated manner. True, it seems that the first result will be the exodus of almost the entire armenian population, which does not believe in its own prospects in azerbaijan, but this is unlikely to upset baku much. The territorial integrity of the state has been restored through a calculated and wellprepared use of force, taking into account current geopolitical realities. The selfdetermination of the armenian minority, with whose demand the confrontation began more than 35 years ago, did not take place. The contradiction between the right of a nation to selfdetermination and the preservation of the territorial integrity of states is one of the most glaring. If we ignore casuistry and look at the statistics, selfdetermination is in the lead, since the end of the nineteenth century, the number of states has quadrupled, not counting territories with semirecognized or special status. The first, so to speak, major selfdetermination was realized when the north american colonies liberated themselves from england , they already wrote down in the 1776 declaration the question of the legality of selfdetermination, then the philosophical constitution of 1791 enshrined this, and this process began first at the domestic level, practically in all constitutions of the world enshrine the right to selfdetermination in certain phraseological turns, this is already a given, this. At the same time, it is natural that the state exists on a certain territory, with a certain population, public authority, and each state considers the territory as material. Sphere of its existence stands for maintaining the unity of this territory and allowing its disintegration, rejection, and so on , and both of these principles have the right to exist. By the hand of lenin, in the decree on peace, for the first time in history, the right to selfdetermination, this is a legislative act, this is november 8, the seventeenth year, surprisingly, but exactly 3 months later. The right to selfdetermination appeared in one of the points of the message to congress, and there in these 14 points he will also set aside the right to selfdetermination. The history of karabakh shows that movement occurs in two directions. However, formally, no one ever recognized the independence of the nkr, so azerbaijan had no legal obstacles. When they talk about the right of peoples selfdressing. For some reason the majority perceives the right of peoples to selfdetermination as the right to secession, the creation of an independent state, and so on, take away, take away , the right to selfdetermination includes several forms, selfdetermination of peoples, cultural autonomy is also selfdetermination, and often those or peoples stop there, they can ask for cultural autonomy , national cultural. They can raise the question of being, becoming a subject of the federation, not becoming a subject of the confederation, not gaining the right, for example, to elect their own members of the parliament, central and so on, that is, the forum has a lot of different things, well, yes, macron proposed autonomy to orsica just the other day. Karabakh, like a number of other wellknown conflicts, is a product of the collapse of the ussr, a very complex country whose leaders rather arrogantly believed that its configuration would not change against their will. We also collided, by the way, in the seventysecond article, the constitution of the seventyseventh year, the ussr, there was also, uh, a formula was written down, for each Union Republic the right of freedom of exit is preserved from the ussr, well, who could then think that this. This problem could really arise, but in the ninety, ninetyfirst year, you see , they tripped us up, the balts, when the question arose, they announced their withdrawal, grabbed it, it turns out , there is no mechanism for the political divorce process, how to get out, how to calculate property, debts, property and so on, so on, so on, so in this regard, of course, there are problems, today it is the furthest thing in this regard in terms of formalizing the possibility of exit and the mechanism exit, as surprising as it may seem, ethiopia has left, the constitution of ethiopia clearly states the mechanism, it is written firstly, every nation, nationality, people have the right to free exit, but for this it is necessary that the legislative body first raise this issue after 3 years the central the authorities in ethiopia will put the question to a referendum, if the majority votes, then the constitutional process should already be launched and so on, but they have prescribed, prescribed, note that ethnoterritorial violence in ethiopia it was pretty good, eritrea fought for 30 years and won amicable independence only thanks to the fall of the ethiopian communist regime, and from the province of tigray, adisaba recently fought to the death, in general, the experience of ethiopia is interesting, but it does not look like something to follow. In general, with all due respect to International Lawyers who are capable of cogently explaining anything, empirical experience, alas, speaks in favor of brute force. As one of the most Famous International sociologists of the 20th century, charles tilly, wrote. Wars are created the state, and the state wages war. Some, however, take this quite literally. In the early nineties, i visited several times at different conferences, uh, where these overseas ukrainians participated. One very prominent historian, a good historian, told me that from his point of view, this is how this independence fell, fell on ukraine, its wrong, and its like an unfinished story, because, firstly, with his point of view, it was necessary to carry out an exchange of population, as in forty four, fortyfive, that is, russia should was to give away those 7 million ukrainians who lived in russia, and 7 million russians would go back to russia from ukraine, thats what he proposed, then he said that in general , strong independence, with a strong identity, is born out of war, and in general , if you look at the western ukrainian press, in ninetyone ninetytwo, a war with russia appears to be both inevitable and b desirable, of course. That these ideas have not gone away, what the ukrainian diaspora feared most for many years, this is that this drive towards independence, when we leave moscow, we leave moscow, it will fizzle out, a reverse movement will begin, which will be impossible to stop, so it was necessary to create some kind of irreversible, this is the feeling of irreversibility, this is what which they really lacked. War does mean irreversibility, just not the kind that Nation Builders dream of. There are no military confrontations whose results would be recorded once and for all. The deadline is coming, any results are being reviewed, and now any story is prescribed. Only human losses are irreversible. Loss. 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