And where they dominate the rusyns, who later also became ukrainians, mainly in galicia, that is, in austriahungary, tension grows there, typical of a nationalistic nature, two communities, a struggle for dominance and so on, everything begins to unwind very sharply in 1988, because this year the poles ukrainians are truly fighting for leo. At this time, no less significant events were taking place in the kiev region, because the ukrainian peasant, in fact, in a couple of weeks in the summer, wiped out all the large polish landowners who fled to kiev for safety. And people remembered this, and now they remember, especially in those families who had land, somewhere along the dnieper, in the twenties, pelsudsky occupied kiev with a noose, that is, they were already fighting the soviets together, then in the twenties, in the thirties, this is the idea that should be used ukrainians to fight the soviets, it is very close to the poles, it is. An action, support for various antisoviet forces and so on , at the same time, within poland these relations are becoming more and more aggravated, but because then the career of such a young man bander begins and what some more serious people at that time from among ukrainian nationalists. On march 14 , 1923, the council of ambassadors authorized the transfer to poland of lands received from russia, according to the twentyyear treaty of riga. In addition to volyn and galicia, the poles gained three more transcarpathian district, which was mainly inhabited by ethnic ukrainians. The polish side pledged to provide them with freedom of religion and the right to study in their native language. The corresponding decision was made by the polish sejm, but it was soon forgotten. In december of the twentieth, a law on the nationalization of land was adopted in poland, according to which retired soldiers of the polish army received the right to receive free plots in new territories. Plots were cut from the lands of former landowners and orthodox churches. As a result, about 200,000 poles and another 100,000 moved to the cities. And in october 24 , the education law came into force, according to which. Polish became the official language the number of polish schools and libraries in Foreign Languages was reduced to a minimum. All this caused discontent among ukrainian nationalists. Back in 1920, former petliura colonel yevgeny konavalets created the Ukrainian Military organization uvo, and in 1929 the organization of ukrainian nationalists oun was formed in vienna. Both structures were replenished with unemployed ukrainian youth. Who was not hired for Civil Service or any other prestigious job. Ukrainian militants set fire to the estates of polish colonists, blew up Railway Tracks and police stations. On august 24 , 1930, yuzov pelsudsky signed a decree on carrying out pacification and forcing the volyn residents to peace. 130 ukrainian activists were arrested, including several former deputies of the sejm. Often searches. Into ordinary robberies and pogroms. On september 30, polish police liquidated the head of an Educational Institution in western ukraine. In response to this, by order head of the department. All the organizers of the murder were arrested. The Warsaw District Court sentenced bandera and other conspirators to death, which was later commuted to life imprisonment. Bandera was released from prison in september 1939 and began actively collaborating with German Military intelligence. After. All this flows into the tragedy of 1943, when in fact this socalled volyn massacre was a struggle of uh, partisan forces, but in order to uh, maintain demographic control over a particular territory, aun and the upa are slaughtering the poles, with exemplary cruelty, in order to oust these people from volyn, so that those who were not slaughtered would run away in fear, in 1944 a Population Exchange began between the soviet union and the polish peoples republic, ukrainians were invited to leave for the ussr, and poles and jews who were citizens of poland, and then became soviet citizens , after 1939, they are invited to return to poland, first completely voluntarily, then voluntarily forcibly, as we were able to do in soviet times, in fortyseven, what was not done as part of this. Lemkos and boyks are being evicted from the eastern outskirts of poland, now the new poland, to those territories that poland inherited from germany. Poland wanted the country to remain a mononational power. In 1944, as part of an agreement on the exchange of citizens between the ukrainian ussr and the polish committee for National Liberation , trains with poles came from the soviet union, and ukrainians and residents of the western regions of poland returned to meet them. 2 years later , more than a Million People returned to poland, ussr, mainly about 500 thousand arrived in ukraine. At that time , according to various estimates, there were from 20 to 50 thousand ukrainians remaining on the territory of poland, among whom were representatives of the rebel army of the upa. In the spring of 1947, under the pretext of protecting civilians and the actions of ukrainian nationalists, the authorities began to massively evict ukrainians from southeastern poland to the northern and western lands, which until 1945 were part of germany. The process was led by military personnel. Task force wisla, which was involved in the liquidation of the upa , arrested all those suspected of collaborating with the underground. All ukrainian and mixed families were subject to resettlement. The deportation process was often accompanied by violence. Often only a few hours were given to prepare the preparations; people were sent to their destination in freight cars. Upon arrival, the ukrainians were dispersed over a vast territory, mainly. In the alsztyn, szczecen, wroclaw and gdansk voivodeships, and their number should not exceed 10 from the local polish population. In their places of residence, the migrants were subject to police surveillance, family, cultural and religious contacts were limited, and public speech in the ukrainian language was suppressed. Along with this, there was a ban on moving without government approval. All this was accompanied. Military emergency courts, which sentenced people to death for collaborating with the upa. During the vistula operation, about 150,000 ukrainians were resettled, a thousand ended up in a concentration camp, and several underground workers were shot. Decisions of field courts. Officially, the operation ended at the end of july 1947, but the deportation continued later. The memory of those here. Events that i spoke about, she is very much alive, in the eightyninth year i worked in poland, and my friend invited me, her village, where she was from, in the lublin voivodeship, to spend christmas, and for 3 days, but people eat, drink , however, without loss of communication ability, and for 3 days they remember some interesting events from the past, and there would be nothing there about any communists, everything was about this forty third, fortyfour. And about from which edge of the forest the Ukrainian Partisans came out, from which edge of the forest the soldiers of the Regional Army came out, and this is such a trauma when you live for months, waking up and not knowing whether you will live until sunset, every day, the canada incident drew attention to ukrainian diaspora, as it was formed, ukrainians, rusyns moved overseas in much the same way as the irish or italians that is, these were quite massive moves in search of work, and by the way, among these people quite there was a lot, well, if they had some kind of political sentiment, the convictions of the left, but this was before emigration before the second world war, it. But as if this is a separate topic, uh, at the end of the second world war, and after her, many people who were war criminals ended up overseas, well, either in australia, or in england, these were the main directions, and they actively collaborated with various Intelligence Services during the cold war, in fact, this was their main task, and the main way to avoid punishment, for what happened during of the second world war, canada gradually became the center, that is, in fact, these people seized the existing canadian organizations that existed at that time, created with. And it cannot be said that every ukrainian canadian, like this, is the heir to the criminals of the second world war, but people who are closely connected with this tradition actually play a key leading role, they punish very harshly criminals who try to question the correctness of their line, i know of cases of fellow historians who were simply thrown out work, if they began to object to what they were doing, and this ukrainian diaspora, it was very influential in ukraine, after the collapse of the soviet union. She is very influential now in canada, well, because they control a fairly large set of votes, well, that is, the embarrassment in the Canadian Parliament is not an accidental misunderstanding, an event that shows that those who organized it believed that this could be done now , because, as it were, well, he fought with the right enemy, who is now. Our enemy, so no one he will remember in the ranks what division he fought in, but here the poles spoiled it, this shows how important these stories are for the poles. Thank you, we talked with alexey miller. On thursday, the president of the unrecognized republic of nagornokarabakh, artsakh, signed a decree on its selfliquidation. I cant immediately think of any examples of an acute territorial conflict ending in such a routine and regulated manner. True, it seems that the first result will be the exodus of almost the entire armenian population, which in its own prospects in azerbaijan does not believe it, but this is unlikely to upset baku much. The territorial integrity of the state has been restored through the calculated and wellprepared use of force, taking into account current geopolitical realities. Selfdetermination of the armenian minority with whose demand the confrontation began more than 35 years ago, did not take place. The contradiction between the right of a nation to selfdetermination and the preservation of the territorial integrity of the state. One of the most egregious. If we ignore the casuistry and look at the statistical data, selfdetermination is in the lead. Since the end of the 19th century , the number of states has quadrupled, not counting territories with semirecognized or special status. The first, so to speak, major selfdetermination was realized when the north american colonies became accustomed to england, they wrote it down in a declaration. In 1776, there was already a question about the legality of selfdetermination, then the french constitution of 1709 enshrined this, this process began first at the domestic level, in almost all constitutions of the world the right to selfdetermination is enshrined in those or phraseological turns, this is already a given, this is a given, at the same time it is natural that the state exists on a certain territory, by population, by public authorities, and each state considers territories as the material sphere of its existence, stands for maintaining the unity of this territory, preventing it collapse, rejection, and so on, and both of these principles have the right to exist; by lenins hand, in a decree , the right to selfdetermination was enshrined in the world for the first time in history, this is a legislative act. Its november 8th 1917, surprisingly, exactly 3 months later the right to selfdetermination appeared in one of the points of Woodrow Wilsons message to congress, and there in these 14 points he would also abandon the right to selfdetermination. The history of karabakh shows that there are movements in two directions. However, formally, no one has ever recognized the independence of the nkr. So azerbaijan had no legal obstacles. When they talk about the right of peoples selfdetermination, for some reason the majority perceives the right of peoples to selfdetermination as a mandatory right to secession, the creation of an independent state and so on, take away, take away , the right to selfdetermination includes several forms selfdetermination of peoples cultural autonomy, this is also selfdetermination, and often those or peoples and. Stops there, they can ask for cultural autonomy, National Cultural autonomy, they can raise the question of becoming a subject of the federation and becoming a subject of the confederation and gaining the right, for example, to elect from their composition a deputy of parliament, a central one, and so on, that is, many different forms, well yes, so macron proposed autonomy to orsica just the other day. Karabakh, like. Other wellknown conflicts, is a product of the collapse of the ussr, a very complex country, the leaders of which rather arrogantly believed that its configuration would not change against their will. We also collided, by the way, in the seventysecond article, uh, the constitution of the seventyseventh year of the ussr, there was also a formula written down each Union Republic retains the right to freely secede from the ussr, but who could then think that this this problem could really arise, but in the ninety, ninetyfirst year, you see, the Baltic States tripped us up, when the question arose, they announced an exit, realized that there was no mechanism for the political divorce process, how to get out, how to calculate property, debts, property and so on, and other things, so in this regard, of course, uh, there are problems , today the furthest thing in terms of formalizing the possibility of exit and the exit mechanism, as it may not seem surprising, is ethiopia, in the constitution ethiopia has a clearly defined mechanism, it is written firstly that every nation, nationality, people have. The right to free exit, but for this it is necessary that the legislative body first raise this issue, after 3 years, the central government, ethiopia, will raise the issue in a referendum if the majority will vote, then the constitutional process should already be launched and so on, but it was prescribed, prescribed, let us note that there was a fair amount of ethnoterritorial violence. Ethiopia. Eritrea fought for 30 years and gained amicable independence only thanks to the fall of the ethiopian communist regime. Yes, from tigray province. Adisa did not fight to the death, in general, the experience of ethiopia is interesting, but it does not look like something to be emulated. In general, with all due respect to international lawyers, who are capable of cogently explaining anything , empirical experience, alas, speaks in favor of brute force. As one of the most Famous International sociologists of the 20th century, charles tilly, wrote, wars create states, and states wage wars. Some people, however, understand this. Quite literally. In the early nineties i visited several times at different conferences where these overseas ukrainians participated. One very prominent historian, a good historian, told me that from his point of view, this is how this independence fell, fell. To ukraine, this is wrong, and this is like an unfinished story, because, firstly, from his point of view , it was necessary to carry out an exchange of population, like, uh, in fortyfour, fortyfive, that is, russia had to give up those 7 million ukrainians who lived in russia, and 7 million russians, would go back to russia from ukraine, thats what he proposed, then he said that in general, strong independence, with a strong identity, is born out of war, and in general, if you look at the press, there is western ukrainian, ninetyone, ninety in the second year, war with russia appears to be a inevitable and b desirable. And it is clear that these ideas cannot be divided anywhere. What the ukrainian diaspora feared most for many years was that this drive towards independence, away from moscow, away from moscow, it will fizzle out, a reverse movement will begin, which cannot be stopped, so it was necessary to create some kind of irreversible, this is the feeling of irreversibility, this is what they really lacked. War does mean irreversibility, just not the kind that Nation Builders dream of. There are no military confrontations whose results would be recorded once and for all. The deadline is coming, any results are being reviewed, and now. Any history is also being rewritten only human losses are irreversible, the loss of the lives of those for whose sake, it would seem, everything is being done, and it happens that it really becomes impossible to distinguish defeat from victory, you watched the international review, goodbye. 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