China central asia and then europe or the European Union so to defy the globalization is globalization in your view the freedom of Movement People goods that the great increase and world trade it was see the knocking down of barley as the combination of currencies of these and utilize the manifestations of that global world they are exactly what defined globalization interdependence. And interconnectedness of factors be it ideas be a trade be it finance and if you measure all of these theyre becoming less global less interconnected and more regional the internet has a good example europe doesnt have its own Internet Companies but it is regulating the internet china has closed off its internet if youve got a g. Mail account you go to china you cant use that and then the states there is this big debate around the tech giants are there too close to government are they creating inequality what are they going to do with pete. Pulls data so the world is fracturing in these respects only overstating this a bit despite the kick back against globalization of the trade war between america and china but President Trump is not going to last forever i thought he would like to want some of that ease up as the various personalities pushing the economic nationalism leave the stage you know i think one of the reasons he has been successful is that there are large constituencies of people in the us who support what he is doing they dont support i think the way in which in the style in which hes doing it Big American Companies are they feel aggrieved about the way theyve theyve been dealt with in china and i think also growth in the world is slowing many of the imbalances at the same time are getting bigger world debt to g. D. P. Know is as high as it was in the 2nd world war and then before that the napoleonic wars so the imbalances associated with globalization are growing and then the many countries have failed to used globalization to their benefit and in those countries globalization is blamed but actually in fact its the choice of policies in those countries that produce things like inequality which is which is agreed just in some countries the highest ever you mentioned Big American Companies really believe that they cant get to the Chinese Market was not a large section of the American Population and felt aggrieved because their share of wealth has been diminishing and is not a factor in this discontent which is replicated through manifestations like bricks in the u. K. I think so so one of the things you can trace is that theres a whole range of countries most of the large are older developed economies where for maybe 60 percent of population the real increase in income has not risen in the last 10 years and that creates i think a situation where people change their expectations and as a result of that they want to maybe break the system as people say and then they adopt a much more aggressive. Kind of political i would choose not probably one of the things thats given as briggs as one of the things thats given us trump political volatility and in italy and other countries as well some emerging markets are suffering the same but its up to the case for for all countries because it wasnt been some general claims that rise in the populace across europe trumpet about complex of the u. K. But of some countries been insulated or even immune to these trades and i wouldnt say theres there are countries that are immune to them but countries that have adopted we pass weve talked about in the context of scotland other small developed countries be it switzerland or sweden who are very exposed to world trade theyre very open economically but they have low levels of inequality because theyve theyve been alert to the the risks and the changes in the World Economy theyve put in place measures be it social welfare systems that buffer the effect of of these changes and then they are also to the forefront of policy making singapore has a minister for the future denmark has just to put in place the minister for technology for Silicon Valley smaller countries who are maybe more vulnerable are also more more alert so what would be the best prescription for a country looking at the modification at least but juicer the end of globalization how we can be successful in the world will be the canvas of being able to do virtually everything you pleased internationally is beginning to to be painted i think one of these countries will have to be more aware of is regionalization and this is problematic for braggs of because in this part of the world the big region is going to be the e. U. And the u. S is very strong in certain respects trade for example so in this part of the world the use rules and regulations will will carry. On i think being a midsize country offshore of the e. U. Would be it would be difficult to to follow i think it also also at the same time there would. Be Certain Industries that will thrive media finance particularly i can see trade in hard goods becoming more regional and things like intellectual property will be more and more for over internationally so thats a warning for the blacks the 2 of them in if you take mr johnson as. A rebellious backbencher after he was for he criticized for these amazing deals saying it would leave the u. K. In a client state relationship but your argument seems to be that relationship of people who are not in the big trading bloc is inevitable economically whatever the the political manifestation of a deal yeah i think i think you describe him as a rebel hes now in the seat of power and you cant rebel against detail you can rebel against the hard fact that he doesnt have a coherent plan b. In place and also i think what is coming down the road is britain needs to find a new economic model if you look at productivity in the u. K. Its a multi decade many multi multi century level so this is very important debate up meaning is when productivity is a lot its like a very low. Organic Economic Growth in a country where the population is moving not growing very quickly that is the real driver of the quality of your economy in the speed of Economic Growth and thats been low for lots of reasons lack of investment a whole of hollowing out of the labor market by the economy so theyre bubbling under brakes that there are all these really crucial structural issues that need to be debated that business want need want to debate and that live beyond the end of the end of october where mike weve had a stellar career in the International Business economists but obviously than irishman how would ireland cope. Circumstance is going to be difficult but that is the result. Zillions when the Irish Economy to to win through i think is i would say its a winner from briggs that because the Economic Risks are very large but its a winner i think in terms of the performance of irish diplomacy i think the theyve done very very well. Its a country where people are more preoccupied by brigs that so i think people have been quite alert and in general have prepared and ireland is making a Firm Decision to be part of europe now so i think arden would be more involved in whats happened in the in the e. U. And i think would be developing its industries the way it looks at the world along those lines the political consequences for the other celtic nations for scotland i as you know soon as briggs it happened in my mind history was detonated and i think we will see Scottish Independence coming in the next 510 years whenever it needs to to come and in the government in scotland currently needs to begin to prepare the ground for the institutionally in terms of expertise and to give the sense that this is a country that can be independently governed in a very capable way so whats your essential message from the not just to the Scottish Government but for governments around the world how do we prepare for this new reality and what is the essential ingredients for success in the world beyond globalisation so what the levelling is all about is kind of the bookend of globalisation on what what comes next. And what im trying to say is dont be lazy in assuming that globalisation will continue we will go through a fallow period of 5 or 10 years internationally while the next world order begins to evolve and theres lots of hard laws there indebtedness as one ive mentioned the remaking of politics weve never seen in europe in the world the destruction and creation of so Many Political parties and i think coming out of this youll see a new kind of political contract. Democratic party debate in the us is a very very good example of where thats going and then in the wider european context for me the future is with the with the e. U. Michael sullivan the new reality of the what will be on blacks that alex salmond quick no i dont have to tell and i didnt want to do but i have to warn about one thing this doesnt work unless it scores another thought i have a i have a bottle of middleton somewhere so thanks very much. Thank you so. After the break alex interviewed professor carlos bush about how countries large and small have adapted to these Global Trends with even. A syrian conflict mediation never has spoken with one voice but recently disagreements between russia turkey and iran has become so still could not even the leaders try to hide it as the program run its course or is the friction really a sign that its working. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah hes. Going to do the falls so. You can sleep. With. The british open. So instead i mean shes on that you know sound a soft spot the mouthpiece down this time i dont. Look for me. To continue the political use of the Police Reports for the way. For. Israels parliamentary elections to begin ended in deadlock the electorate is divided divided on the political right sitting Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu says its either my right wing blog or again back government how does this kind of rhetoric bode for the palestinians middle east ability. This is a story about what happens austria stray bullets kills a young girl in the streets. What happens to her family and daughters in florida. The mother daughter is buried in a cemetery. With your head what happens to the community the public was screaming for a scapegoat the police need is a scapegoat so why not choose a 19 year old black kid with a criminal record who better to plan this than him and what happens in court. Shot shot as far as. We dont know shell just for. Just. You. Know shell just. Welcome back Michael Sullivan sees an age of globalization coming to an end however professor Collis Bush Ickes that many of the small the car to save adopted better than their larger neighbors to the social pressures that its raised alex it is professor bush from Princeton University. And im delighted to be joined by professor karlas borsch of Princeton University it colors welcome to the exam and sure thank you can you tell me commerce europe interpretation of the World Economic environment at the present moment do you see starting close gathering for another major recession we can certainly see that things are not going well so industrial output is down in germany in france in the u. S. There is all this concern about trade so there seems to be a recession now coming to the words us about im not sure about you know how big it may be and in terms of the the fire powar available to Central Banks and to governments it is a problem that were relatively low Interest Rates prevailing across the western world and high levels of indebtedness in most countries that theres a lack of things in the locker to combat a looming recession that seems the to be the case right so Interest Rates are now negative governments have a lot of debt as a result of fighting the Great Recession of the late 20082000 tents so there is not that much left to them in terms of hope Political Parties can react under difficult economic circumstances in your experience youve done a great deal of work in this does that make it more difficult for Political Parties to pursue a program of the equality for example in a tough economic environment or this is exactly the time we should be bringing forward such policies well you know i think that there are 2 things here one is in the short run and the other one is in the long run so in the short run i think that all of them are in a way. Tied by the resources that they half available to them and we are talking about you know Monetary Policy and fiscal policy. I think that to me what is more most concerning is the long run to what extent things are changing as a result of mostly well 2 things right one is technological transformations automation dramatisation and extent to which these may affect mostly people that half lowest skilled thats one concern the other one is globalization there seem to be 2 kinds of responses developing as we speak one is a response that wants to cut back on globalization and protect some economic sectors or some social classes that feel that they are not doing as well as they should they should especially in comparison with others within the same country right so they feel somehow this is unfair and so many of them are betting on these programs that are about in a way. Of reducing immigration imposing tyree thats one possible or one way i see and then there is the other one which is perhaps and i see that more of a consensus about that in the small countries which is embracing globalization but kind of foreseeing some mechanisms to either make sure that people can compete and can adjust to these transformations or compensating those that suffered from those transformations right so in the past meaning the past the sixtys and the seventys or the eightys it was all about free market versus intervention or you know socialism versus conservatism and this has progressively changed to protectionism bassoons social democratic globe but globalization package so these 2 examples youve given professor bush would be illustrated by bricks at the move to break in the large country of the u. K. And the move. The independence of autonomy in catalonia your home country it was a large economy a large country struggling with the ideas of how do you take control and the other a small of country embracing globalization and trying to find a part with it it would these be practical examples of these 2 trends youre speaking about they could be although i thought did were going to compare britain and scotland you know its closer to our to you i i think that scotland and britain or england are are these 2 you know they are going somehow in different direction youre actually solving what some people seem to regard as a part of docs of why people should seek independence for scotland how simple tailless lee supporting it being passed of the the European Union the trend that youve outlined does illustrate that and makes it compatible as opposed to a paradox i think it does i think also that the European Union was a place that made it easier for our decentralization and giving sovereignty back to smaller units it is true though that the European Union in the last 2 years house these other side which is not just about a big confederation that is competent on big issues and then the units within are sort of semi sovereign now i see the European Union also with the temptation of being just a union off a state that used the power of the European Union to in a way control or squash these. A spear ations for more political sovereignty or autonomy of the derrick constituent regions so there is that there is a struggle in europe too about what europe means. So my final question professor bush is this should Political Parties except that many of the things that engaged in are actually a result of International Economic trends or those are still the ability for a Political Party to come up with for a program and any country is small or large which will actually achieve the objectives lets say for income equality it will fit in Global Economic environment how much does the global dictate the political ethics and how much freedom of maneuver complicite is still for it i think that we think globalization there are many things that can be done maybe they are not about short term policies are you know the policies that are related to the Central Banks or even to deficits but things that are about good infrastructures Human Capital so if you cation about transparent noncorrupt administrations all these things are fundamental when you look for example europe are small countries are countries that are are stable. People are they in fact in terms of happiness indexes they are they high devaluation of government is in this world of mistrust you know we have seen a lot of mistrust or lack of confidence or lack of trust on politicians going up in many countries but in a small countries not all of them but in many of them are the relationship between governments and the government is very good this indicates to us that you can have both things its not just about let me say about Political Parties although you may be right its about these deal that happens we theme parties across parties with citizens its a is a set of Good Behavior say. That should allow these 2 things globalization and openness and well for our well distribute it that can happen right somehow a small countries do it does better than the countries thank you very much indeed professor karmas bosch of Princeton University a pleasure always as the fog of breaks it has descended upon United Kingdom politics its difficult to the serve in the shape of the short term future never mind detect long term trends politics has become erratic personality driven almost surreal the Prime Minister controversially perons parliament and then gets turned over to the scottish courts for acting unlawfully by misleading her majesty the queen as to his motivations in getting rid of it temporarily of an inconvenient and toggle in parliament will the u. K. Supreme court write to the Prime Ministers rescued by overruling the Scottish Supreme Court over the side that where the court should not tell the government the hoa to do its political job it should at least ensure that part of the still around to do its democratic judy and thats the normal measure of politics a tory party had been left in complete disarray by this new and reckless Prime Minister one of his rivals for the tory leadership election of just a few weeks ago has been tough though the party for yet another has jumped ship to the liberal democrats with the last conservative Prime Minister to actually win an election David Cameron has a vest of 80 johnson for his treachery during the euro referendum while the election would have before that subject on major is turning up in person to sue him in the courts but as johnson has time to be a parliamentary majority into a minority of over 40 a split his party has been battered from pillar to post heckled in all full countries of the United Kingdom and even luxembourg further still maintains a lead in the opinion polls. There has been how about a shift in Prime Ministerial emphasis almost lost in the general hubbub just a couple of weeks ago he was boasting about being ready for brets do or die as he laid the ground for a snap election now hes trying to resuscitate to these a may once despised blacks it deal for little face saving modification of the irish backstop most worryingly for the Prime Minister the seems a normal simple route to an early general election at least not one time of his own choosing to some this never straight down in the u. K. Body politic seems all the more extraordinary and slow while a war looms again in the middle east and the claim that shames imperative rules on an answer by global collective action and that theres at least possible that the blacks that buddha is in itself part of a World Economic trend testing the strength of the political culture across the liberal democracies professor David Blanchflower reckons that the western countries are created the political crisis by cold eating a painfully slow to cover me from the Great Recession of more than a decade ago George Catalan professor Richard Murphy believe that the government is underestimating the Practical Impact of a new deal blacksad and the new Political Program is required to put matters right today professor bosch and Michael Sullivan discuss the endgame of globalization and why small countries have generally adjusted better to its tensions and strains the share of the analysis of all of guests in the cities is that the political careers as a result of economic pressure not vice versa and the new economic order will need a maps to fill the vacuum only then can politics are tartan to a new normal to misquote englands barbed theres an economy which ships are lens rough few of them we will. Next week were talking to a top political commentators to tell us whats going to happen next in the black melodrama as the call moves steadily on to the high noon of hollow we have made a pretty good stab at it so far but can they see through the fog to the blacks that didnt know until then can toss them you know the shoe is goodbye for now. Yeah b. O. C. Exit from fear its happening as big countries accumulate big positions and go thats an exit problem. Because we know that over the past 300 years no fia body out survive. Just lose. Him or hes you boys. Are going to. See lets see. A process for constructing this was to implant as a biodegradable scaffold which is porous and when this is inserted beneath the skin when the skin is suctioned over the scaffold over a period of about 6 months you have to shoo in growth and invesco arise eisen occurring in other words the cells in your in your body grow into the scaffold it grows its own blood supply so now this is fully integrated as part of my on its own living. Thousands of american men and women choose to serve in the countrys military decision little shot change lives every thing came to a complete. The day that i was raped. You know told to shut up kill me and i see how it destroyed my life many screamed at me and he made me come in and you graham my arm and he write me with his birthing curia if you take into account that women dont report because of the extreme retaliation and its probably somewhere near about half a 1000000 women have now been sexually assaulted in the us military rape is a very very traumatizing thing tat happen but ive never seen trauma like ive seen from women who are veterans who have suffered military sexual trauma reporting rape is more likely to get the victim punished and be offended and almost 10 year career or chose very invested in and i gave a sex offender who was not even put to justice or put on the registry this is simply an issue of tower and violence male sexual predators for the large part of target whoever is there to prey upon whether thats a man or when. It. Comes to. U. S. Security chiefs discuss potential action against iraq to saudi arabia claims to iran was behind the recent bombing of its oil refineries. The Global Security body in sapulpa says at least a dozen suspected terrorists have entered europe crossing the mediterranean. 12 powers failed to agree on a ceasefire syrias province and russia and the u. S. Clash at the un over how to deal with terrorists in the area. And Human Rights Watch reveals thousands of children in nigeria have been detained in the counterterrorist crackdown we hear from to. Describe severely overcrowded so