Played a part in the fortunes of mankind, violent events in our planets atmosphere have transformed history, these are the stories of weather that changed the world, denora pennsylvania, a small town 28 miles south of pittsburg, once vital part of americas and industrial heartland, thousands of tons of steel and zinc produced here helped give america the machines it needed to fight world war ii, and the products that of fueled the booming economy in the peace time that followed. America had never been more productive, but prosperity always comes a cost, and in 1948, it was the people of donora who paid the. Price. In october of that year, pennsylvania suffered a Freak Weather event, and in the small town, it caused the worst air pollution disaster in the nations history. The real facts behind incident have remained hidden for decades. Devra davis, a leading environmental scientist, has spent years trying to uncover of the truth. This was the mean dragon ora, this is where everything happened and where of people would gather, there were stores and um, lot of bars and it was pretty vibrant community and lot of activity, lot different than it is today with lot of things boarded up, three steel and zinc mill dominated the town, the mills were everything, without the mills there would have been no denore it at all, because the vast majority of the people either worked in the mills or had it was the sustaining force for committee. The towns industrial success relied its location on the manon hella river. The river gave life to the miss. In order to make steel, you need lots of water, and you have here. Dunoras location made it prosperous. But its steep valley terrain also made it vulnerable to a weather phenomenon severe fog, which in 1948 would beak havoc on this community. Valley fogs are clouds that form at ground level. On of a clear night, the ground radiate heat upwards, so the air at ground level gets clear and colder. In valley, this cold air collects at the bottom. When moist air from the river rises and meets the cold layer, the moisture condenses around tiny particles in the air and forms water droplets. In large quantities this becomes fog. In denora, fogs were frequent because there were lots of particles for the water to condense around, and when fog mixes with pollution, it becomes smog. Fog and smog are pretty strange, spooky phenomena, but actually theyre little more than tiny suspended droplets of water hanging in the air. Now in a lab like this, its actually very difficult to generate proper fog, so the only way we can make fog is by using a fog machine. But in 1940s in a city like zanora, a combination of fog and the accrid smoke from the local factories. Would have combined together into a really nasty smog. On october 27th, 1948, the town woke up to a thick and aggrid smog, classic donora weather. I dont think anybody ever thought it was anything unusual. Truthfully, they at first thought it was just an ordinary heavy snog, they couldnt at the ground, but that wasnt all that unusual. By the end of that first day though, this was something different, it didnt dissipate, it didnt go away. The next morning, the town is still routed in smog, its not usually so persistent, and soon its effects are felt all over town, the street lights were on, they didnt go off automatically, it was very difficult to see the traffic signals, so the cars were going very slowly through the community, some people couldnt even find their ways home, they needed to find others to help them get around, normally wind or rain would disperse the smog, but not this time, as the week progress, it continues to build, becoming more and more pervasive. In donora, the smog so thick that people reported not being able to see even foot in front of them. These are really surreal and highly disorientating conditions, under which you, your sight is useless and all you can rely on is your sense of of hearing, but that wasnt the. Worst of it, this smog was corrosive, and with every breath people would have been inhaling this corros mist to some the most delicate tissues in their bodies. Before long, its starting to take its toll on peoples health. For local pharmacist rosemary iams, it was busy time. There was probably three times as many people come in, the. Would normally see, breathing problems were sweeping through the town, there seemed to be something sinister in this latest relentless smog, four days into the extreme weather on friday, october 29th, 948, with many donorans still oblivious to the surge of illness, the halloween parade, one of towns annual highlights goes ahead as planned, most the time turned out for the halloween parade. Thing was that i couldnt see the people across mccaine avenue, and thats not a very wide avenue because the small was so dense. As children parade through the streets, people in houses just few feet away are reaching a critical condition. Most people, like my mother carried on, went halloween prayed, behind the scenes a lot of people were getting worried, someho never been sick were developing really bad coughs and those who are already ill, some of them. Were starting to die, toxic smug is starting to take the ultimate toll on the people of donora. Why its become so severe is still a mystery to them. Theyre yet to discover the force responsible is the weather. 1948, gaging smog has mothered the town of nora pennsylvania for four day, infiltrating the lives and lungs of its inhabitants. It seems to be held in. By some invisible force. That force was the weather. In october 1948, denora and western pennsylvania were covered by vast High Pressure system. In other parts the us, regular weather patterns prevail, but right over dunora, the High Pressure brings calm, stable weather. Theres no wind or rain to disperse the cold, small laden air. Here is really almost the complete absent of weather, in the sense almost nothing happening, there was just the same air sitting there sable and building up pollutants. The High Pressure system triggers hazardous meteorological effect. Air heated by the earth at ground level rises and begins to warm the colder air above it. If the High Pressure system persists, a switch. Which eventually occurs and the high level air becomes warmer than the air below it. This is a temperature inversion. In denora, the warm air acts as cap over the valley, trapping fumes inside. Special effects expert david woods replicates the capping effect of a temperature inversion using models and smoke machine. This is a representation of donora, town in a steepsided valley, as you can see most of the pollution is actually leaving the valley as it should. And uh this perspects lid represent the warmair cap that formed over the vally trapping in the pollution. As days go by, the toxic fumes have nowhere to go. The smog builds, getting thicker and swamping the town. Five days in and the situation takes an alarming turn. Young telephone operator, aliraniac struggles. Smog to reach work, we had to buzz in to get in the door, and the girl let me in, and she said, hurry up, get up here, she says, um, get your set on, people are dying, the doctors phone starts to ring off the hook, after a while we realized you, something was drastically along here, the Emergency Services are inandated with calls. And the hospital fill up with patients. The deaths that people experienced would have been like suffocating, like trying to breathe through a straw. No matter how deeply you inhale, the lungs are not getting air. By the end of the fifth day, the death toll is reached 18. Several hundred are stricken with illness. Local physician dr. William rongus knows the factories are to blame, and he issues an urgent warning to the people of donora. He told people. Literally get the hell out of town, he said that, if you can leave, get out of here. The mill owners deny that theyre responsible, but they eventually agree to slow down production in the plants, but in the end, its not their actions that save the people of donora. On sunday october 31st, its the weather that finally brings relief. Affront came through and it rained. The wind picked up, and with the wind and the rain, the normal cycle of weather could happen. Again, the smog has lifted, and in the aftermath, the town takes stock, 20 have died, 6,00 more made sick. Within days, workers had returned to the mills, but one question remained, what exactly was it that had killed so many . Its a question that some didnt want answered. For decades, the cause the 20 deaths in denora pennsylvania in 1948 remained unsolved, but after years of investigating the case, devra davis believes shes the answer. That massive inversion hit the entire manangella valley, which was full of mills. Those deaths, as far as we know, only happened in donora, whats unique about donora, the whole valley was full of steelmills and cokents, but only donora had the zinc plant a huge zinc plant of which it was very proud. To make zinc, you calcium fluoride and you combine it with sand, that combination releases a highly reactive fluoride gas, like the gases that killed people in the first world war, can get through the upper respiratory tract and then kause separating bloody mass of the lower lungs, and thats what happened in donora, in several of the autopsies that. Reviewed. In the aftermath of the tragedy, investigation is mounted, but the authorities are unwilling to pin blame on the mills, concerned by the economic damage it might cause. They conclude instead that the deaths were caused by an act of god. As a result, lessons about pollution that could have been learned around the world are ignored. This has catastrophic impact for you. Years later in 1952 when a similar weather event thousands of miles away strikes at the heart of london england. British meteorologist thomas shaffernacker has studied the event. Well, this is one of the best views of london you can possibly get and we can see the house of parliament here, big ben, and behind it, the battersey power station, which is huge icon of londons industrial era, but the perfect conditions for seeing these landmarks to. Day, just over half a century ago, it was a completely different story. Back then, londons factories and homes filled the air with sea smoke, when the sout combined with fog coming off londons river tems, thick smog formed. One londoner who remembers the smog well is donum. We were recovering from the war. Tunes were builting out the. And it was hell of a place to live, then on december 5th, 1952, a large High Pressure weather system settles over london, the city is enveloped in in cold, dry, stable air, just like over denora pennsylvania in 1948. Its almost like lid stuck over london, so all of those pollutants coming out of the chimnes and the factories got stuck creating this thick, slushy, slurry smog, you couldnt see where youre going, behind us is nelsons column, hes out in the sky, but you couldnt even see the base of the column in those days, it was a frightening experience. Poor visibility isnt the only problem, sulpur dioxide from coalburning fires reacts with water in the foggy air to form sulpuric acid. 800 tons of the gas are spewed into londons air during the week of the great smog. This sm was horrible, the taste of sulfur in your mouth, the deposit on your skin, one thought they were going to die. Sulfuric acid is one of the most reactive and corros. Of materials we know of, and in highly concentrated form, you can actually use it to destroy organic materials, like this sponge, now the sulfuric acid present in the smog would much, much more dilute, and so perhaps the effects would be less dramatic, you would still get severe irritation and of course longterm respiratory problems. As the High Pressure system over london enters its fifth consecutive day, the smog claims its first victims. The diftol rapidly escalates. By the end of the week, its reached 4,000. A further 12,000 people die over the following year. The scale of this weather disaster is far too big to ignore. This time, killer smog would change our approach to the environment for good. In december 1952, london was crippled by extreme smarg. It was a disaster for london, schools were closed, transport was halted, uh, airports werent working at all, in fact london ground to a complete halt, so london was in the midst of a manmade natural disaster. In just one week, 4,000 people died. The. The incident echoed what happened in donora pennsylvania just few years earlier when 20 people lost their lives. London disaster directed fresh attention on that tragedy of 1948. From the horror, a glimmer of hope emerged. I truly believe that because there many radio stations and the newspapers wanted something to publicize that this became wellknown throughout the united states. Soon. People elsewhere started wondering what smog could mean for their communities. If lot of pollution in a small period of time could kill healthy working class people, then the question had to be asked, what does lot of pollution over a long period of time do all of us . Because you had people dying. The double tragedies of donora and london force governments into action. In 1955, the American Congress passed the air pollution. In britain, the Clean Air Act followed year later. The laws gave rise to a whole new field of scient Research Inter pollution. Today, that legacy continues through the work of people like environmental specialist. Yeah, and is the map working well there behind you. Okay, he travels around the pittsburg area in a mobile air laboratory. He and his team aim to create comprehensive maps showing areas where air pollution is strongest. One thing we hope to do once we complete these maps of pollution is to be able to go to the policy makers uh to then see if we can do anything about the sources of that pollution. Although air pollution remains a problem, the levels he records today are over 80 times lower than they were in 1948. Something good has come out of it. It was a sort was a tragedy. But the end result has been very good, it laid foundation for understanding that we had to do something about airpolution, that that smoke was not just the price of progress, my grandfather used to say that it smelled like money, well that smell of money could turn out to be deadly. The weather that brought disaster to two industrial communities last century was ultimately responsible for creating a cleaner future for us all. On september 22, 1980. وقتی خرم شهرهر آزاد شد در واقع کمر عراق شکست توی جنگ و جنگ تکلیفش معلوم شد. I was born in 1971 in gerada, i love physics, because its allow me to understand the fundamental laws that govern the matter and the universe, and the universe. My name is, im professor at the university muhammad. During my master study in one of the prestigious theoretical physics lab in morocco in rabat, i was really impressed by the work of professor Muhammad Abdul salam, i was also deeply, i would say influenced by the story of these professors and all the effort he has made to help science in the Muslim Country and also the dream to be able one day to, i would say to bring some knowledge and transfer some technology to my in morocco. I think we we got this award for our contribution, both in high energy and as particle physics. To recently, our group was involved in the search of the light by lights catering. Its a process with. Which is completely forbidden by classical electrodynamic, but it appear in quantum electrodynamic, but its extremely rare, thats why many devices has been proposed and they all fail, by using what we call the ultraperipheral collision between heavy ion at the lhc, because lhc collide protons, but it collide also lead lead ions. The electromagnetic field get enhanced due to its dependency of the charge of collided and this enhance also the probability which the Cross Section of this process and we have managed to measure like 59 events of this kind of light by light skatering while expecting only 12 background event and this was the first time that we observe this this important process, what make light by light scatering an important process is the fact that the scattered photon could couple to any exotic particle beyond the standard model and we have here a clean way to prob for new physics beyond the standard model. Morocco has been selected like the. Excite to assemble this High Performance detector which is one of the fastest one in in the world, it touch the Horizon Technology because it ensures Something Like 30 pick second of time resolution, which is also here very important for our country, a transfer of technology and also high quality, high level training from for our phd student. The the first time i heard about the mustafa prize was like a bit more than two years ago from social media. I visited the their website once, googled the uh the web pages of the different previews, and i was impressed by their achievement, but to be honest, i didnt expect that it will happen one day, i mean, i am, i was surprised, but very honored to get this prestigious award, yes. Mein name ist lena, ich bin 21, komme aus dorf brutzelten, das liegt im spessat in bayern, in der zeit habe ich erstmal dieses bewusstsein fur den islam uberhaupt entdeckt, dann habe ich, ich bin habe auch jeden jede nacht zu gott gesprochen, gesagt, gott, wenn du da bist, bisschen vom islam erzahlen und so und meiner begeisterung. First to be headlines in this hour president r lows irans successful satellite launch into orbit as yet another indication that sanctions cannot stop the countrys progress. 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