Inquisitive person, receptive to everything new, as we have already said, he wanted to see everything with his own eyes and learn everything. He became the first ruler of russia to leave the territory of his state; he was especially interested in shipbuilding. The embassy stayed the longest in holland. Amsterdam was completely different from russian cities, and made a huge impression on the tsar. Peter worked for some time as a carpenter in the dutch. This is true , then peter went to england, where he continued to study, worked at the shipyard, went to museums, visited the grenwich observatory, and is believed to have met isaac newton. Already returning from the Great Embassy to moscow, peter met with the saxon electorate augustus the strong, and he suggested to him a new direction of foreign policy, swedish. They agreed on a military alliance, peter made peace with the turks. And declared war on sweden. The main goal of the northern war, which began in 1700 and lasted 21 years, was access to the baltic sea. And in november 1700, a battle took place that ended in a terrible defeat for russia. The russian army was virtually destroyed then. Most likely, if after the battle of narva charles xxi had decided to march on moscow, the whole of russian history could have turned out completely differently. But karl decided that peter was finished and withdrew his army to poland, which he had conquered with a stronger an important opponent. This gave peter the opportunity to quickly recruit a new army, which captured the territory along the banks of the niva bordering karelia. Karl, meanwhile , defeated poland and the swedish army began to be considered the most powerful army in europe. The swedes demanded to give them the lands that russia had managed to seize in the baltic states, but peter never agreed to give them up, there. The construction of st. Petersburg had already begun and peter immediately fell in love with it, not yet built. It is characteristic that he was ready to give the swedes the great novgorod in return, but the swedes wanted back all of ingermandy. Negotiations have reached a dead end. In 1705, peter legalized conscription. Now everyone, except the nobles and the clergy, had to supply one recruit from a certain number of men to the army, as required. Because the. Since this number could change, the resources for replenishing the russian army became practically inexhaustible by 1708, charles decided to finally put an end to peter, but as we remember, a year later he suffered a crushing defeat in the battle of poltava. Although karl then barely managed to escape from the battlefield, sweden still, she didnt admit defeat. The war continued and went on for more than 10 years, after several serious russian victories. The swedes realized that the war was lost after all and made peace. Therefore, russia received estland and livonia for the world, that is, access to the baltic. The northern war changed the balance of power in europe, sweden, which was about to become one of the most powerful european powers, lost all its positions, as the swedish historian Peter Englund wrote in the book poltava, the swedes left the stage of the world. Took a place in the audience. Russia has become one of the leading european powers. What is peter the great associated with . Very often he is associated with brado britii. This is not some funny joke. Now we are probably not too surprised by this. And then there was shock among the people. Just a natural shock. In russia, except in youth, people never went beardless. Peter began to fight the wearing of beards after his return from the Great Embassy in august 1698. The young king cut with his own hand long beards to many boyars, as well as other secular and even clergymen, he was then already beginning to be considered possessed by demons, however, in general, the need for the reforms carried out by peter was indicated by the speed with which they nevertheless took root in russia. Peter, at a very high pace, began to build a regular state, as coordinated as possible, a mechanism in which each person. Or official, has his own function. Firstly, he completely changed the social structure of society, making it simpler and clearer, divided society into a small number of groups, each of which had clear obligations towards the state. The boyars virtually ceased to exist. From different categories of people who contributed military or administrative service, a new group was formed the nobility. All nobles were obliged to serve the state, in the army, at court or in government agencies. A strict rule was introduced any person had to start climbing the career ladder from the bottom step and move up it gradually, depending on diligence and success during his service life. Secondly, peter organized a new system of administrative management, boards with clearly separated functions and abolished the outdated by that time system of orders, the socalled ones that could not cope with the quick implementation of peters new decisions. Finally, he created a political police. Its functions were performed by the preobrazhansky order and the secret office. Were there social groups that actively opposed his reforms . Yes, for example, the cossacks. This is how major uprisings arose at that time kondratiya, bulavinov and astrakhan, which were suppressed by the most in a ruthless manner, and the lands of the don cossacks, and then the zaporozhye ones, were transferred. Distributed in favor of other regions of the empire, but no matter how cruel peters reforms were, they, we repeat, had a visible result. For example, according to the figures of grigory katashikhin, an official of the Russian Embassy prikaz, the budget of the russian state in the 1660s, that is , 40 years before peter began to develop russia, was 1,300,000 silver rubles, or. 1,400,000 tylers. Englands budget in those same years was 4 Million Pounds sterling, or 20 million tallars. Frances budget at the same time was 63 million livres or 31 million tallers. The austrian budget is 20 million tallers. Against, let me remind you, our 1,400,000. The difference was significant. Even the budget is so strange, how poland was superior to the russian one. The budget several times amounted to 7 million talers. Under peter ii, the russian budget grew to 10 million rubles. Yes, we were still very far from england and france, but at least we were gradually catching up with poland. In the 1680s, russia produced very little of its own iron, and the missing exported from sweden. But by 1720 , russia completely covered its needs for iron with its own production, and in 1724 it began exporting iron abroad. In 1800, there were a dozen and a half manufactories in russia; 20 years later there were about a hundred. Before st. Petersburg, there was only one Higher Education institution in the whole country the slavicgreeklatin academy. Under peter i, a network of educational institutions arose, both general education and special. The latter trained doctors and artillerymen, naval officers. An academy of sciences was organized. And even the beginning of the emancipation of women in russia was laid. As we said, peter was up to speed everywhere, he sometimes carried out reforms recklessly, like cutting off beards. One of the most difficult topics in this sense is peter and the Russian Orthodox church. Church reform began in 1700, after the death of patriarch adrian, who often clashed with the tsar. After his death, peter ii actually imposed a moratorium on the election of a new patriarch. And instead of the guardians of the patriarchal throne, peter promoted galician, stefan evorsky. How did this happen . Shortly by historical standards before these events, the little russian clergy, following the entry of ukraine into russia , joined the moscow patriarchate and began to receive metropolises and dioceses in the great russian lands. The little russian clergy was noticeably different from our usual church rulers. By the way, they didnt have any schismatics among them, and peter, well, didnt like schismatics, they responded to him with frantic reciprocity, considering him satan, which. So the tsar liked hegumen stefan of evorsky, who had managed to stay for some time before, even in the uniate. Through the joint efforts of peter and stephen, they managed to delay and then make impossible the election of the moscow patriarch. To please the king, stefan everywhere appointed foreigners, educated people, as bishops. He reformed the moscow academy, introduced latin teachings instead of illian teachings, that is, he introduced scholasticism in methods and content, wrote about him. The historian and literature veterinarian pavel shchegalev. Under the circumstances of Church Social life at that time, i already wrote another church historian, stefan runkiewicz. The role of the guardian of the patriarchal throne seemed to be an ambiguous, pathetic scenery, behind which the secular authorities did what they wanted. There is news that stefan of evorsky allegedly personally made hints to the sovereign about the patriarchate, that is, appoint me. And the sovereign , they say, responded to this its for me. not to break the place, and for yavorsky not to sit on it, which prompted peter to completely unexpected reforms that radically changed the influence of the position of the church. Farming, Economic Activity he was prompted to do this. The lack of money in the state, and more precisely, the audits of Church Property carried out by peter. The young king, during his trips to the white sea, realized that the church owned huge land and fishing. Financial and human resources. Peter ii. He started an unbridled, ruthless modernization of russia and could not help but see the obvious discontent of part of the clergy, its transformation. Peter, to put it bluntly, did not trust the representatives of the clergy too much and categorically did not allow the independence of the church in the state. At in this, of course, he was well aware and appreciated the role of the church itself. But peter wanted to exclude using the church. For the good of the fatherland. The priest was made a servant of state power and had to put the interests of the state above church rules. Spiritual fathers were now charged with the duty of reporting on persons who admitted in confession to evil intent against the tsar. The priests were obliged to ensure that parishioners attended church on holidays on sundays on the birthdays of the tsar and tsarina on the day of poltava. Victory in the new year. In the opinion of a huge part of Russian Society of that time, peters reforms completely distorted the holy antiquity and turned the russian boyars into germans who, en masse, committed the sin of brother britius and dressed in the demonic foreign dress. Peter suspected that the monks were black clergy that they were distributing letters that the king was the antichrist. As a result, peter began to see the monasteries as centers of unrest and rebellion; throughout his reign, he reduced the number of monasteries in russia. Monks were forbidden to go beyond the walls of the monasteries for more than 2 hours, and even then only with the written permission of the abbot. In 1820, a draft spiritual regulation was prepared. The most important reform introduced by the regulations was the abolition of the patriarchate and the establishment in its place of the holy governing synod, the spiritual collegium. The composition of the synod was a president , two vicepresident s, four advisers, four assessors, these included representatives of the black and white clergy. The representative of the emperor in the synod was the chief prosecutor, and thus the church order was established, which, with small changes lasted until october 1917. The institution of patriarchy was restored under the bolsheviks. And yet, contemporaries testified about the young peter, the following it was difficult to meet a layman of such spiritual talent and depth of knowledge in history and theology in rhetoric and literature that peter possessed. Knowledge of the liturgical regulations allowed him to take an active part in divine services, read the apostles, sing in the choir, knowledge of church art and church archeology, temple symbolism in icon painting canon helped him sometimes become a coauthor of a project in temple construction. And in the creation of temple utensils. There is a famous beautiful icon of the exaltation of the cross, carved from ivory personally by Emperor Peter ii himself. Metropolitan plato, at the tomb of the late Emperor Peter, said to him in a word rise now, great monarch, father of our fatherland, rise, look upon your kind invention, rise and enjoy the fruits of your labors. Oh, how your great peters heart would rejoice. O peter, he was the king of kings, for which he was rightfully he was called great and the father of the fatherland, said the monk seraphim. Sorovsky, we will decide, while they were shouting about their superiority, we created , launched, implemented, without being distracted by conversations, betting league, bet on yourself, today on the Apartment Building on ntv, end of the film, dont envy the light in someone elses window, history writing the first song , it just happened in the army, i fell in love with the guitar, and the outfits fell in love with me out of the ordinary, and what kind of girl is this and where does she live, what if she doesnt smoke, what if she doesnt hit, well, were in such company lets take it and run to alice, alice, who is alice, dresses beautifully, speaks beautifully, and knows english perfectly. With smart speakers you can play music in all rooms at the same time, fireworks, play music everywhere, listen to the sound of applications on smart speakers. 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Are you sure you are buying osaga at a bargain price . You will find it cheaper by comparison. Sign up for osaga and save on the Number One Service in russia. If you have insurance, be sure to compare it on the website in the app. Check out osaka and compare savings. Number one in service in russia. First department the new season premieres on monday at 20 00 on ntv. We have historically defended our borders, our people and those who need our help. Although our enemies spoke different languages and had different weapons, the goals were always the same to destroy the country, to take away our freedom, but we they have always bravely and steadfastly resisted in battle, history remembers everything. The strength of the unity of the people and the courage of the troops helped us win. Become a hero bringing victory closer, serve under a contract, and finally , about the black myths that inevitably accompany the actions of every great russian state ruler. For example, this myth st. Petersburg on the bones , who was the first to talk about the high mortality rate during the construction of st. Petersburg . Thats right, foreigners. So the danish envoy to the russian court, just yul, in his notes for the year 1710 marks as they say, quote, during the construction of the st. Petersburg fortress , that is, in the summerautumn of 1703, 60,000 people died, and during the construction in the winter of 17034. The fleet more than 40,000 died, that is, a total of 100,000 people during these here are the years. Other foreigners also reported deaths during the construction of st. Petersburg. The number of deaths during the construction of st. Petersburg in these narrative sources varies from 80,000 to 300,000. The number of deaths in the first 2 years of construction is from 30,000 to 100,000. Thus, in europe at that time , an opinion was formed about the russians as barbarians. Not sparing human life. Meanwhile, none of these foreign eyewitnesses, in quotes, was in st. Petersburg in the first years of its construction. The very first of the foreigners, that same yul, first saw st. Petersburg only at the end of 1709, therefore he could not have been a direct witness to the mass mortality during the period he was talking about. And whats surprising is that the archaeological excavations on vasilyevsky island, which were carried out in the 1950s, did not did not allow suspicions about the enormous mortality rate to develop into certainty. Near the majestic buildings, bones were discovered, but not human, but animals; these were the remains of the meals of the first builders of the city. It is known about these people that they worked in shifts, in groups of 20,000 people, for several months. In total , up to 200,000 artisans could attend the construction of the capital. In light of these. Data, the death of at least every fourth person in july looks , to put it mildly, implausible, especially since these estimates contradict the surviving statistical according to the data, for example, it is known that between 1711 and 1712, out of 2,210 craftsmen who built the city, 61 people died, or earlier in 1706, out of 529 carpenters who built the admiralty, one person died. Probably, these data explain the fact that the bones found on the bank of the wash remained the only mass burials of people discovered in the center of st. Petersburg. Unfortunately, information on mortality has been preserved only for individual years, almost always for a small part of the sent workers. Therefore it is impossible with to calculate with High Accuracy how many people actually died during the construction of st. Petersburg from 1703 to 1712. And yet the average mortality rate according to impartial calculations. Historians accounted for 68 of the total number of workers. Based on the established real number of workers in st. Petersburg of various categories of workers, and there were 227,000 of them. It turns out that the number of deaths in the first decades of st. Petersburgs existence was between 13 and a maximum of 18,000 people. Yes, a lot, but its not 200,000 and not 300,000. Oh, these foreigners. Friend. Theme and another myth foreigners settled in russia under peter i. This reproach was so serious that it developed into an entire Political Program and was capable of shaking the state. In 1841, the daughter of peter the great , elizabeth, carried out a coup detat, accusing her predecessor, anna leopoldovna, of concentrating power in the hands of the germans during her reign. However, if we talk about peter, the facts do not sufficiently support this accusation. Of 215. Russian officials collegiums, ministries and judges in the 1830s, that is, after peter, only 28 were foreigners; under peter the great, who created the colleagues, this figure was slightly higher 30 people out of 215. The situation was different in the troops , for the modernization of which the king needed foreign experience. In 1690 and 1700 , the russian fleet was created essentially from scratch. That is why among the Naval Command staff formed by peter , people from abroad predominated. Of the thirtyone highest naval ranks from 1700 to 1725, russians there were only five. According to the state of 1811, it was forbidden to staff more than a third of regiments with foreign officers; in fact, their share averaged 19 . Among the generals taken into service by peter , the most socalled legionnaires numbered in 1708 39 out of 51 ; in the last part of peters reign, their share decreased significantly. 22 generals, and the total number was 61. Whether this means in total that he handed over russia to foreigners, from a statistical point of view, absolutely no. Much closer to the truth is the opinion that foreigners replenished the serving elite of the empire, who were able to take advantage of their knowledge and skills. Under peter the inozemets, the navigator vitus berining set out on his first kamchatka expedition to later open the bering strait. Artilleryman welgel de gennin, founded ekaterinburg and perm, and engineers kirshteinstein and lambert deger. The peter and Paul Fortress was erected, marking the beginning of the northern capital. Russia is still grateful to the efforts of all these people. To try to understand the significance of the figure of peter, it is enough to imagine what would happen with russia if peter did not appear. Look at two countries poland and turkey. We had significant chances of degenerating into freemen of the nobility in the worst sense, eventually falling into pieces, as happened with poland, or turning into. An eastern sotrapy, by the beginning of the 19th century we, rather than the once powerful Ottoman Empire, would be called the sick man of europe, as the Ottoman Empire was then called. But peter, peter gave way, yes, his reign, the super efforts made by the people and the russian aristocracy, in 30 seconds extra years of peters reign gave rise to subsequent historical tremors, an era of palace coups and something. Chaos in management, but a certain time later, the inertia of peters reforms and his actions took their toll and rolled our country further, its funny, but this is partly similar to the consequences of the reign of lenin stalin, which lasted almost the same as in the case of peter 30odd years, which turned out later for some time, tremors, chaos and soviet palace coups, but after some time, soviet inertia made itself felt and. Our country is still moving forward, however, this is a topic for another conversation, but for now glory to russia, glory to Emperor Peter, his glory is indisputable. Balentinas car of light, at night on an empty highway, is driving at 140, along the lane, the miner is not too sober, the miner is not too drunk, and has drunk half the water, valentinas car of light is studying. Point hurricane, in the cabin , music, the receiver catches energetic rhythms , plus, in the car there is a color from valentin, valuable contraband cargo, the driver holds the steering wheel, the driver presses on the gas, he knows that when everything will come back. Will get the money if only everything works out this time, today on the apartment there is regional tv, the end of the film, and life is better than the road, right, left, to heaven in the bar. The speedometer needle stopped moving. And where the devil is taking him, where god is taking him, through this life, this most difficult one, and he will be ill if he goes further. He should be back soon, late at night, he will come to see me and offer me a ride at his expense. Ill understand him perfectly from half a word then and ill sit on the seat and ask where balentina ill disappear forever valentina i ill melt forever. 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