Sustainable, and that there is a chance of reimbursement. Woodruff plus, an environmental shock to the economy setting a price to hedge against the risks of Climate Change. I want the government, to put a price on co2 that everybody pays in order to set the right incentives. Woodruff those are some of the stories were covering on tonights pbs newshour. Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by supported by the john d. And catherine t. Macarthur foundation. Committed to building a more just, verdant and peaceful world. More information at macfound. Org and by the alfred p. Sloan foundation. Supporting science, technology and improved Economic Performance and Financial Literacy in the 21st century. And with the ongoing support of these institutions and. This program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. And by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Ifill once again, members of the u. S. Military have been killed in a barrage of gunfire, at their workplaces, on home soil. The targets today were in chattanooga, tennessee. It happened just after mid morning a car stopped and a man started shooting at a pair of military sites. He just pulled up and i didnt think anything of it. He had his drop top and he looked to the side and the next thing you know he lifted his arms like this with a big black gun. There was one shot and then it was endless shots. One after another. Ifill the first target was a military recruiting center. Dozens of shots were fired from a car, but no one was hurt. Then, minutes later, the gunman opened fire at a Navy Reserve Center about seven miles away. Four u. S. Marines were killed there, sparking a gunfight with police. The shooter was killed, and a Police Officer and others were wounded. Chattanooga mayor andy berke called it a nightmare. It is incomprehensible to see what happened and the way that individuals who proudly serve our country were treated. Two different locations this individual went to and as a city we will respond to this with every available resource that we have. Ifill a number of reports identified the gunman as Muhammad Youssef abdulazeez, a native of kuwait, and police began searching his home near chattanooga. The u. S. Attorney for eastern tennessee said officials are treating the attacks as an act of domestic terrorism. A short time ago, president obama said the attack appeared to be the work of a lone gunman and promised a thorough investigation. This was just the latest mass shooting at a u. S. Military site. In 2009, an army officer killed 13 people at fort hood texas. And in 2013 a former Navy Reservist killed 12 at the washington, d. C. Navy yard. Woodruff the man accused in the mass killings in charleston, South Carolina dylann roof will go on trial on july 11th of next year. A judge set the date at a hearing today, as the 21year old roof sat quietly in the courtroom. Hes accused of murdering nine people at a black church last month. Ifill the Iran Nuclear Deal brought a cautious response from saudi arabia today, and a warning. The Saudi Foreign minister met in washington with secretary of state john kerry. He stopped short of endorsing the iran accord. Instead, he said this. We hope that the iranians, if the deal is implemented, that the iranians will use this deal in order to improve the Economic Situation in iran and to improve the lot of its people and not use it for adventures in the region. And we are committed that if iran should try to cause mischief in the region, were committed to confront it resolutely. Ifill kerry promised the u. S. Will help defend its arab allies against any trouble caused by iran. Woodruff in japan, the lower house of parliament voted today to let japanese troops fight overseas if needed for the First Time Since world war two. Prime minister shenzo abe said its necessary, as a counter to chinas growing power. Opposition lawmakers boycotted the session. The vote followed an overnight protest by thousands of people against the legislation. Ifill u. N. Human rights investigators are demanding china end a crackdown on lawyers. They said today more than 100 people have disappeared or been detained in the past week. Most were representing political dissidents, journalists and artists. Its part of an intensifying Government Campaign to tighten control over the country. Woodruff the wheels were set in motion today for europe to open a new financial lifeline to greece. The Greek Parliament voted in the middle of the night to adopt new austerity measures. Hours later, the European Central bank announced new funding for greek banks, despite questions about athens follow through. There are, i would say questions about the implementation, will and capacity. And so it will be, thats what i said, it will be really in the greek government capacity to respond with policy decisions with actions, that would dispel these doubts. Woodruff meanwhile, European Finance ministers approved shortterm loans of more than 7. 5 billion to keep greece afloat. And, the greek government said banks there will reopen monday. Ifill back in this country, republican president ial candidate, and wisconsin governor, scott walker won a key legal victory. The Wisconsin Supreme Court today ended an investigation into his 2012 recall campaign. At issue was whether walkers effort illegally coordinated with conservative groups. The court ruled state election law was vague, and called the investigation unjust. Woodruff former president george h. W. Bush was in fair condition today after breaking a bone in his neck. He fell yesterday at his summer home in kennebunkport, maine. And he spent the night at a hospital in portland, where doctors said today hes doing well. The president never lost consciousness and the injury he sustained neither impinged on his spinal chord nor resulted in any neurologic deficit. He continues to have normal use of his limbs. The plan is to let this injury heal on its own without surgery. Woodruff mr. Bush will remain at the hospital for now and will have to wear a neck brace for some time. At 91, he is the oldest living former president. Ifill a bill to overhaul the no child left behind act cleared the senate today with bipartisan support. It would give the states and School Districts more control over teacher and student assessments, as well as academic standards. The senate bill still has to be reconciled with a house version that goes even farther. Woodruff the Obama Administration is calling for new measures to protect streams near coal mines. Proposed rules today would clarify and update guidelines for restoring streams and mined areas after the mining ends. Officials say the goal is to modernize practices and make them more consistent across the industry. Ifill wall street had a good today, boosted by upbeat corporate earnings and progress on the greek bailout. The Dow Jones Industrial average gained 70 points to close at 18,120. The nasdaq finished at a record high, rising 64 points to close above 5,163. And the s p 500 added nearly 17. Woodruff and this was the 70th anniversary of the trinity test, the first atomic bomb blast. The u. S. Government detonated the device on july 16th, 1945 near los alamos, new mexico. An enormous Mushroom Cloud rose some 38,000 feet into the sky raining ash and radioactive debris. The next month, the u. S. Military dropped two atomic bombs on japan, helping to end world war two. Ifill still to come on the newshour following the money on the campaign trail for 2016 i. M. F. Chief Christine Lagarde on debt relief for greece, president obamas plan to change americas prisons, how childrens emotional skills of children influence success later in life, economic tactics to hedge against the risks of Climate Change and a bloody tale of power, corruption and the fight against mexican drug cartels. Woodruff in the president ial campaign world, this is a red letter day. Or maybe we should say green money day. Yesterday was the deadline for president ial campaigns to declare how much theyve raised. So far when you talk about money raised for the president ial campaigns themselves, Hillary Clinton is out front by a lot. She is followed by fellow democratic candidate Bernie Sanders and then republicans ted cruz, jeb bush and ben carson. But those numbers dont tell the full story. Thanks to the supreme courts Citizens United decision outside political groups are on the rise and we are in unchartered territory when it comes to how much candidates raise and spend. Joining me to untangle the 2016 fundraising web are matea gold who covers Campaign Finance for the Washington Post and, in San Francisco, Sasha Issenberg who is a contributor to Bloomberg Politics and the author of the the victory machine. We welcome you both back to the program. So if you looked only at these numbers we were just showing with the candidates themselves have raised, you get a very different picture than when you add in what these outside socalled super pac committees have raised. So lets take a look at those. Matea gold, i want to ask you about it because, you see here, youve got some very different numbers, when you add in both what Hillary Clinton raised, for example, with what she raised from the outside committee. At the top though, is jeb bush. He raised 11 million ago a as a candidate, but his total when you add in the super pacs, 119 million. Matea gold, whats happening here . I think were see ago fundamental rewiring of how political money is raised at a national level. In the republican field, nearly four out of five dollars raised to support the g. O. P. Contenders was raised through outside groups rather than the campaigns themselves, and that is a dramatic shift in something thats unprecedented. Eth not the same case on the democratic side. For now, Hillary Clinton has more in campaign kitty than the allied super pac. But we have a long ways to go and theres no question that these outside groups are playing a more central and prominent roll than ever before. Woodruff matea gold, whos giving these big money and donations to these outside committees and why is most of it going to republicans . Well republicans have really taken the lead in pursuing this source of dollars. We dont know all the donors of these groups yet because these organizations, those that do disclose dont have to report theyre donors until the end of the month, but we already have some glimpses of the kind of resources theyre bringing to bear. Rick perry has a support who are wrote a 6 million check to a super pac backing him. So were sure to see a lot of 7 and 8figure donations coming into these groups and speaks to the engs handing donor universe were seeing in politics. Not just your Campaign Fundraisers that are involved but the millionaires and bill nasr that have the ability to write these huge soms. Woodruff sasha, what is the money spent for . A lot is traditional variety of campaign expenses, advertising on television radio, field operations, opening offices, hiring staff in states paying for voter contact, direct mail phones. The flip side matea tells about the rewiring or raising of money being divide bid the two different entities, in each case supporting the same covenant but forbidden from legally coordinating their efforts, is theyre now spending in parallel in ways that cant coordinate their efforts. So we see the different candidates have structured the division of labor between their candidate campaign and their superpack or affiliated super pac to take on different responsibilities. We can start to see the makings of what they want to keep within their own Campaign Operation and what they trust their superpack to do. Whether they want to run the bulk of the Television Ads or whether theyd like to see the outside group do it. Woodruff how is this way different free previous campaigns both in the way theyre raising and spending money . Used to be all the money raised in your name or for the cause of electing you president , you controlled. If we go back just eight years basically, all of the money spent to elect barack obama was under the budgetary control of his Campaign Manager david plouffe. So you could develop a strategy and set of tactics that worked holistically to advance your interests. Now you need to be these sort of jerry rigged operations. There are other groups that exist in other parts of the tax code that are also spending money with the goal of helping him get elected president but limitations on how they can work in tandem. Whats happening now is as an organizational challenge, campaigners are thinking differently about how they divide what they do and it becomes a lot more planning challenge to figure out whos going to spend the money how and when than it would have been previously. Woodruff matea gold, there is another story in these numbers and that is how well some of the candidates are doing with small donations. I think weve got another graphic to show. Hillary clinton for example, and the 47 million she raised, 17 came from small donors. A real shock, Bernie Sanders raised 15 million, 76 from small donors. These are people who gave 200 or less. Right, and i think it actually probably is not surprising, if you look at the kind of response hes getting on the ground in these rallies that are really teeming with people, often more than his campaign has the capacity to handle. That kind of organic reaction to a candidate drives online donations and were seeing him effectively harness that enthusiasm. On the other end of the spectrum, jeb bush, 3 of the money he raised came from small donors, that speaks to the grassroots and how he can convince people hes the candidate to take charge and win the nomination. Woodruff so much more here than just the numbers. Matea gold, Sasha Issenberg, we thank you. My pleasure. Thanks. Ifill europe and greece finally appear to be close to a bailout deal to provide athens a financial lifeline. But it appears that battle is not yet over. A new front has opened whether to provide permanent relief for greeces 330 billion debt whether by extending repayment, encouraging creditors to take a loss called a haircut or canceling some of whats owed outright. The International Monetary fund one of greeces many creditors says that without some form of debt restructuring, the Greek Economy will remain in free fall. Earlier today, i talked about that with the i. M. F. s managing director, Christine Lagarde. Christine lagarde, thank you so much for joining us. Pleasure. Ifill after everything weve seen develop in greece in the last several weeks and especially in the last week, you have said that even more might be necessary, that debt relief is important. How will that happen . It can take different forms. It could be significant rescheduling with extension of maturities over time with an extended grace period, with compressed interest. It can be a haircut. It can be budget transfers. I think im very realistic and we try to be. Wewhere we are clear is the euro members are not keen to do haircuts and budget transfers are not in the cards either. Ifill so writing off part of the debt is not an issue. What we said is significant restructuring which can be reprofiling for greece. Ifill is that something European Partners are fans of . I dont think any creditor is a fan of redefining because it means you carry the debt in your books for much longer and the claim in your books for much longer. So no creditor is keen to do that. But its also important to actually make sure that the country is on track that the debt is sustainable and that there is a chance of reimbursement. Ifill was it also because to have the political ramifications that we didnt hear about this earlier and you didnt push for this to be part of the negotiations . Its been on the table for the negotiations all along and the i. M. F. Has been clear on what is the debt and whats addressed more critical. Its been more public based on transparency because i think its best to have it all out, but its been very clear to all the area finance mieisters, to the partners, everybody. The question is a matter of magnitude. How much trouble is greece in and more serious than even it seemed to be a week ago. Youre right. Its a matter of amount. How much of it has to be reprofiled so that greece looks at the sustainable parts, and we believe that its a significant amount. Prime minister Alexis Tsipras has not been how shall we say enthusiastic about the deal even though he agreed to it and continued to push for it, but very reluctantly. Would you like to see him number for it harder push for it harder . Its quite an impressive vote to support the proposal and take the steps which is more encouraging in terms of development, and then there is the ownership of it all. I think ownership and i hope ownership is going to come gradually as those measures will actually unfold in a satisfactory manner, will unlease additional financing, will help the country be more stable, people having better access to their own finances. Ifill i wonder if it requires Public Opinion to shift away from where it is right now, and what weve seen in the past which caused such heartburn this time is greece has not lived up to its commitment, at least a lot of european leaders feel that. Whats different this time . Two things. One is there is a very strong need of the greek people to be part within the eurozone and keep the currency, and thats a positive. The second thing is to actually be a member of the club, you have to play by the rules, and if we see the momentum observed in the last few days since the weekend, however difficult it has been how however laborious, if we see that momentum continue and pick up with difficult negotiations and implementation to follow, not only does it mean theyre not enthusiastic about being in the eurozone but are prepared to take the right measures to free up the economy, to privatize what needs to be privatized, to respect the budget that needs to be respected and unleash the folksle of the Greek Economy. Ifill lets talk about being a member of the club. The German Foreign finance minister made the mention of greek leaving the euro which i thought had been settled. Is this a possibility . It was a point in the initial draft on saturday night or sunday morning which has been moved out of the final euro communique, signed off by the leaders. Ifill a temporary exit and then coming back . Yes, that was taken out of the draft. So the document that is the lure of the parties now is the communique which does not include the temporary exit. Of course, Everything Else needs to be done, so balanced program, commitments on the parts of the greek to reform the economy, to move towards a safe, healthy fiscal policies, and, on the other hand, support by the euro Area Partners in terms of both financing because they need additional financing soon, and debt restructuring in order to lighten the burden of debt going forward. And i guess the question is is there willingness . Is there willingness . I know how hard it is going to be. No question. But im encouraged by what has happened over the last four days. Strong, you know, momentum, laboriously built over the weekend, and then i said yesterday, i said very tight timetable, colorful challenge. I think the very tight timetable theyre running against. They passed a legislation yesterday the e. C. B. Took notice of it and moved the European Central bank moved up the emergency liquidity assistance line. Sooner or later the banks will reopen as, you know, a sign that confidence is restored, and the europeans have found financing to pay the outstanding. Ifill Christine Lagarde head of the i. M. F. , thank you very much. Thank you so much. Ifill we have a verdict in a major court case. A jury in colorado convicted james holmes in a mass shooting at a Movie Theater in july 2012. He opened fire in a midnight showing in aurora colorado, killing 7 people and injuring 70. The jury rejected his defense that he was not guilty by reason of insanity and found him guilty for all the murder counts which makes him eligible for the death penalty. Judy. Woodruff this week, the issue of criminal Justice Reform who goes to prison in america hit a kind of critical mass, with action from president obama, in congress and on president ial campaigns. As part of our broken justice series, our Lisa Desjardins lays out the Reform Movement that both republicans and democrats are pushing, and which some in Law Enforcement want to push back. Reporter it was a symbol intended to spark Sweeping Change the first visit ever by a sitting u. S. President to a federal prison. President obamas walk today through the el reno facility outside Oklahoma City capped off his weeklong push on what he calls a broken criminal Justice System. These are young people who made mistakes that arent that different than mistakes i made. And the mistakes that a lot of you guys have made. Reporter monday, the president commutes sentences for 46 drugoffenders. Tuesday, at the n. A. A. C. P. National convention in philadelphia. The president speaks to the Racial Disparity within the prison population. African americans and latinos make up 30 of our population. They make up 60 of our inmates. About one in every 35 African American men, one in every 88 latino men is serving time right now. Among white men, that number is one in 214. Reporter president obama is adding his voice to a bipartisan call for reform of the criminal Justice System. Today republican president ial hopeful and new Jersey Governor Chris Christie released a plan to educate prisoners. If were going to incarcerate people, then we should make them do something productive and not just sit around watching t. V. All day. One solution is to require inmates to try and get their g. E. D. Before release, so they have some minimum qualifications. Reporter reforming criminal justice is on the radar of nearly all those who would be president. In the past few months, 18 of the current 20 president ial candidates have argued for some kind of change. Up on capital hill, ideas have made it into a group of bills that are moving toward floor vote. A House Oversight committee this week reviewed a number of reform proposals including a bill sponsored by Senate Republican john cornyn. It costs 30,000 a year to incarcerate an individual in prison and less than 8,000 to keep them on prerelease custody like home confinement and the like. Reporter watching the hearing, mark holden, the lawyer for the republican mega donors Koch Brothers is also part of the movement. Koch industries, along with target, home depot and walmart have all banned the box removing questions about past convictions on company job applications. It is the latest move in decades of debate over how to stop crime. Today, theres a new epidemic smokeable cocaine. Otherwise known as crack. Reporter the emergence of crack cocaine in the 1980s and the war on drugs led to widespread lock em up policies for drug offenders. Democrats were also tough on crime. President clintons 1994 crime bill lengthened sentences for nonviolent criminals, while pouring nearly 10 billion into prisons. The result the number of people behind bars skyrocketed from 500,000 in 1980 to more than 2. 2 million today. The rise in the numbers incarcerated and the fall in the number of crimes is an indicator of a working system to federal prosecutor Steve Wasserman he fears the push for reform is shortsighted and dangerous. Our criminal Justice System has resulted in the last 25 years in the reduction of Violent Crime by about 50 and property crime also by about 50 . So crime is at its lowest levels in a generation. Reporter and youre saying its because of criminal justice, because we incarcerate people, we put them in jail. Incarceration does reduce crime. Reporter it is a furious debate that is now expanding by leaders in both parties how to continue to reduce crime while also rethinking who is put behind bars . For the pbs newshour, i am Lisa Desjardins. Ifill this week, Republican Senate judiciary chairman Chuck Grassley seemed to give the Reform Movement a boost, announcing hes trying to reach a compromise to lower minimum sentences and reform prisons. Woodruff a new study says keeping more children on track to High School Graduation a fulltime job and out of the criminal Justice System could start in kindergarten. In a report released today, researchers tracked more than 700 children from kindergarten to age 25. They found students social skills, like cooperation, listening to others and helping classmates, held strong clues for how those children would fare two decades later. In some cases, social skills may even be better predictors of future success than academic ones. Damon jones, a Senior Research associate at Penn State University joins me to talk about the findings. Professor jones, welcome. First, remind us when and where did this study take place and what was the original purpose of it . Well, judy, our study always aimed at exploring the influential role of social emotional skills in children in terms of Human Development in general. You know, there are a lot of studies that looked at Cross Research disciplines that look at social motional skills, sometimes called soft skills some noncognitive skills and what these represent are kind of key characteristics in children representing things like managing their state, having good relationships being responsible socially interacting well with adults and then getting things done. Its really key skills . Early development that you can see would be very important in being successful in school and in relationships. Woodruff this was 20 years ago the study was begin. And it was a National Study . Yes, it was a National Study, four different sites. Dure ram, North Carolina nashville pennsylvania and washington. Woodruff what was the striking outcome here . Well, there were a couple of reasons we wanted to look at this. First of all, we were really interested to see these really longterm predictions. I think a lot of times when people look at socialmotional skills, they may be focused on more concurrent outcomes, like how well the child is doing in school, or their relationships. In this case we really wanted to look at markers of well being, and we had great data where we were able to follow these children for over 20 years, and we were able to see these markers of well being across domains of education, employment, criminal activity, mental health, Substance Abuse and use of public services. So kind of a secondary goal of the study was its been shown in a lot of research that socioemotional skills are malleable, theyre something that can be improved throughout Child Development and are very effective programs that can do that. So we set out to see if we could assess if we could actually gauge these lammings at a very young these relationships at a very young age which is why we looked at kindergarten age. Woodruff you compared what you saw when the children were very young with how they were doing as adults and you saw direct connection. Right. Woodruff just give us one brief example of that. Sure. We were surprised to find i should point out these skills were uniquely predicted in the longterm outcomes. The outcomes included outcomes we measured in adolescence outcomes measured in mid adulthood based on court record for some criminal activities. They were unique prediction in the sense of other key aspects of the child that were controlled, early academic ability, characteristics of home environment such as socioeconomic status behavior as rate bid mothers and teachers. That allowed us to see the kind of unique prediction from the early social emotional skills and what we find was woodruff just quickly. Yeah, we found significant associations in all those domains, crime, education, employment, Substance Abuse, mental health. On the social competence scale children were twice as likely to receive a College Degree by age 25. There were consistent results for the crime outcomes woodruff im sorry to interrupt you, professor. To ask you, what intervention do you think coming out of the study that should be made in working with Young Children that might make a difference in their lives later . Well i think theres a lot of hope here because so Much Research is showing the value of these skills. What we did was not determine causal although we controlled for a lot of variables in our statistical models, but theres a lot of research that shows there are really effective, evidencebased programs that can help improve childrens social emotional skills. And by looking and being able to gauge the skills at this age to see much. Ifill the federal government announced today that 2014 was the hottest year for the planet in the 135 years that records have been kept. Greenhouse gas concentration land, surface and sea temperatures all clocked in at historic levels. Economics correspondent paul solman explores a couple of ideas with the authors of a recent book on the subject. Its part of our weekly segment, making sense, which airs every thursday on the newshour. So, look, you can start to see erosion along here. Reporter economist Marty Weitzman thinks his property on a marsh in gloucester massachusetts is washing away due to Climate Change. The water has risen a couple of inches in the time, in the 40 years ive been living here and whats happened is its caused erosion at the edge of the lawn. Well, but a couple of inches doesnt seem like much. Maybe that wouldnt be but its really a couple of feet that were headed for. Reporter a couple of feet or conceivably, several dozen says gernot wagner, a former student of weitzmans whos now at the Environmental Defense fund. Last time concentrations of c02 were as high as they are today, we did in fact have sea levels up to 66 feet higher than today. Well, 66 feet and this house is gone. Reporter now, weitzman and wagner cant know for sure that higher temperatures are rising the tides hereor anywhere else but the probability of true catastrophe was enough to prompt climate shock, about the dangers that lurk, dangers weitzman wasnt worried about when he first went into environmental economics years ago. I was wondering how could it be possible that mere human beings could change the climate in a serious way. Reporter but geologic samples of carbon dioxide, going back millennia, changed his mind. We were way outside the historical range for at least 800,000 years and were climbing very strongly. Reporter todays higher concentrations of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide are shown here in red. And the historic correlation with High Temperature implies, says weitzman. Theres about almost a 10 chance of an increase of 4 and a half degrees centigrade. Reporter nine degrees fahrenheit roughly speaking . Yes, Something Like that, and that would make Outdoor Living in many parts of the world impossible. It doesnt sound like a lot but think of the human body right . If you have a fever of 4 and a half degrees centigrade, nine degrees fahrenheit you are dead. Reporter but 10 i mean that is just one chance in 10. I have been at the racetrack long enough to know how rarely a 10 to 1 shot comes in. Yeah, but we its not that rare. You buy Fire Insurance for probabilities that are much lower than 10 . You buy Car Insurance for probabilities that are much lower than 1 in 10 over a lifetime. So this is well within the range of things that we like to insure against. Reporter okay, buy insurance against catastrophe. But how . You price co2, you price carbon dioxide. Reporter you put a price on it. Thats the insurance premium, for every ton of co2 we are emitting today we cause at least about 40 worth, of damages. When i board a Cross Country flight to San Francisco and back i emit about one ton of co2, i personally not the plane, just me personally. Meanwhile, i dont pay for that. Reporter so you want the airline to charge an extra 40 on your ticket. I want the government, to put a price on co2 that everybody pays in order to set the right incentives. Reporter but there isnt broad public support for taxing emissions. Meanwhile, a cheap but controversial solution of last resort has emerged a socalled geoengineering technique called solar radiation management shooting particles into the sky to reflect sunlight back into space. Harvard environmental scientist david keith. The central idea is to make the planet a little bit more reflective, which tends to cool it down because it will absorb less sunlight. And that will partially and imperfectly compensate for the buildup of Greenhouse Gases like carbon dioxide, which are tending to trap heat and make the earth warmer. Reporter nature ran the experiment in 1991, when the eruption of mount pinatubo in the philippines lofted a 20 millionton sulfur dioxide cloud into the stratosphere, lowering Global Temperatures by a full degree fahrenheit for two years. And mimicking the volcanos effect by spraying sulfates is relatively cheap, says wagner. Its somewhere between 1 and 10 billion dollars to literally fly like learjets 24 7, enough of them, to decrease global average temperatures back to where they were preindustrial times. Reporter but if the clear and future danger of Climate Change is some chance of calamity, what could sulfur particles in the stratosphere do . The premise of the scifi film snowpiercer, starring a train that circles the earth with the last living humans, is a dramatization of skeptics worst fears, a coolant shot into the upper atmosphere that freezes earth. Dead, all dead. Reporter weitzman and wagner have their own scare scenario a rich rogue geoengineer. Man has climbed mt. Everest, gone to the bottom of the ocean, achieved miracles in every field of human endeavor except Crime Reporter as james bonds arch nemesis, goldfinger, easily dispersed gas over fort knox, weitzman and wagner imagine a greenfinger, sending 100 planes around the earth, round the clock. I think its very implausible that it would be done it large scale by a single person, a goldfinger. Reporter but, says keith countries could certainly do it. And if temperatures keep rising some might ask, why not, risks be damned. The big risks of this technology fundamentally arent technical. Theyre political. Theyre the risk of how it gets used in a divided world. The basic question of how we set the thermostat in a world where we have many Different Countries and many different interests and its really cheap to adjust the thermostat. Reporter with emissions rising, keith and his colleagues are researching technical dangers, depleting the ozone layer, changes in weather patterns among them. They think geoengineering may become a desperation fallback. Consider the latest call for action from pope francis. translated this home of ours is being ruined and that damages everyone, especially the poor. Reporter in his recent encyclical, the pope made the moral case for reducing the use of fossil fuels and for rethinking current definitions of economic growth. Scientist keith agrees. Even if i knew that stopping Climate Change would make the world on average a few percent poorer in 2100, id still be in favor of stopping Climate Change. And thats because i want to leave future generations with a chance to enjoy the Natural World more as i do. And that is fundamentally an ethical or moral or naturalistic view about the world that isnt easily captured in the equations of economists. This was once a red cedar. Reporter but weitzman thinks theres an economic case for climate action, too, since in the longrun, the benefits to society of cutting emissions far outweigh the shortterm costs. Meanwhile the costs of inaction seem to be inching ever closer to home. So here is a wooden walkway that has been lifted up by high tides that will come over it. That took a while to develop this curve due to the pushing up of the water and the higher level of this water. Reporter so you mean this was flat before . Yes, yes. When it was constructed it was flat. Careful. Reporter it isnt anymore. This is economics correspondent paul solman reporting from from pbs newshour in gloucester, massachusetts. Woodruff now the latest addition to the newshour bookshelf. Drug kingpin Joaquin El Chapo guzmans escape this week from one of mexicos maximum Security Prisons made headlines around the world. Guzman was the long time head of one of the most violent criminal syndicates in mexico and the united states. Now, a new novel, the cartel by don winslow offers some insight into both sides of the war on drugs the narco traffickers as well as Law Enforcement. Jeffrey brown talked with winslow recently. Brown don winslow, welcome to you. Thank you. Brown you have been writing about the violence in mexico and along the border for a long time, now. Why . Why compelled to sort of be in the news this way . You know, i live along the border about 40 miles. So we live in a border culture. Mexico is very real to us. We have people going back and forth all the time. I also think its one of the most important crime stories in the world today. Im a crime writer, so i want to be writing about the most important things. Brown and a continuing story. Even this week, we get news of the escape of el chapo. El chapo guzman, exactly. Yeah, you know, i have been writing this book. The cartel is a continuation of a book i did about ten years ago and follows the war on drugs for about 45 years. So i have been following el chapo for 15 years and this past weekends news felt like it came right out of the pages of my book. Brown i wonder after having taken a crack like this in several different ways does the novel capture something the daytoday journalism cant . I think so. I think you can use fiction to get inside peoples minds. Brown inside their minds . Side their minds and let the reader look at the world through their point of view as journalists arent allowed to do. So i think novelists can approach a subject like this from a different angle and can be enlightening. Brown this is another discussion we have here, when youre dealing with something so horrific, right, youre trying to translate it. There is this term, pornography in violence. I used it. Brown how much do you show where to use restraint . Whats your substance visavis the reader . I think you have to make a very clean decision about this. I never wanted to sanitize the violence for the reader because i want the reader to understand what has happened down in mexico over the past ten years. At the same time, it can have a numbing effect just as reallife violence has a numbing effect on the people who experience it. So i had to find different avenues of approaching it. So sometimes i wrote the actual event of violence. Brown the actual event you mean based on you mean sometimes based on the actual event. Almost all the time based on the actual event. Other times, i would write peoples reaction to it the journalist comic across it the journalist coming across it and later someone coming across it and reacting on an emotional level. Brown would you sometimes stop at certain point . Yes, sometimes the violence was so horrific i didnt think a reader could absorb it. Even when i believed thats what happened, there were times i backed off it. Brown i didnt realize you had been a privacy investigator once in your life. Youve done various things in your life. How Much Research goes in yourxd book like this . Well, a lot. I mean, this was about five years of my life in terms of research and writing and, so, you talked to d. A. Agents you talked to drug traffickers and addicts and a lot of people. You read a lot of journalism read a lot of books court transcripts, trials, that kind of thing. Brown when the book was coming out, you took out a fullpage ad in newspapers calling for an end to the war onni drugs. It obviously cost you a fair amount of money, i suppose to do Something Like that. Why do that . Well, as i said, i have been writing about this war for 15 years, and i have been to the funerals. I have sat with the mothers who have lost addicted sons. Ive sat with families of kids who have been killed in drugrelated gang violence, i have been to the prisons, ive seen the effects. At some point in time, i felt i had to do something other than write a novel about it that i need to try to make some sort of contribution, at least try to make some sort of difference in the real world. Brown theres a line there. A direct line, you say betweenni the war on drugs and recent events in ferguson, cleveland, baltimore and elsewhere. Whats the line . Well, you can draw a direct line between the militarization of our police forces, and cops have told me this, and the events in ferguson and cleveland and new york because it was the war on drugs that likely militarized our police first, where police are going into these neighborhoods, smashing down doors,nr arresting young men, and that starts a hostility that continues to this day. One Police Officer, highranking Police Officer told me, you know, they cut in half my Community Policing funds and, instead, gave me tanks. Brown and how far do you push this . You talk about legalization. Yes, i would push it all the way to legalization. Look, we have been doing the same thing for coming on 45 years, jeff and whats the result . Drugs are more plentiful, more potent and cheaper than ever. Its not working. In no way do i mean to disparage the very brave and intelligent people, Police Officers, d. E. A. Personnel who fight this war, but we need to start looking at this as the social Health Problem it is and not a Law Enforcement or military problem. Brown the novel is the cartel, don winslow thanks so much. Ifill we close with another of the series of interviews with artists, authors, leaders and thinkers that were calling brief but spectacular. Tonight we hear from jill soloway, creator and executive producer of amazons transparent. Just today, the show was nominated for its second emmy for best comedy series. She talks about the transitions that have shaped her life, shifted hollywood. When i was a little kid watching television, i was probably writing it in my head. I was inside the tv instead of outside the tv, because thats where i wanted to be, on the other side of the glass. Hi, from the other side of the glass i was obsessed, what does it mean to be a female subject . For me to get that way holding the camera was to direct. No one on tv would let me direct. I started to imagine what my directors voice could look like and started to imagine this reclaiming of the male gaze i like to call it the female gaze, about how it feels to be inside a womans body and mind than looking at her like most television or film does, creates them as objects instead of subjects. So i made a short film, entered it into sundance, got in, was back the following year at sundance with the feature and i won the directing award which is crazy. Somewhere along that time my parents called me a somewhat important piece of news, this was going to be your show. Almost like a freight train. The truth of my personal story my parents story, the familys jowrny, it was all just happening. Whatever small pieces of privacy we give up by people knowing that parts of us are inspired by real life is all worth it because we all get so many people coming to us and saying that the show changed their lives. There is this add damage we used to hear in the writers room, yiddish and cash yiddish on this show. In network television, you would work on a show and they would be like, i know you love the show because you wrote it and we love the show at the network because were cool but were going to need to show it to the kind of people who hate you just to make sure america wouldnt hate you because we have a feeling people would hate you. I used to write shows about unlikable jewish female antagonists, and you have a nightmare about two white haired on the golf course going no we dont like her, lets dont do a show with her. Its getting past the gatekeepers. The internet is about understanding we could all reach each other the same time instead of crawling up to the top to have the mountain where the gatekeepers are and the golf course is. There is something about the way everybody can talk to everybody the same way all the time around the world. Its a disruption of everything that allows there to be a new platform where this kind of material can be distributed and the kind of social media that can allow people to share their feelings about it. Im jill soloway. This is my spectacular take on transitions in hollywood. Ifill now updating two of the days major stories a colorado jury convicted james holmes of killing 12 people and injuring 70 in a mass shooting at a Movie Theater in 2012. We got those numbers wrong earlier in the program, we apologize for that. The jury ruled him eligible for the death penalty. And a gunman attacked two military facilities in chattanooga, tennessee, killing four u. S. Marines before being killed himself. In response, u. S. Attorney general Loretta Lynch has ordered a National Security investigation. Woodruff and thats the newshour for tonight. On friday, we talk with secretary of state john kerry about the Iran Nuclear Deal. Im judy woodruff. Ifill and im gwen ifill. Join us online and again here tomorrow evening with mark shields and david brooks. For all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you and good night. Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by moving our economy for 160 years. Bnsf, the engine that connects us. And with the ongoing support of these institutions and. This program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. And by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by Media Access Group at wgbh access. Wgbh. Org this is nightly Business Report. Searching for profit and google found it. The Company Topped earnings expectations and its stock soared initially after hours trading. Dont look now. Netflix shares rocket higher but is the dominant player in video streaming about to face some stiff competition . Five years later, did wall street reforms following the financial crisis price people out of the Housing Market . All of that and more tonight on nightly Business Report for thursday, july 16th. Good evening, everybody. Glad you could join us. A fresh record for the nasdaq but we begin tonight with earnings from google. The company which is one of the most widely held stocks by mutual funds reported stronger than expected second quarter