On Dec. 13, 2023, the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) in Dubai came to an end after relentless discussions over the next battle against climate change. Amid the severe climate crisis, the parties adopted the UAE Consensus based on the Global Stocktake (GST) result that the progress in responding to climate change is “not yet collectively on track.” In this regard, the parties reaffirmed the goal of the Paris Agreement - keeping global temperature rise within 1.5 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrialization level - and recognized that it was necessary to reduce carbon emissions from the 2019 level by 43 percent by 2030, reduce by 60 percent by 2035 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.