Soledad im soledad obrien. Welcome to matter of fact. How will the covid 19 pandemic end . The most certain way would be the development of a safe and effective vaccine. Private companies and governments worldwide are racing to produce a vaccine by the end of the year. But doctor anthony fauci, the countrys top Infectious Disease expert said it could take 12 to 18 months. And even that timeline would be ambitious by historical standards. There are roughly 100 candidates for a vaccine in the works, with a handful fasttracked for human trials. The Clinical Development of a Vaccine Development has three phases. First, its given to a small group of people, then a bigger group, then an even bigger group, in order to test if its safe and effective. And these series of tests can take years, which has led to calls for a different type of testing. Our special contributor joie chen looks at the push for human challenge trials. Josh my names Josh Morrison. Im a volunteer for human challenge trial for covid19. Joie Josh Morrison is doing something that most of us are trying hard not to do get infected with the novel coronavirus. This is different from the vaccine trials already underway, where volunteers get an experimental dose and go back to their daily lives to see if it works, a process that typically takes months. Josh a challenge trial is a way of testing a drug or a vaccine where the volunteers being tested are actually deliberately exposed to infection, so you can see whether the vaccine works a lot more quickly. Joie he helped launch onedaysooner, for challenge trial volunteers. More than 25,000 people have already signed up. No Drug Companies funded the project, and though some have expressed interest, no covd19 vaccine has been tested this way yet. While the vaccine is almost unprecedented, challenge trials are not. You may have heard of edward jenner, the english doctor credited with pioneering the smallpox vaccine. People in china and africa had used primitive methods of innoculation against smallpox for centuries. Jenners big advance scraping cowpox scabs from a milkmaid, using that to infect his gardeners eightyearold son. And heres the key part jenner then infected the boy with smallpox scabs to prove cowpox actually helped him develop immunity against smallpox. This was the very first human challenge trial. Wasnt there something inherently unethical in that . Absolutely. Joie professor nir eyal is a bioethicist who points out science is much more careful with challenge trials today. There are obvious risks in such a trial. But there are risks in conventional testing method as well. Joie whats the benefit of doing it this way . The main benefits are that you know the answer faster, and you know that you will have an answer. Joie one limitation of a conventional clinical trial, eyal says, is that it depends on people getting accidentally exposed to find out whether the vaccine works can take months or longer. The thing is, we might never get to that point. Efficacy trials often end without results. So to start from scratch after many months that weve invested in trying to find an answer, many months mean, if you look at the numbers, many millions of deaths. Joie so time is not on our side. But numbers, eyal says, are. He says by carefully choosing volunteers around 100 of them and keeping them quarantined with the best possible medical care, the number of deaths would be reduced to one in 3000, what he says is relatively acceptable risk. Heres how to do it right recruit only young and healthy people. I am proposing also that you recruit them from areas where there is anyhow expected to be a lot of infections these are people would likely to be infected anyhow and there would be better access to care inside the trial. Joie 35 members on capitol hill wrote to the fda, congress understands a margaret Development Risk tolerant annulment process is likely appropriate. But in chicago, a bioethicist ca says lets not let the dictae speed. If all these people are willing to volunteer, understanding this could be a risk to their lives, why not let em . Its not enough for people to step up and say, this might work so i think it would be, im willing to do it. So although challenge studies are really promising powerful , way to learn about diseases, they can pose significant risk. So its really important to make sure that doing a challenge study is worth the amount of risk it would involve and that it will make a difference. Joie four matter of fact, i am joie chen. Who should get the covid19 vaccine first . And how do you pull up an event with large crowds during a pandemic . We want to show the nation how a community bounces back from this pandemic. The mayor of milwaukee is trying to figure that out. And why a museum needs your handwritten grocery list. When the murrays started using gain ultra flings they fell in love with its irresistible scent. Looks like their dog michelangelo did too. New gain ultra flings with two times oxi boost and febreze. [female vo] restaurants are facing a crisis. And theyre counting on your takeout and delivery orders to make it through. Grubhub. Together we can help save the restaurants we love. Wthe Natural Light is amazing. Hardwood floors. There is a bit of a clogging problem. clog dancing at least geico makes it easy to bundle our renters and car insurance. Yeah, helping us save us even more. For bundling made easy, go to geico. Com feel like getting back out there . Nissan is ready to help you with a bold, awardwinning lineup. And great offers. Kick off summer. With no payments for 3 months. Plus, well cover your payments for up to 2 more months. Or get 0 financing on 13 models for up to 84 months. Soledad welcome back to matter of fact. Once a vaccine for covid19 is developed, who gets it first . And, who determines those guidelines . Dan salmon is the director of the institute for vaccine safety at Johns HopkinsBloomberg School of Public Health. He was responsible for leading the federal vaccine Safety Program during the h1n1 influence pandemic a decade ago. We spoke via skype. Dan solomon, thank you for talking with me. So weve heard conflicting timelines about when a vaccine could be ready. What point do you start figuring out, ok, theres a vaccine on the horizon. Whos going to get it first and how are those guidelines going to be created . Dan so typically this is decided by the Advisory Committee on immunization practices. This is an Advisory Group to the cdc, the external experts. And typically, the way this works is when a vaccine is looking promising in phase three trials and the company is getting ready to see licensure from the fda. They would sit down with a working group of that Advisory Committee and share the data. And this way, by the time the vaccine is available, theres already clear recommendations. Soledad and one day would they create recommendations around the people who are most susceptible to dying of covid19 . So were looking at people of color. Were looking at working class people who are often have Underlying Health issues. Would they naturally just go first and be first in line . Or how do those rules work . Dan well, we dont really know. I mean, were talking about a fairly unusual situation here. Usually vaccine recommendations presumes that theres inadequate supply for everyone. In this case, were probably looking at a situation where there will not be enough vaccine for everyone. And in that case, the question becomes whos in the front of the line and whos in the back of the line . So some of these questions are scientific. Whos at greatest risk of mortality . Who responds best to the vaccine . Soledad forgive me for interrupting you, there could be chances for the public to weigh in on, here is the priority list that we think. Dan there is an opportunity to do that, and the time is now. For example, do you focus on the elderly, who have the highest rates of mortality or do you focus on children who have a longer life to live . And thats a values question. Soledad lets say theres 330 million americans. How long would it take to get 330 million doses if everybody roughly needed a dose of this vaccine . Dan well, thats a great question. And were seeing something really unusual here where typically one waits until they have phase three trial and really sees that they have a safe and effective product before you build manufacturing facilities and before you manufacture the vaccine. And in this case, as were told, with operation warp speed, the intention is to make the vaccine prior to phase three trial results. So the good thing about that is the risk there is that it may turn out that you make a lot of vaccine and its not a good product. Its not adequately safe or effective. Soledad the president has said America First. If we, as a country, take that stance, America First and when it comes to vaccines doe s that worry you . Dan i have heard him say that, and it does worry me for a few reasons. One is from an american first perspective, what if the vaccine doesnt come out of America First . And what if its another country thats the first to discover a vaccine . And our position is that one should vaccinate their own population first. This is a global pandemic. And theres no doubt that we have an obligation to protect americans. But we have an obligation to do what we can to protect the people of the world. And youre not going to fight this war on this pandemic domestically, alone. It is a global work. Soledad dan solomon is with the Johns HopkinsBloomberg School of Public Health. Thank you, sir, for your time today. Appreciate it. Dan have a good day. Thank you. Coming up, milwaukee could miss its moment in the spotlight if the dnc is cancelled. But thats not all. Soledad what do you stand to lose if this is downsized . Or downgraded or goes 100 virtual . Plus, how one vote could have stopped the government from tracking you online. Soledad hope and excitement surrounded the announcement of the city of milwaukee landing the Democratic National convention. It was originally expected to draw about 50,000 people. Now the convention has been pushed from july to august, and its unclear whether it would be held in person or virtually due to the pandemic. Theres a lot a stake for milwaukee in terms of investments that were made, building projects underway, and the opportunities that come with being in the national spotlight. I spoke with milwaukee mayor tom barrett via skype. Milwaukee mayor tom barrett, thank you for talking with me. So 50,000 people are expected. You put a lot of investment into your infrastructure so far. As of this moment whats going , into your Decision Making . Do you know where youre leaning toward . Tom well, Public Health, Public Health, Public Health is the obvious answer to that. I talked to tom perez, the chairman, the Democratic National convention, just yesterday. And we talked about how that has to be paramount. But we know for certain that the democrats are going to be nominating joe biden to be the next president of the united states. And theyre going to do that in milwaukee. And we want to use this as a springboard both locally for our businesses, hotels our , restaurants. But we also want to show the nation how a community bounces back from this pandemic. But were gonna do it in a way thats safe and thats important. And thats something that we soledad your own head of Public Health has said shed love to see a Virtual Convention. Would you agree with her on that . Tom well, what her quote was actually a more Virtual Convention and it will be a more Virtual Convention than 50,000 people. We know that. We know that theyre are going to be some delegates who are not going to want to travel. And its not because of milwaukee. They just are not going to want to travel. But we also believe that there are going to be individuals who will be here and we have to be nimble and we have to understand that nobody really expected any of this. This is all unpredictable and we have to be willing to make changes at a minutes notice sometimes. Soledad youve already made some hefty investments in infrastructure. What do you stand to lose if this is downsized or downgraded or goes 100 virtual . Tom well, bear in mind that this is the first time in the history of the state of wisconsin that were having a Major PoliticalParty Convention in wisconsin or milwaukee. So obviously, people are not happy with the change of events. But its important for us to keep this in perspective. 100,000 people have died in this country because of this pandemic. Millions of people have lost their jobs. Businesses have closed, and theyre going to be more economic setbacks that are going to occur. So is is upset is we are in the scheme of things, we have to realize that theres more at stake here than what were going to have in milwaukee in august. Soledad milwaukee has wanted to turn the page. I think maybe what people have historically who dont live in wisconsin thought about milwaukee and kind of create a new narrative. How big of an emotional loss, for lack of a better phrase, is it if youre unable to pull this off in the way you want to pull it off . Tom well, we believe that were still going to be able to pull something off that will let people know what milwaukee is all about. And ive been very, very clear that milwaukee has changed. And theres a lot of great things going on here. But we also dont sugarcoat it. Weve got some real challenges in poverty and racial issues. And those are issues that are not focused solely in milwaukee. Theyre american issues. And thats part of what the democrats want to do. They want to not only talk about what these issues are, but to find solutions to them. And so we want to be part of that conversation. And more importantly, we want to be part of the actions that move the country forward. Soledad north carolina, as you know, is in the same discussion, whether they will hold the gop convention. Would you be open to republican saying, lets go to the lucky . Tom i would love to have the republicans and democrats in the lucky in 2024. This is a big deal for us. The first time we have hosted a convention. We also know that we have to be careful. I say that as being probably the biggest cheerleader for having the convention here. But i dont want people to lose their lives, get sick. We are going to follow Public Health. That is important for us to do, important for us to believe in. Soledad milwaukee mayor, tom barrett, thank you for talking with me. Ahead your internet search , history could be under investigation by the government, even if you havent been accused of a crime. Were all doing our part by staying at home. That could mean an increase in energy bills. You can save by using a fan to cool off. Unplugging and turning off devices when not in use. Or closing your shades during the day. Stay well and keep it golden. Heres what we want everyone to do. Count all the hugs you havent given. All the hands you havent held. All the dinners you didnt share with friends. The trips you havent taken. Keep track of them. Each one means one less person vulnerable, one less person exposed, and one step closer to a healthier community. So for now, keep your distance. But dont lose count. Well have some catching up to do. Soledad now to a weekly feature we like to call were paying attention even if youre too busy. Remember the patriot act of 2001 . It was passed after the 9 11 attacks with a focus on giving intelligence gathering agencies more tools to prevent terrorism. At the time, the debate focused on National Security needs versus personal privacy rights. In the end, the patriot act allowed the secret collection of data from cell phones, laptops, and electronic devices, including collecting internet browsing histories, all without a warrant, from millions of unsuspecting americans, even if those not accused of a crime. The act has been renewed and amended over time. The newest version passed the house of representatives in march and went to the Senate Earlier this month. Thats when democratic senator ron wyden and republican senator steve daines pushed for an amendment to forbid the collection of internet browsing histories without a warrant. The amendment needed 60 votes. It got 59. The Senate Passed the patriot act reauthorization, without the amendment. The vote was 80 to 16. Still ahead on matter of fact, toilet paper, masks, Hand Sanitizer . What would you save for a Museum Exhibit to document the pandemic . Soledad curators are trying to get the word out before you toss anything in the trash. 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And sometimes the person who helps us isnt wearing a badge or a helmet. They wear a headset. At genesys we celebrate moments of Amazing Customer Service and the people who deliver it. They are here for you. Soledad finally, this pandemic is far from over, but right now historians across the nation are thinking about how to preserve this moment in time. The smithsonians American History museum has launched a Rapid Response task force. The goal is to collect everything about the pandemic from drawings to protest signs to instructional guides for essential workers. They also want medical equipment, like test kits and ventilators. Curators also plan to collect masks, even some homemade versions. Smithsonian curators are also asking for digital items, like photos, videos, and recordings for their online collections. They havent started collecting physical objects just yet, but the curators are trying to get the word out before you toss anything in the trash. They say even that empty box of toilet paper you had shipped could tell future historians a lot about this current moment. It puts a new spin on that saying, one mans trash is another museums artifact. Thats it for this edition of matter of fact. I am soledad obrien. Well see you next week. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] hello and welcome to Asian Pacific america. Im robert handa. Your host for our virtual show. We continue to celebrate Asian Pacific america heritage month and start with longtime activist and local assemblyman evan lowe and the founder and president of the apa heritage foundation. And we highlight our video winner in the growing up asian and america contest. And then we wrap up with musical guest. And now