Our universe, our planet, or even ourselves. Everything is made up of the same components of elementary particles. If we take a person and a chair and break them down into their components, we find adams and within them, electrons. Clarks include ones. Without elementary particles, there would be no stable atoms. Everything would fall apart. They literally hold the world together. Elementary particles are not only the basic components of all matter. Some can even penetrate any form of matter. The book is home to daisy, the german electron synchrotron, one of the Worlds Largest fundamental Physics Research centers. More than 2000 scientists from over 40 countries work here, the particle, physicists, because challenge funding bag that takes us into the enormous tunnel system below the daisy grounds. Funding becca is one of the worlds most renowned particle physicists, a professor at the university of humble and lead scientist that daisy has only some parts of the tunnel are still being used for experiments. Our team is allowed to film there. If im, if we going on the grounds to the hair acceleration we, its the largest accelerate to the gym and he has a have a bill im getting in touch anyone entering the tunnel needs an oxygen unit for safety and has to report in by telephone system from the christy and spun and vega. Hello, im entering the here. Its on the look here. A west going towards here, a news or not behind the door is the heart of particle physics at daisy. The hair, a tunnel hair stands for head drawn electron ring accelerator, the guys, so long, definitely have found a problem with something im some and then the camera is so long. You need a bike to get from one experiment to another. Its fine. And you can see that it isnt actually a ring, you can get me riding through a straight section. Now. The electrons and protons are accelerated through the straight sections. Then the, the tunnel slowly starts to curve here. The particle beam zoned accelerated in the section just redirected here. The proton bane travels in the launch of a vacuum tube and the like something goes through the lowest storage ring in the opposite direction. And if we were to travel much, much further, wed eventually come out of the curve and see how this electron too much is with the product onto the electrons to show that the protons in the next to tech, to the port on control center for the protons burst and released new elementary particles. What physics is aiming for with these particle collisions is the reconstruction of the beginning of space and time. The reconstruction of the big bank, our universe emerged from a huge explosion, some 13800000000 years ago. Particle physics has not yet succeeded in pinpointing the actual moment. But it can look back to a millions of a 1000000000 of a 2nd after the big bang. The debate about whether indivisible particles could exist goes back to the ancient greeks some 2500 years ago. The greek philosopher, democritus, among others, called them adams from the ancient greek to most meaning, indivisible. The debate continued until 1911, when it was 1st experimentally proven that adams themselves are indeed divisible. Adams consist of electronics, neutrons, and protons. The term elementary particles 1st appeared in the 19 thirties and the 2nd half of the 20th century teams from the us. And daisy and humboldt, among others, were finally able to demonstrate that protons and neutrons are also divisible and consist of corks and blue ones. The standard model of particle physics lists for groups of known elementary particles. The quart group consists of 6 particles in total. The left tons including electrons and move on, also comprises 6 particles the. The group of gauge bows on the forced particles currently includes 4 types, including blue ones and photons. Finally, there are the scalar bones. So far physics nose have only one elementary particle in this group. The higgs both on detected in 2012. It is the most recent addition to the particle family, the berlin. At the noise museum, we meet viviana level, the curator of egyptian and oriental pye, right. The she takes us to the pirates collection. Some of the oriental and ancient egyptian manuscripts on display here were originally rolled up or folded like these amulets. So far theyve had to be painstakingly unrolled and unfolded by him. Popularly isnt the wonderful guy right or very fragile. When we want to open a piece for pirates conservator decides if its possible, or if a package like this one, for example, will follow the parts. Interesting 1000 pieces. Of course you dont want us out just interest interest me some 60000 pi ryan. The other manuscripts are stored in excavation boxes from 19 o 7 back then huge quantities of such artifacts were found during excavations on the la funding island and the nile river with conservators, sophie elizabeth. But tell needs that hannah alexa is looking for a pi right. Whose contents might be deciphered by means of particle physics, without unfolding or damaging them. Using a handheld x ray machine develops jointly with businesses, tons, eva, hod mancha. They have found a pirates packet that could have been printed with iron containing ink. And have decided to scan the document with even more powerful x rays. This is done at the Heading Home Center for materials and energy in berlins funds. The district toby is, specializes in time of graphic imaging of a wide range of materials for the pirates pack. It from the Egyptian Museum draws on the Pioneering Research of a well known german physicist the vill him corner, the homepage, and discover x rays at the end of the 19th century. Shortly after he succeeded in capturing the 1st images, revolutionizing medical diagnostics and earning him the nobel prize in physics. For the 1st time, it was possible to visualize the bone structure of a living being without surgical intervention the, the principal is relatively simple. X rays are produced by the rapid acceleration of electronics that is, elementary particles the, the dense or the material. The less radiation can penetrate. Its very dense material like bone appears, white in the x ray fluids and soft tissue like fat or muscle, are less dense, and so appear great. The organs containing large amounts of air, like the lungs allowed the majority of the rays through and appear black in the image. While x rays can be harmful to living beings, they have long been proven tool for not Destructive Testing and Materials Research the can 5 and wish it was 5 mentioned royce testing, done the x rays pulse through this fragment and then hit the detect team. Can we take a whole series of images, not just one of the 90 guns, we rotate the sample once 3360 degrees with. Im a quote, a projection of very many, very different angles of f. You this way that we can generate a 3 d reconstruction of the volume with us. Yeah. And thats why the other one is the scan only takes a few minutes and delivers numerous 3 dimensional x ray images of the pirates packet. But the writing inside can still not be read. This is where scientists from the to the institute in berlin step in the mathematician, daniel about him. And his team have developed software that can virtually own the full, the pirates packet. The trace as the individual layers in the 3 d model with the mouse. The computer programs in virtually assembles the many x ray images into a flat surface. The structure of the plan fibers is clearly visible. Finally, the image data from the x ray image is transferred to the virtually on the folded pirates and distinct characters appear on the screen. You can see the pirates fibers really well. The thing that left is versed in 15 oriental scripts and language is from different heroes, including higher radek or coptic romance and arabic. Because somebody else model negotiated of fuels falls and gets and an appeal was the 1st time in the history of tyras research. And we can read of a pirates virtually vicky without having to physically open it up. This is really sensational. This piece here is a complex texas, this here is a p this which is the last to an article. Then this symbol not not freak as a cop dec, i called this as im not size and joe enjoy on project shows per joy and to me way. Oh lord, jesus christ as the quotes from this is the short form for Lord Jesus Christ and early christianity, out of my hand. A wonderful example of the fact that early christianity and personal piety existed on elephant teams. Christopher would perhaps as early as the 4th century, to him, the game had been remembered. This has to be folded, emulate that someone would have carried with them the monthly like spices. Thanks to physics and i t. Some aspects of christianitys early history can now be rewritten. The geneva, the European Organization for Nuclear Research for cern is the Worlds LargestResearch Center in the field of particle physics. Here at the swiss border with france almost 20000 scientists from all over the world have been researching the properties of elementary particles. Since 1954, we made german particle businesses because towns finding back again its r and p is regularly in switzerland to monitor experiments. Yes, this is an overview of the launch hadron collider. We here on the sun side and then at the certain score is the large hadron collider. The Worlds Largest particle accelerator. The ring shaped tunnel is almost 100 meters below ground. Alice think i can just enough flash advice. I stuff im by, so i still 50 a see to really starts with the buffalo of hydrogen. When its hydrogen consists of one pro tillman, one electrons on the 1st, the electron is extracted, and then the proton goes into a linear acceleration where its energy is increase on yourself, off the speed of life. Going to go in and in spite and fall. But finding out that you must and then like in the protocol and has been said 33 more. Pre exhilarates is a sequel finally being directed into the large hadron collider. And thats where its accelerated to near light, to be done alphabetically, caught in that the baseline is put out in a fuss. Please explain this type in the collider. Protons are accelerated in opposite directions and shot at each other at 4 points in the ring. At almost the speed of light with 4 huge detectors measured the collisions i know these are the ductwork and one of these cool to see a mess detector is located directly opposite this inside and sat on the other side of the ring. I did as i think thats where were going now back in may, its c m s stands for compact one solenoid. And it is one of the most exciting physics experiments of our time. Here in the c, a mass control room, the experiments collisions are coordinated and monitored other physicists from all over the world are connected in real time, including a Scientific Team from daisy and home board. I dont have blog at all. Some 4000 researchers from 55 Countries Worldwide are involved in the c, a mass experiment. Seamless experiment is at the large hadron collider. And its an experiment to look at the fundamental Building Blocks of matter and understanding the fundamental forces in the universe and to learn more about how the universe was created. Its taking place at certain because so it has the most powerful accelerator in the world right now. And its also a community that brings together institute from all around the world and the expertise for them to, to really advance the field of particles in 2012 researchers that sir and achieve their greatest success. To date, experimental proof of the long sought higgs bows on it was named after british physicist peter higgs, who concurrently with his french colleague francois on last described of the properties of the as yet unknown particle to or jointly awarded the nobel prize in physics in 2013 today is unusual that the proton collisions of the underground tunnel have been stopped in order to do Maintenance Work on the late fee for its detectors. Just kind of relaxed kind of my its how you doing this is a diagram of the see a method to take to take to concede doesnt normally the protons would be colliding in the center of the detector. Right now. Time kind of put, but there arent any protons in the collider at the moment that will buttons in these attach. And heres what we see instead of these particles here, which a cold calls make new ones even though who end up producing cosmic rays at a tech to investigate possibly nearly through the detector. And so the detector reconstructed something non linear, and then we would know that it was out of alignment and needed to be corrected to all of them. So we use these calls, make new ones to calibrate down to take 2 and very precisely fixing and a picture of the parentheses. This differs a customer called the because there are no particle collisions. Today, were allowed into the 100 meter deep detector room. This would otherwise not be possible as harmful radiation could be released during operation if its the same as the tech to at that of his desk. A asked to the tech to into who can i give you the image to take the here is the heaviest detector in High Energy Physics investigate 65 percent heavy of the meal hotel on what we can see through place that the protons come from here. And also from behind, and then they collide in the middle of the detect uh tech. When they collide, they practically explode on and then we analyze the fragments and see i know the z. And then the polk stick a proton collisions release, new elementary particles like bows, alms, left tons and clarks. Which can then be measured in the c a mess detector. By identifying the particles produced in each collision, measuring their momentum trajectories and energies and then piecing together all the information the scientists can recreate and describe what actually happens during the collision. The things that allow me then lets see. And this is an equal quentin e, and this allows me to visit study the micro causing the policy cold effects. And you have to give me a might if its fascinating that the more you learned about its micro cause a man. Because the more you understand about the big picture with name, the origin of the universe, this, when youve as on by monday, monday, put total into protons collide for a fraction of a 2nd time the collision recreate the conditions of the big bang has had some of the defect box and we can simulate these clocks and glue owns and swimming around. Do me cycles mix susie monthly by shooting price homes that each of them with incredibly high energy and 5 on the screen. These kinds of a n a d open on the see if its mike traveling back in time to the origin, devalue universe steals. This is the leave as when the protons collide, the elementary particles that shoot off in all directions, leave their traces and the individual segments of the detector. And these traces are translated into a huge phone use of digital data. It all happens in this underground computer room, where all the data from the c a mess detector is received as far standard and seem as to take the key to imagine packets made off of 100000000000 protons, a shelter to each other in the c, m. S to take them uh, was it going like a month to then . Does that mean you know, once but 40000000. 00 pack in the 2nd case that interfered with each collision of these packets. Some 60 protons collide with all the protons and the impact release. Hundreds and thousands of articles from titanium psychiatric then limited tech to else can, im totally different particles are recorded by the detector. That is, is it fits accommodations and in this room picked up a release of physical signals from the collisions in the detect. So we have in digitized settings that color on and off when that is, if that these a lot of data. So huge files that we have to pre select in the field around the information we can use and expires. Otherwise we can store. So this one is it that in falls, alex yet when you are missing, christie and them direct of all the the pyramids of visa on the outskirts of the egyptian capital cairo, were built to stand for a turn, a deep and are indeed the only remaining wonder of the ancient world. How many chambers are hidden inside the 3 pyramids is still a mystery . The 3 main chambers among others have already been discovered. But researchers are certain, there must be more, perhaps even the body and the burial artifacts of the pharaoh key ups will be found the since 2015 teams of researchers from japan and france have been using particle physics to study the 3 pyramids of visa using move on imaging, they are reconstructing their inner structure without damaging a single stone. The in the standard model of particle physics milan belong to the group of left on the lawns are formed in the upper layers of the atmosphere. When particles of cosmic radiation collide with air molecules. The particles which travel at almost the speed of light even penetrate large masses of stone around 10000. 00 new ones, hit every square meter of the earth every minute at sea level, the scanners detect the ones that constantly race through the structure. Those that pass through many stone blocks lose a lot of energy and leave a relatively weak trace on the scanners. But if the move on slow through hollow space, they lose less energy forming a stronger image on the scanners. In this way, they reveal the internal structure of the pyramids and helped to discover previously Hidden Treasure chambers and other rooms without having to move a single stone. In 2017, the Research Team is made a spectacular discovery using move on imaging. A previously unknown 30 meter long chamber in the great pyramid, one scanning has also proven its worth and inspecting the contaminated for go seem a Nuclear Reactor in japan. Engineers can examine the condition and integrity of the power plants, outer shell, from a greater distance. Without having to physically enter the immediate highly radioactive zone, the blue on imaging is also used in bulk analogy, where the flow of elementary particles reveals the underground structure of volcanoes. This enables a kind of Early Warning system for potential volcanic eruptions. But the flow of elementary particles can not only illuminate matter but also transmit information. Ready cellular phones are based on a discovery from the 19th century. Ready they send and receive electromagnetic waves, which thanks to particle physics, we know are also elementary particles, namely photons. Cellphones operate using the electromagnetic force, describing the standard model of particle physics. Busy the silicon based sensors and cell phones are based on the same principle as the detectors had to turn the symbol of the band odd enough to institute for tropical medicine. Just north of the piers is a Research Center where more than 400 Scientists Research dangerous pathogens they study, for example, the exact blueprint a virus is using extremely high intensity x ray technology. Body and holes in the Hall Research has the structure of sonya viruses. A group of dangerous pathogens introduced to Central Europe long ago by exotic insects of sonya infection like the last a virus can be fatal. And there are currently no vaccines or effective drugs. This is why the molecular structure of the new viruses needs to be completely decoded. First, we have to generate the biological sample for examinations. For example, we need protein crystals for x ray analysis, l 5, because a single protein is not enough for the food and its the sample has to meet the certain conditions for crystallization to be possible at all. We can easily see cells under normal optical microscope. So we can see protein dash for this. We need her to call physics, which helps us to make even the smallest atomic unit i visible above. Im high. The cell cultures are swirled for 2 days at around 27. 00 degrees to supply them with as much oxygen as possible. This is important for the production of the protein under the optical microscope, monthly of holes in tall checks, whether the examples are suitable for further analysis. If a green shimmering signal forms in the cells they have produced the desired protein. Before the sample can be examined and a particle accelerator, the proteins are sorted by size. We can see the separation of proteins quite clearly here to use of the messing this protein signal is shown in blue. You finish, its a nice strong signal james. And our target protein is in the peak here. So we can select which cubes were the target protein as well separated from all the other items. And that will be our, your sample and we can continue working with it. In the final step, the target protein from the cold room is mixed with various chemicals to grow of protein crystals. This can take days or weeks unfortunately, animates students proteins are not visible under an optical microscope. We need x ray crystallography to see these proteins, these Building Blocks of viruses in the finest detail, using the support. And these are the protein crystals that are formed phone time. They vary in size and have very high street edges and fish, which shows their high quality last segment size and for the one quantity it with a kind of miniature last. So she fishes out the best crystals and stores them in a container filled with liquid nitrogen, monthly or holes in tall vend takes them to daisy, the german electron synchrotron in the west of humboldt. This is also home to the center for Structural Systems biology. C, s. S b for short. Biology, chemistry, medicine and Physics Research teams Work Together here in the field of infection biology. Right next to the css b building is a huge experiment. All. It is directly connected to a particle accelerator. The 3rd generation of deposit from an electron tandem ring accelerator. Petra, 3 for short. Petra 3 is a particle accelerator and one of the wide, strongest ex, regional samples. Like institute biotech has used petra 3 to investigate the effects and messenger capability. Vaccines packet slide through the 2. 3 blue accelerator ring at speed being passed, causing intensity and highly x rays. Visa is more intense than those sources and human hair the x. 50 measuring stations in set and halls where the not institute is examined. Here ill meet structural bio live on the right. Yeah. I found my sample. Send it over the phone. Yes. Go ahead. Please check out the human body absorbs and try missions. You crystallography, to study the structures of the molecules, respond transport. This works to be the 3 d structure of proteins with double precision. Finally, because the x rays are beamed through the rotate, they did crystal, the rent changed crystal structures deflect the x rays and create a detector can be determined from the intensity of the various the boost no structure can now help in developing new drugs. That precisely knowledge of the structure can now help and developing new drugs that target precisely where pathogens such as the bone you virus are vulnerable. The samples from the band hot enough to institute have been measured and the radiation collected in the detector has been converted into a 3 d structural animation. Protein crystallography has greatly advanced and accelerated massey of holes in tall and fist down loops research. Yeah, maybe its possible to develop a drug just by seeing whether it inhibits virus growth on cells, that type of thing. But its very time consuming. And do you usually dont really understand why a drug works the way it does. In our case, using elementary particles, we can find out exactly how we drug works or design a drug to stop certain American Defense for your stuff. Developing such a drug is one of this john loves submissions. Atomically precise protein imaging helps him enormously because messenger proteins direct drugs to the parts of the body where the active ingredient is supposed to work in the to wouldnt be as he and the method its available here on campus and picture 3 in particular, move to this made it possible to investigate these messenger systems in with us by the help we work with tiny crystal at this time and only with a strong x ray beam. Can we determine the structures just of 2 . And these are the developments of these methods has been an absolute milestone structural biology. Traditional food in the long term. Its a central developing small molecules to combat specific proteins, this, this tiny money back the cnn crystallography is measuring accuracy is helping researchers to keep pace with the rapid spread of previously on researched viruses. And how is the detective doing everything with just a few 100 meters away at daisy we once again the particle physicists, christiane, funding, back up the key. And his team are analyzing the data from the particle collisions at sir, and in geneva, where proteins are again being collided. On the 1st stage, the humble team is video linked to the control room of the c m. S. Experiment shawn in vegas team in germany. Now continuously checks the quality of the collision data from switzerland using its t a life data from the top nomic team ethics payment, we now see and live images of the Data Collection of to see a mess. Experiments. The protons collided here in the middle of the detector to get and spend all these particles as fragments from the collision, and have left a lot of traces in the detector. Image just like a jet leaves, a trail of condensation in the sky. Hes in doesnt, he said these are the green lines here. And so is this, these red and blue dogs represent the particles and measure the energy cloud that task. In these precision analyses, data on known elementary particles is separated from what could possibly indicate new particles. And not only that, i must admit by it, as i must splits the ceiling submissive and sometimes we do both things and applies. And we precisely measure the particles we know and try to learn from the deviations we find at the imaging act like we also actively search for new particles that could help to explain things. What sense and like like the fact that tight find is a sense of the universe, the dock mass us and hes had only 15 percent and hes known mass us the nations and molecules. Its time to spend that much of the time, like in this job, and i put black beans in for doc massa and white beans, the known method. I see it as a smile to everything thats black. When that is what we dont understand by Simple Wonder if thats doc match material, and thats what were looking for and as specified. Its one of the biggest mysteries in science and system to material. And thats who can be assigned to the course that i have for the individual stuff. But what exactly is this dark matter that particle, physicists like chris john shining bag a are looking for in numerous experiments. Physicists have already proven that dark matter exist and that it makes up 85 percent of all matter in the universe. But they have no idea what it is made of the the search for dark matter is to search for what holds our entire universe together. 6 because without it or galaxy, for example, the milky way would fly apart the planets journey around their star, the gravitational mass of which keeps them in their orbit. Stars in turn orbit around the center of their galaxy. Theoretically the further away a celestial body is from its center of gravity, the slower it should move. But measurements have shown that the outer stars of the milky way move much faster than expected, or calculated astrophysics explains it this way. Our galaxy consists of much more matter and then what is visible. And this invisible matter or dark matter also exerts a gravitational pull one, the celestial bodies, so that they can move faster without the ring out of orbit. The researchers are using various methods to search for the as yet unknown dark matter particles. Not only with underground detectors and particle accelerators, but also with telescopes in space. In the search for dark matter, there is even an experiment in which light is supposed to penetrate a solid wall. The excellent heads the helps experiment which is set up in a roughly 300 meter long straight section of the hair. A tunnel at daisy in humble outs stands for any light particle search lemma is a particle physicist that daisy and devises novel particle physics experiments. A team of more than 200 specialists has developed and built the entire lps facility of daisy over a period of 12 years. It is the 1st experiment worldwide in which very light particles of dark matter could be produced and detected in the laboratory. To do this, light would have to pass through an opaque wall, which is technically impossible. You have your voice construct no trying to find something completely new. Name talk my talk with doing this by attempting things. They shouldnt actually walk once a. So like this was showing a flashlight on the wall or a normally know how to get through the funds when we use much more elaborate message. And if a piece of life does get through the wont open and we cannot explain why the existence of a new form of not dont matter. So were examining what we think is impossible to see if its possible. After all, if its is, do we have found something completely . I mean, most of us comfortable in the alps experiment laser light will be amplified by a factor of 10000. 00 and a type of micro chamber. The light will then pass through a strong Magnetic Field. In theory, a photon or light particle could be transformed into an axiom. As the new relevant to the particle will be called if it can be detected. The laser light would be stopped by the wall. But the axial on would simply pass through because nothing can stop dark matter in the Magnetic Field on the other side, the axial and should be transformed back into a photon. More like a detector would measure the light particle that seems to have passed through the wall. The transformations, if they occur at all, would be extremely rare. The detector must therefore be able to recognize a few photons per day. If it succeeds a new dark matter particle will have been found, which would be a sensational discovery because im, im fix pelham and for me as a success as the fulfillment of a technological golf course. So im very certain that all helps experiments will succeed. And the nature of the site, if you will find dark matter to the no one knows how long it will take to solve the mystery of dark matter. The but the large number of particle physics experiments worldwide makes new discoveries more and more likely the, with the very tangible benefits and there be some. So what if we look back is we see the really hands on well together electricity, very electromagnetic way, on the internet, one x rays, i just came from completely fall factual groundbreaking. Were search in to completely new things, especially physically its a summer months. So she has the possibilities, this is the, its sometimes hard to explain what youre actually doing. Items, you can see it upon the goals, you can see them, you cant tell you still smell them. But i still think its important to research these elementary particles. Ultimately, its the only way to understand where weve come from, a steam english and thats and this will have it coming. Physics is nothing more, less than applied to that school philosophy. You couldnt, we can explain it well. And we know how to approach it. Its already working really where youre more competitive, imply precision, cosmetology and precision. Paul School Physics here, so talk them out to is still a michigan region because when we have a complete picture of how we actually came into the, well, thats just the fundamental questions from the philosophy. The supposed to meet them to an attachment is because the thing that so fascinating about particle physics, we might these that we can describe these complex mess up everything that surrounds us just in terms of the elementary particles and come to by monday. So im trusting you all, most thinking someone must have been clever enough to formulate how well to world of elementary particles, relatively simple in the mean time attach investors almost like it was planned to try and contact the engine desktop relaunched again. And i am testing the 2, the 2 inch strong areas Position International perspective. They to a leaders say they dont want to be drawn to russia, but as the latest cases of espionage against germany show, russia is already at war with the craze. Allies on to the point we ask the russians hybrid warfare, the real threat to the west. To the point in 30 minutes on d w. We love us. We love diversity. Anything. No mountain is too high. The road is too long. In such a faithful, ordinary. We all this specialist of lifestyle 009 in 19, in its own d, w. The get ready for an exciting. Ive been trying to look surprised. Hi, irish. And im ready to dive into the hands of children to you. Have you ever won the front porch and come to invest deposits on the spot and unexpected side to side. Enjoy the youre watching data, but the news lives from the new last line for the people of guys a take shape 1st ship to arrive via a new maritime. Id cardo as im load it off the gas and cost, but how the id distributors will say coming up is rails Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu approves a plan to attack rafa in the Southern Gaza strip. The us as the plan must protect the 1000000 plus palestinians sheltering and with the outcome all but sitting in russias president ial election. We looked at the media pushed to get out the vice full blooded