Here, the Atlantic Ocean needs the western coastline of the country was once one of 4 german colonies in africa. And at the beginning of the 20th century, the stage for a revolutionary development in visual documentation. Its here that the 1st color photographs of africa and its people were taking this hassan donald z, a noise. It was still a very new and sensational technique with photos. Suddenly be available in color. Just move this fun, fun fuse for the view of the color photo feels much close to the black and white wine. Thats why its good to me. I was a pioneering photo chemist who created the 1st color portraits in africa in his diary he would later recall. In connection with this debate, i was asked whether i would venture to take type images in this form. I could naturally make no promises, as it would depend not on may spit on the fellows being willing to keep still the so called type images, racialized photos taken with the intent of showing a german audience. African people grouped according to their ethnic background and the countries they lived in the story began with an Innovative New camera, a colorful new way of promoting german colonialism. Far flung lands, their towns, cities, and inhabitants. 3 color photography was a revolutionary development. And this was the 1st time it was put to use to generate Popular Support for germanys colonial ventures. The ben get to my most as im calm because there was always a holiday feeling when we visited my grandparents. Grandad would say he was going to get hurt the heavy before you know, and these things really were a terribly heavy. Well touch the put it on the tables. Im coming and we looked at the pictures page by page try gamma, every time owns. I dont hope when we had time. It was a very special and emotional numbers on the talk. And of course he tell us stories too. I know youre really impressed by the pictures um and see mine in march 19 o 9. Well, that bill meyer set out on a steamship run by a hamburg based colonial shipping company. Is destination german, south, west africa. Todays and then maybe the german photographer compiled a private photo albums documenting his travels between black and white images. Among them, his arrival in swat up mood, the main port serving the german colony. The also kept a diary made public here for the 1st time german South West Africa was not his 1st stop on the continent, but it was a disappointing one. I must confess. One cannot possibly imagine a story a sight, and in the sandy deserts with houses, with not a single tree or shrub. Little missus, henning the attorneys wife broke at and t is when she saw her new hunt. I could not think of anything more saddening than having to live here permanently on the coast. The became so ready, touch safe to genuinely knew very little about the colonies dimension as hardly any one had actually seen. That does act and reports with pretty rare all the same there who spend a lot to speak the population of germans and all the colonies together with 25000. 00. So vanishingly small, as we so go back to maya was sent to africa, where he effectively served as the p r, director of germanys colonies working for berlin publishing house. And with the backing of the german authorities, he travelled across the continent. His job was to produce color photographs, showing germans the beauty of their distant colonies. The primary focus was human subject who had been categorized by european anthropologist. It was the 1st time that germans so color images of african people. So to get a few, but im going to include in your honest vic photography was essentially a colonial tool, different and assessed to redeem the picture serve to demonstrate the supposedly history science to fix this hierarchical differences between people and culture money system. And they also serve to degrade individuals into type 0 and based on exterior features minds with taping head up. So getting beautiful, gets there . Sure. Flushed. And when ron guns reach the for the politic find logistics, ideas of race was very important to the gym and colonial policy in particular. They were all pervasive to seen in advertising valve. The image reused was strongly influenced by the belief that the quote unquote european race was superior to others. That white, your opinions were at the top of the hierarchy. Indeed. So here i see you own state. The photographs that lo, minor delivered, were precisely what his employers wanted. They showed the indigenous population of africa as being comprised of a variety of tribes and ethnic groups. 2 different in terms of appearance, character, and degree of civilization. The escape images are forced a loan of dance. How many of man thats the advice of one of the that was the notion of the family of man follows the whites mun up at the top. As soon as the door of the colors lower down, the asians in the middle, frightened at the buttons on god like people some by then on the newest, wrong you so done with the sun. For example, referred to us for sherman mind. They were all manner of series intended to prove this was who theories now seems on the scientific of costs with some truck, but back then they were considered scientific fact, my anthropology and estimate ologist. And theres no room you can opt was known as with some shots, but hosted one. This is the Lutheran Church in windows, then. And now both from honk mine and van any other place to live here in winter. Oak park month is an historian, born in libya, german born, he literally just moved here 30 years ago and is a former director of the National Archives of mines as experts of colonial history. Theyre familiar with low myers photos. That on sunday is because you know what thats here and thats once you get this, you can make up all kinds of stories. And at least could be anybody arose or just as easily of ambush and the children. Well, theres no way of saying that then now my children kind of, this was probably on a farm or vast and a half w i to a settlement with the white ernest workers lived while the i lived with his herero wife. Yeah, i think there was often a certain degree of estimate makes things a ignition of the us. I was looking good. Invited us, good for good reason. So you to the information in parts it to the farmers in 5 months. Im looking for the doors. They were told to recruit people from different ethnic groups as its me and i understand by disease and youll be skiing and then is going on as they supposedly didnt go on with each other. So theyd be easier to control. And so if there were a lot of dubious mis being told and about these pictures to discriminate against me. So guns might do quite a good job with the boss to go. And they found that ive had that side hasnt got too much to have an issue and we just didnt. He didnt take a stereotypical shot. Did he did . She just has a pleasant appearance of a, but anyone could claim shes a boss to go as ive mentioned, she could also be a nominal number, falls on a decent text. The text accompanying the pictures in this book were not written to accompany the picture. The same ones and the teachers were just added in the life signs on, on the present though, we dont find it. Hang on, especially the mazda mazda and officially, if we, its the research to the same degree as a certain post cards and circulation backs ends of the individual portrait. Shots are dignified. Which is surprising when you think about the other kinds of photos from that title. And the one thing for this, its on. So for to go see to that side, god as a logical for treats head on and side on for depicting suppose a racial types. When was it so really the case of low meyer, this is by no my, i need to fire the photos are considered to have on to stick value. Theyre still published and posted today. Sometimes on websites with decidedly non artistic agendas. The maintenance side, there are websites that clearly exhibit an astrology longing for this erode. And these pictures feature heavily there either in the gulf coast or the at a time of growing digitalization and interesting german colonial history. Low miners, photos are in the joining of renaissance, usually in the absence of any contextual information that jesus must have buddhist and one of the vehicles scott at the pictures could still have a powerful impact that would be especially due to their context free circulation online. Whether for illustrating wikipedia entries or, and postcard collections to as they automatically reproduce the colonialist and races, narratives contained in the images coordinate. These photos were created tech within the context of an equal power structures. As mentioned on a little bit low maya was born in like sagan, 1879, but went to high school in berlin. The product of a typical and middle class upbringing, us good to go, id so you guys up and you can come months as you by email. Its the united funds. I was born in live c, as in. So im self as a berliner and was very proud of his little accent of this. We spoke very quickly and was like streamline la quinta and quick witted on the 0 the, the government contract for this. Now, does discoveries, ill probably also to you to is relatively small stature. Now as im losing the unsafe these values 5 to 4 at most of the most disease. So he had to depend on his with others. So might have decided to embark on a scientific careers in 19 o. 2 enrolled at the Royal Technical College in berlin. Their legendary german photo chemist at all need to was one of his lecturers that you need to presented a Ground Breaking invention. The 3 color camera, the photos, quotes in canada, mom and quotes in the toilet up and inside of the software site. If you want to take 3 photos in quick succession, ill see which then probably meant for 2nd. Im gonna turn it in photography, shaw, so back then i saw have to really stay still for a number of seconds was and try not to bring on venus with an old accident on on. Um yeah, i think thats what keeps these photos that statics. You start isnt caught the meet his invention involve the subject being captured on 3 plates through red, green, and blue filters with the color photo resulting from the 3 exposures. In 1903 meter demonstrated his invention to kaiser vill him the 2nd, the german monarch was thrilled. The afternoon if for to get a fee to create a new alex punishment for the whole power. So when to introduce them to include the fe, invention of photography coincided roughly with europes colonial expansion and the emergence of ethnology with all 3 influencing one another. Vista and photography wasnt incredibly important tools as it were mostly for communicating and disseminating the colonial concept item. The school in young duncans. Ringback the hands of hotel ins walk up wound was a hot spot for colonial high society in german South West Africa. Lo maya saw his job as a patriotic one, and his academic title helped. Ringback given the monsters class differences at the time was considered acceptable and government and offices circles. Otherwise, they would have just said that some photographers from germany each one moment the colonial rulers, working to set up a home away from home. Within a short space of time, they built a strikingly authentic replica of a small germantown men void english to so and based on the basically they wanted to create to kind of superior jim anita. And as was typical for colonial into the, in the mid 19th century to which is what you didnt really catch on. And what they were left with instead, well, was rule material producers and act commercial markets on showcase building. And instead of creating a mini empire, the only day now was more about establishing rule and making local people went to the gym and empire to start chicago. Nice. All right, so lawson low myers assignment was to show the common these working well in resplendent color. Essentially propaganda for a german empire along the british lines off by the including yours to run with it might be to hang on to the colonial administrators. Whats constantly citing breton to take the being to be cool in phoning and running launch colonies and making profit from them to covina, hosted seeing and subtract. India was a for that size and seeing that you and then the pro. And if the british impious a was something they never achieve as if it was, it was the prime example to follow. I us to slide some guns cause us for that you know, forward to the german colonies, germanys leading anthropologist of the time qu, stuff that you like into advances and photography to the progress brought by german colonial rulers to the african subject. The book was a huge success. The kinds are ordered his own personal copy. The Luxury Edition costs 200. 20 wrecks marks. Almost a 3rd of the average annual income of the time of popular edition costing 3 marks, 50, sold a phenomenal 60000 copies of the best seller nick clooney. Id the guys to go see my grandfather was through colonial nelson, the overtly war mongering sense of the adult to the vocabulary of the time. The boys doing everything for him in carrying them through the jungle with a sedan chair. When i was a boy, i would see my grand id just like dr. Do. Little who did the important above all was having a decent neck and a dependable black overlay, which for the local chieftains, in effect, may be a guest of the government. The primary difficulty, of course, was keeping the caravans together. The riding back i occasionally administered a few blows of encouragement with a heap of hide with an instrument with its weight in gold. Here, its appearance alone works. Wandas guns when it tries without a doubt. Racism was a core element of colonialism. It was essentially integral part and was thinking in that era inside the africans were not seen as future fellow citizens, like cameroon, born marching to bowwie, green 19, no 2 became a city train conductor in berlin. Africa was associated with untamed nature, adventure and romance books with lo, myers photos, referred to negroes and their place in contemporary racial theory. Some examples, each rate should keep to its own an old phrase based on manifold experience that finds for the confirmation. Here to this day, the bushman wondering evidently in the grasslands exist on the lowest conceivable level of humanity. The life of the bushman is indeed reminiscent of that of animals in the wild. What is conspicuous, however, is the difference in facial shape between the back tomorrow and the over herero to the broad angular head of the despised clip cover. Then this striking narrow head of the almost herero the master was in many cases, almost semitic like features scot off, the flushed. And that was also the notion that your opinions have the right to rule and other peoples because they were at the top of this racial hierarchy. A notion that went on china and russia and those other peoples and societies which a works of in europe in man, and to be subordinate to him on science or in addition to the native individuals to based in accordance with racial theory. Little matters folder was also depicted the colony as a power dies with a solid infrastructure and the rest taking landscapes, the d, which tv spits a boot if on the motives featured in full bath low myers photos, spoke a very familiar visual language for people back home to in terms of their composition, i met with design as of the beta, the photos, ill show landscape cent architecture and chef. And i stick to and get psyched of most of it because he often featuring imperial infrastructure and buildings such as churches. Because its one of the composition was in many cases being comparable with picture postcard that people knew from germany or other places in europe, deutschen a passion or i can come to shortly before christmas and 190. 7 old. That little myer disembarked from the steamship india, his destination, lo me, the capital of toko in west africa, considered an exemplary colonial project. I dressed up in my pristine white finery, enjoys proudly to the governor, a new and expensive whole construction touch with a globe like the th still back on, on live. So you guys process to go as a media is an expert in colonial history at the university of lou may, due to scheduling our interview, have to take place by a video call. And its best buys been the take the example, the domain is ouch prospects and it has the streets, buildings, and districts that went by the german name. Let me stop my shop in the little me, city was exclusively european. Save all the native population. I had to live on the outskirts and what was called the mainland. Numerous times in lumina, as wouldnt come from parties, or what about they did build a couple of hospitalized time. You should know for your opinions only their own vision as well as for medical treatment for the indigenous population events, they were sent to shante buildings in the vicinity of the hospital give this house is the back and then they, theres congress. So thats right, thats all the photos taken by little miles that showed germans exploiting the colony for the benefit of the german empire. I was and germans in general. Yeah. Yeah. Those are those surprised its and so i said that those i think of my to go was considered germanys model colony for the commercial Trading Companies and plantation owners who set up business there a peaceful and lucrative prospect to go back. Yeah, i was watching squarely, im 0 is the tool go colonies was more about exploitation, then settle them. Yes, i was discussed with in german eyes and it was a model apparently, a bad dog. Oh, why not say so . The work done by toby leaves helped ensure that germany no longer needed to invest economically in the colon as not to release the advice on the way that sort of invited progress as best the mission of wow, did shop please. As a, in the quarterly invest, jim is autumn alternative perspective. My perspective to my perspective in this model colony was only beneficial for the german rulers. So as of right in getting done, we suffered hardship from colonial rule and allied skin with our work only serving the power of the colonized on how we have to add to the severe detriment of peoples how, why and its on their own societies. Theyre obviously ties said to last meeting or the said shots when supervisor this book spoke the literally into the of the ciocca leaves the wheelers and the to him as is the winch, the potters wheel, the cart, the use of working animals for the plough in these things is a 1000 years behind the white man and the yellow race lo meyer, too believed in the idea of a civilizing mission in this world, whiteman held all the power and to good. These women were reduced to possessions and sex object. The new white man bought himself a young girl and in the evening the black woman called mommy, appeared punctually on the veranda. A few days later, i to my surprise, determined that there was likewise a black, something or other offering itself outside my door. I still had no inkling that this was a customer gift for guests, since i had absolutely no appetite for this kind of chocolate, i asked my eyes to refrain from such hospitality and future the im so hungry you guys including your listeners. Id say its a strange understand initially having an indigenous woman as a mistress with something the white colonial, the grounds. And in that i was the, it was part and parcel of back home quest for to move a time for them without to id with increasingly subject to subject to race or a white mind co, hesitating with an indigenous woman would be said to have been am its gone native and again and for autism and leaving go to go back to me. I also visited you to the 2nd most important part in the colony was also home to a Little Germany complete with all the trappings as can still be seen today. The sharp island meals utilize was the sight of a concentration camp set up by german colonial troops. Over 1000. 00 nama starved and froze to death. Here, no little myer photos document. These events of the ro, nama rebellion started in 19 o 4. The German Response was brutal and turned into a systematic genocide of 80000 herero some 65000 were killed together with half of the numbers 20000 strong population. The to day, the crime is commemorated by a memorial in wind hook in its day the bloody clothing of the rebellion was also the subject of fierce debate back in germany. They would serve just a key issue in the parliamentary elections of 1907. Both of germanys most popular Political Parties condemned to the colonial armies, actions none. The less these events went on mentioned by lou meyer and his travel logs. 2 bedroom is due to its deemed use the input edition, osman knows it. So 1st, another speech indicating named is to bid a low myers photos presented a completely different mixture and safe space. So it says that, and i am one of peaceful colonies lunch of safety for a vast landscapes. I am the occasional inhabitant to architecture and clear composition and giving the colonies a shot and i didnt feel as an adult. Vast landscapes, towns, and villages with familiar architecture, the colonies were depicted as a Pleasant Place to live. Despite the reality that launch swabs were barren wilderness, low myers photography delivered an advertising world idea of the leader of its railway line, connected the port town with the interior and the number of desert no meyer was among the passengers in his own carriage. The train would stop where ever he commanded for him to take his pictures. Among his stops was call him and scott, a small settlement in the middle of the desert. This until now, little 9 small town owed its name to the discovery of Diamond Fields in the sands of comments cop aside from a number of pictures and then it made the only point of interest to you with the various stages of diamond mining. Comans gump was a backwater full of nuva, reached colonialist, who had their bath water delivered from south africa. In soda bottles. The diamond to boom brought prosperity to the baron south of the colony. The, the settlers built themselves, everything from ball rooms to bowling alleys. The, the precious stones made a select few wealthy, but the colonial settlements were largely subsidized. Undertaking a disclosure and i had, lets in this may astoria data. Ultimately, the german empire invested more money from tax revenues in the colonies than its ever earned from them. So those Certain Companies were able to become extremely wealthy via that i should be able to clear with allstate, trading from the pacific. And lets see if it can let them do the diamond trade. The real lease, for example, either the size of the field. So there were companies and they are shareholders from colonial investments. For a strongly look, tradition house clinton busy a product is as easy as hawkeye sales. Im clicking sign in 19 o. 9 low my arrived in german east africa. The pearl of germanys colonies Mount Kilimanjaro celebrated at the time as germanys highest mountain was among the highlights on visitors, travel like january, an unforgettable sights, africa, and snow combinations so strange that the mr. Me who 1st reported it to you or 30 years ago was declared insane. The most picturesque black people live to you, the circle a mess i black would actually be the wrong word. They would doc brown and had a wonderful warrior jewelry. I was most glad to be able to record this peculiar tribe to the messiah, or for a lo meyer. The appear to me of a noble african or as described in the book, the aristocratic cast of the native population. The scouring a group of mercenaries from various parts of africa, likewise enjoyed a reputation as excellent soldiers and dependable allies. Some would fight for germany in the 1st world war in what is now tends in the dream of realizing a breeder style empire seemed possible. The german regime was competing directly and in its its own eyes on equal footing with its european rival in neighboring kenya. And then lets neon for them. Asked me next week is that it was a very prevalent id or in the run up to the 1st world war to the gym and Colonial Company managed to win know for a lot of people with it and less promotional campaigns and events looking for im standing in the feeler mentioned galvan and had to infuse feed it read sort. And in the years before the war was, this notion of rivalry became hugely important. Together with the idea of being a global power on its own minds in all as read, ma, crushed in ward nationalistic propaganda played a major role among the competing colonial powers. Racist stereotypes were frequently deployed to mean both the colonized and competing european nations. The skip this. Yeah. And look for the gosh, dont touch it was invalid. See seamless example. It systems to see whats a satirical magazine that compare the serious european colonial powers, particularly in very vivid terms. German colonialism was betrayed as peaceful next to the beloved thursday belgians before the capitalist exploitative cumulus of the promotional items. Imperialist must file the interracial sexual mixing, and portuguese colonialism was also framed on 6 where the teeth, its then causing that this was difficult to be used in different germany, which one of these comparisons were important at this . Because what i do is give me, i know that the, the 1st world war in europe killed millions and so on the collapse of the monarchy in germany. With it ended germanys aspirations to a global empire. The former german colonies were taken over by france and britain back home. That was widespread shame over the presence of black occupying troops on german soil, especially the french Infantry Group that had fought in the trenches on the western front the this man just as damien took him to the doctor. Now gosh, often just patient. And it was a deliberate humiliation. And i met with a small position i, including organized protests by associations in britain and the us as of this law. And that im not inside the id or of a white population being gaudy and commanded by black men with unprecedented honors, considers an absolute with the soul of the natural order and get an opportunity for holding this if its hosted on this, even the left wing satirical publications in germany, such as collaborative adapt and sublet, says most joined the propaganda war against the so called black infamy fielding races, notions of the murderous, sexually violent black man. Racist colonialists cliches were present in both political discourse and Popular Culture left in the communion in to get as, as the basics of the with the loss of the colonies after the 1st of all, the more gap is the big debate in the volume or republic centered on colonial resolution the cities and these movements would be a push to that extent. Lo, myers photos enjoy revival writing a wave of postwar colonial nostalgia already popular picture postcard motifs. In the 19 twentys, the images also re appeared in a special edition book, marking the birth of german colonialism. The subsequent to nancy regime, the amplified the revisionism of the final republic. Yet again, instrumental rising, the photos escape twice as if he didnt mentioned. There are a lot of people sitting in germany. Some scientists and primarily known academics couldnt says the anti semitism was different from the racism shown towards the africans for example. But i believe that these 2 phenomena are very closely connected with men, difficult to find the most outside of the defining ideology. If the Nazi Movement was anti semitism, it is most fond. Of course there is an intrinsic name to the racism. Again, that the motion of thanks to football, not 30 years after low myers 1st trip, is photos were featured again in the 1937 book, german africa ended future. 4 years later, another book followed our wonderful old colonies. The images had been incorporated into nazi ideology. Decoding. Yeah, into the turn. Oh, nielands used. Yeah. And thats what comes in on the not face. They hoped that they knew hitler regime would enable the re establishment of the colonial empire, alfonso kind of in that. So i just let you know that so this was a leap boot out of the courtyard side of the done the so the nazi errors saw a resurgence of colonial era images. There were re issues of old magazines and illustrated books and the colonial era pictures enjoyed a renaissance with the nazis happy to make use of that imagery. And its inherently racist narrative, dean and process just went over to you for english feelings, and the photos were the same. Some of the accompanying texts were revised with unmistakable references to the ignominy of the 1st world war defeat. The nazi publishers deployed racist stereotypes to appeal to readers, longing for the old colonies i had meant to reach doesnt see im for life to say were heading to integrate all the colonial into use yet. Got into not see audiology. There were also plans for a restoration of the overseas empire, which was only abandoned in 1942 as nonsense find footage of the game. But when the 2nd world war broke out, well that little meyer was 60 married, was 2 sons, and with his own company, he would never return to the former colonial territories. But memories and momentos of africa remained the same publisher to settle his mind against the can type of glass that i can just deliver tight and companies my entire childhood. The apartment was teeming with animals, was chameleon aquariums. And apparently, even a monkey acquired by my grandmother had to be removed for being too wild, be plus reptiles. And what have you seen . A real menagerie, those why not . And so you give me naturally and i am kill us as the apartment was hit by a bomb. While they were in the basement, the vicar blossom give a foot come, grand parents, survived uninsured, to in cause the immersed to face a pile of rubble. The remainder of their home for them should talk from dias to bonham, but on the spot in isaac has come in the cabinets of curiosities and memories of africa. You know, nicely come onto desktop, give us data status when i get off the after the 2nd flight or will that blow myers down to the company, specializing in forensics. You previously run an agency that marketed photos of the german colonies, including his own black and white shots. Is pioneering color photos were no longer a source of income as the rites belonged to the publisher, the demons, mendoza, john, come on, and i remember how about my grandparents police. There were still things lying around that theyd solve this from the done have to in mind english issue that i need always have a story about where he goes and something. Does this the sleep, the right tough into the 1950s . Yeah, hold on. Move in little meyer refrained from further Public Comment starting but never finishing his autobiography. Of almost everything ive seen and experienced, there was a recurring dream for my childhood end to use. That seemingly for got into the moment came when i was able to inactive the by the time low my died in 1959. He was a largely forgotten figure. But the visual imagery he helped to create lives on creating a picture of africa, whose legacy is ongoing to this day the, this had sign in handbook one is an old, colonial imagery is still with us today. By that you can find it everywhere from advertising to musical level. It has little to do with reality in africa. But he does manufacture nice looking pictures you the image showing a bit conveys adventure and exhaustive system x or take on this. And you helped documented of your current debates over racism and Cultural Appropriation offer an opportunity to reassess historically important photos like those taken by a whole back little maya and i. And so im so items for the and then with indeed, and a responsible approach to the pictures with the firstly of a critical reprisal. Im quite the seeing and marking them within their context and would be even if we, as a museum, exhibit an image with an accompanying text. Were still reproducing the visual content on to one possible approach with the, to counter these visual narratives with other images by creating counter images as it works as to these colonial impressions and bit of a the 1st color photos of africa are now over a century old they will always represent a milestone in the history of photography and whole by flo maya a pioneer in his field. But to date, the circumstances of these photos creation and their use must be contextualized and commented upon. If they are to be shown responsibly, they are important witnesses to german, colonial history, the imperialist era, and the legacy of racist ideology. The on the significant step for Cancer Treatment called sees cell therapy. Basically to use the phone to hunters that find, im just has to miss out a very promising message for his bond cases tomorrow. Today in the 30 minutes on p. W. The get ready for an exciting ive been trying to look surprised. Hi, irish and i am ready to dive into the hands of human to you. Have you ever wonder, just talk to me before you go to the spot and the unexpected side to side enjoy. What i mean . I know, did i mean people go by . I right, just do it. And im hosting dw new podcasts. Thanks. Trace amount, but theres no actually of ill move join us as we travel around your, facing the history of every day of that. And thats something right around the world. And i need to talk to that. Just a subscriber id. Listen to pop, gosh, that will take you along to the right. The, the, the, the news long from berlin that germanys defense minister plays down and a damaging wake forest. The story is blames human error for the intercept. Thats what secret military conversations about german weapons for ukraine interruption. Hands also coming up. Jordan and the United States air drops more aid into gaza, but with a situation on the ground growing even more desperate. 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