Here the Atlantic Ocean needs the western coastline of the country was once one of 4 german colonies in africa, and at the beginning of the 20th century, the stage for a revolutionary development and visual documentation. Its here that the 1st color photographs of africa and its people were taken out of the a noise. It was still a very new and sensational technique with photos suddenly be available in color. Just move this fun fun booth for the view of the color photo feels much close to the black and white. Why not . So why is it the whole bedroom . I was a by a new inc. Photo chemist who created the 1st color portraits in africa in his diary he would later recall. In connection with this debate, i was asked whether i would venture to take type images in this form. I could naturally make no promises, as it would depend not on may spit on the fellows being willing to keep still the so called type images, racialized photos taken with the intent to showing a german audience. African people grouped according to their ethnic background and the countries they lived in the story began with an Innovative New camera, a colorful new way of promoting german colonialism, far flung lands, their towns, cities, and inhabitants. 3 color photography was a revolutionary development. And this was the 1st time it was put to use to generate Popular Support for germanys colonial ventures. The ben get to my, most of them come because there was always a holiday feeling when we visited my grandparents grand dad would say he was going to get hurt the heavy before yall. And these things really were a terribly heavy. Well touch the, put it on the tables, im coming and we looked at the pictures page by page try gamma, every time owns. I dont hope when we had time. It was a very special and emotional numbers on the attack. And of course he tell us stories to id say youre really impressed by the pictures im going to see a minor in march 19 o 9. Will that bill meyer set out on a steamship run by a hamburg based colonial shipping company. Is destination german, south, west africa todays and then maybe the german photographer compiled up isaac photo albums documenting his travels between black and white images. Among them, his arrival in swat up mood, the main port serving the german calling. He also kept a diary made public here for the 1st time german South West Africa was not his 1st stop on the continent, but it was a disappointing one. I must confess. One cannot possibly imagine a story a sight, and in the sandy deserts with houses, with not a single tree or shrub. Little missus, henning the attorneys wife broke out and t is when she saw her new hunt. I could not think of anything more saddening than having to live here permanently on the coast. The kansas reggie touch people generally knew very little about the colonies dimension as hardly any one had actually seen. That does act and reports was pretty rare. All the said, the who spend a lot to speak the population of germans and all the colonies together with 25000. So vanishingly small, as we so go back to maya was sent to africa, where he effectively served as the p r, director of germanys colonies working for berlin publishing house. And with the backing of the german authorities, he travelled across the continent. His job was to produce color photographs, showing germans the beauty of their distant colonies. The primary focus was human subject, who had been categorized by european anthropologist. It was the 1st time that germans, so color, images of african people. The photographs, eva, im going, im quoting you on is vic photography was essentially a colonial tool and assessed to redeem the picture serve to demonstrate supposedly history scientific, this hierarchical differences between people and culture. My nieces and they also serve to degrade individuals into type 0 and based on exterior features minds with taping head up to varying butyl, gets their share, flushed him and run guns which does for the politic find logistics. Ideas of race was very important for jim and colonial policy in particular. They were all pervasive to seen in advertising valve. The image or reused was strongly influenced by the belief that the quote unquote european race was superior to others. In the past that point your opinions were at the top of the hierarchy indeed. So here i see you own state, or the photographs that lo, minor delivered were precisely what his employers wanted. They showed the indigenous population of africa as being comprised of a variety of tribes and ethnic groups. 2 different in terms of appearance, character, and degree of civilization. The escape images are flushed danielman of dance. How many of man, thats the advice of one of that that was the notion of the family of man follows the whites mun up at the top. As soon as the door of the colors lower down, the asians in the middle, frightened at the buttons on god like people some by then on the newest, wrong you so done with the sun, for example, referred to us or force man, right. And they were all manner of series intended to prove this was who theories now seems on the scientific of costs with some truck. But back then, i think what considered scientific fact, my anthropology and estimate ologist. And theres no room, you can opt one eyes with some shots, but hosted one. This is the Lutheran Church in windows, then. And now the votes from honk mine and van. Any other place to live here in winter park month isnt historian. Born in libya, german born here, liberation, moved here 30 years ago, and is a former director of the National Archives of mines as experts of colonial history. Theyre familiar with low myers photos. You kindly ask because you know what thats here and if im see it thats you can make up all kinds of stories and these could be anybody arose or just as easily of ambers and the children. Well, theres no way of saying that then now my children kind of, this was probably on a farm or vast and a half w i. The settlement with the white owners workers lived well the i lived with his herero wife. Yeah, i think there was often a certain degree of an estimate makes things a ignition of the us. I was looking good and by this good for good reason. So you to the information imparted to the farmers in 5 months. Im looking for the doors. They were told to recruit people from different ethnic groups as me and i understand by disease and youll be skiing and then is going on as they supposedly didnt go on with each other. So theyd be easier to control. And so if there were a lot of dubious mis being told about these pictures to discriminate against me, so guns, im on the do quite a good job with the boss to go. And they said that ive had, the site hasnt got too much to has initial research due to he didnt take a stereotypical shot. Did he did . She just has a pleasant appearance of oh, but anyone could claim shes a boss to go as ive mentioned, she could also be a nominal number, falls on a decent text. The text accompanying the pictures in this book were not written to accompany the picture. The same ones and the teachers were just added in the life signs on, on the present though, we dont, im getting torn, especially the mazda mazda and officially, if we, its the research to the same degree as a certain post cards and circulation backs ends of the individual portrait shots are dignified, which is surprising when you think about the other kinds of photos from that title and dont think this is on super delphi to that side. God. As a logical for treats head on and site on for depicting suppose a racial types, when was it . So really the case of low meyer, this is by no my, i need to fire the photos are considered to have on to stick value. Theyre still published and posted today, sometimes on websites with decidedly non artistic agendas, maintenance items that are websites that clearly exhibit an astrology longing for this erode and these pictures future heavily there. Then the guns close all at a time of growing digitalization and interesting german colonial history. Low miners, photos are in the joining of renaissance, usually in the absence of any contextual information that jesus must have buddhist and one of his vehicle. Scott pictures quite still have a powerful impact that would be, especially due to their context free circulation online. Whether for illustrating wikipedia entries or in postcard collections, they automatically reproduce the colonial list and races, narratives contained in the images coordinate. These photos were created within the context of an equal power structures. As mentioned on the whole bedroom, i was born in likes, it can 1879, but went to high school in berlin. The product of a typical and middle class upbringing us can do to go live, so you guys up and you can come months as you by email. Its the united funds. Notice i was born in live c, as in. So im self as a berliner. Im was very proud of his little accent of this. We spoke very quickly. I was like streamline la quinta, liquid on the 08 the government contract for this. Yeah, thats discoveries. Ill probably fall suits you to is relatively small stature. Now as im losing the unsafe to somebody was 5 to 4 at most, im almost as he so he had to depend on his way office to be up. So myer decided to embark on a scientific careers in 190. 00 to get enrolled at the Royal Technical College in berlin. Their legendary german photo chemist at also need to was one of his lecturers that you need to presented a Ground Breaking invention. The 3 color camera, the photos, quotes in canada, mom and quotes in the pit divided up into inside of the software site. If you want to take 3 photos in quick succession coffee, which then probably meant for 2nd, im gonna turn that in photography. So back then for had to really stay still for a number of seconds and it was and trying not to bring on venus from it. And oh, actually on, on. Um yeah, i think thats what keeps these photos that statics. You know, start isnt caught the meet his invention involve the subject being captured on 3 plates through red, green, and blue filters with the color photo resulting from the 3 exposures. In 19 o 3 meter demonstrated his invention to kaiser vill him the 2nd, the german monarch was thrilled. The afternoon for to see the cooling alex punishment for the whole powers. When to introduce them to it, to look the se, invention of photography coincided roughly with europes colonial expansion and the emergence of ethnology with all 3 influencing one another. Vista and photography wasnt incredibly important tools as it were mostly for communicating and disseminating the colonial concept. Item the school in young duncans the hands of hotel ins walk up, wound was a hot spot for colonial high society in german South West Africa. Lo maya saw his job as a patriotic one. And his academic title helped. Ringback given the monsters class differences at the time was considered acceptable and government and offices circles. Otherwise, they would have just said that some photographers from germany the smoke of moving the colonial rulers, working to set up a home away from home within a short space of time, they built a strikingly authentic replica of a small germantown men void english to so and based on the basically they wanted to create a kind of superior jim, anita, and as was typical for colonial into the, in the mid 19th century to she didnt really captions and what they were left with. Instead with who rule material produces and act commercial markets on showcase building. And then i, instead of creating a mini empire, the only day now was more about establishing rule and making local people went to the gym and m i o to started. Because when i, all right, so lawson low myers assignment was to show the common these working well in resplendent color, essentially propaganda for a german empire along british lines off by the, including yours, to run with it might be to, in going to the colonial administrators was constantly citing breton to take the being to be cool in phoning and running launch colonies and making profit from them to covina, hosted seeing and subtract. India was a for that size and seeing that you and then the crown, if the british impious a was something they never achieve as it has to be what it was the prime example to follow highest, the slides on guns cause us for that you know, forward to the german colonies, germanys leading anthropologist of the time good stuff that you like and advances in photography to the progress brought by german colonial rulers to the african subject. The book was a huge success. The kinds are ordered his own personal copy. The Luxury Edition costs 220 wrecks marks almost a 3rd of the average annual income of the time of popular edition costing 3 marks 50, sold a phenomenal 60000 copies of the best seller. Nicole in the i the guys to go see my grandfather was through colonial so nelson, the overtly war mongering sense of the adult to the vocabulary of the time. The boys doing everything for him in carrying them through the jungle with a sedan chair. When i was a boy, i would see my grand id just like to do this. The important above all was having a decent neck and a dependable black orderly, which for the local chieftains, in effect, may be a guest of the government. The primary difficulty, of course, was keeping the caravans together. Riding back, i occasionally administered a few blows of encouragement with the people i did with an instrument with its weight in gold. Here, its appearance alone works one. This one is twice without a doubt. Racism was a core element of colonialism. It was essentially integral part and was thinking in that era inside the africans were not seen as the future fellow citizens, like campbell ruined born marching people. They go in 19 o 2 became a city drink conductor in berlin. Africa was associated with untamed nature, adventure and romance books with low myers photos, referred to negroes and their place. In contemporary racial theory, some examples each rate should keep to its own an old phrase based on manifold experience that finds for the confirmation. Here to this day, the bushman wondering originally in the grasslands exist on the lowest conceivable level of humanity. The life of the bushman is indeed reminiscent of that of animals in the wild. What is conspicuous, however, is the difference in facial shape between the back tomorrow and the over herero queue, the broad angular head of the despised clipped cover. Then this striking narrow head of the home of herero the master was in many cases, almost semitic like features scott off, the flushed. And there was also the notion that your opinions had the right to rule over other peoples because they were at the top of this racial hierarchy. An ocean that went on china and regional, and those other peoples and societies which work for the european man. And to be subordinate to him on science or in addition to the native individuals, the based in accordance with racial theory. Though matters photos also depicted the colony as a power dice with a solid infrastructure and risk taking landscapes. The d. Which tv spits here to buddha, for the motifs featured in full bath low myers photos, spoke a very familiar visual language for people back home in terms of their composition. I met the design as of the beta, the photos ill show landscapes and architecture chef. And i stick to and good side of math over to the often featuring imperial infrastructure and buildings such as churches and the composite sort of the composition wasnt many cases being comparable with picture postcard that people knew from germany or other places in europe was watching a passion or i can come to shortly before christmas and 19. 07 old. That little myer disembarked from the steamship. India is destination low. May the capitol of tow go in. West africa considered an exemplary colonial project. I dressed up in my pristine white finery and drove proudly to the golden age. A new and expensive whole construction touch with a globe like the teeth stole back on and on live to see this process. The coco as a media is an expert in colonial history. At the university of lou may, due to scheduling our interview, had to take place via video call and discuss price bits on the. The take the example, the domain is our prospects, and it has the streets, buildings, and district to see the white by the german name luma. Mistrust not in the little me. City was exclusively european sale of a nice population. I had to live on the outskirts, in what was called the mainland nation, including mines in lumina, as wouldnt come from parties or about they did build a couple of hospitalized. Im not sure the europeans, only their own business known as for medical treatment for the indigenous population events. They were sent to shante buildings in the vicinity of the hospital. Give this house is a back and then they, theres congress. So thats right, thats all the for 2 is taken by little my own germans. Exploiting the colony for the benefit of the german empire. I was and germans in general. Yeah. Then those are those surprised to him . So i said that those i think of my to go was considered germanys model colony for the commercial Trading Companies and plantation owners who set up a business there, a peaceful and lucrative prospect to go back. Yeah, i was pointing squarely, strange. Tuvell colonies was more about exploitation and settled. Mm hm. Yes, i was good with in german eyes and it was a model better doable. Why not say i . So the work done by toby leaves helped ensure that germany no longer needed to invest economically in the colon as not to lose the advice on the war. Absolutely, by depriving as best the mission of wow, did shop please. As a in the goal is to invest jim, its autumn and alternative perspective. My perspective to lost mine or perspective in this model colony was only beneficial for the german rulers. So as of right indignant died, we suffered hardship from colonial rule and allied skin with our work, only surfing the power of the calling us and on how we used to add to the severe detriment of Peoples Health sciences and their own societies. Absolutely price. Thats the last thing too hard to say. Shops and so right now this book spoke the literally only of the ciocca leaves the wheel as alien to him, as is the winch, the potters wheel, the cart, the use of working animals for the plough. In these things is a 1000 years behind the white man and the yellow race lo meyer, too believed in the idea of a civilizing mission in this world, whiteman held all the power and to good. These women were reduced to possessions and sex object. The new white man bought himself a young girl and in the evening the black woman called mommy, appeared punctually on the veranda. A few days later, i to my surprise determined that there was like wise, a black, something or other offering itself outside my door. I still had no inkling that this was a customer, a gift for guests. Since i had absolutely no appetite for this kind of chocolate, i asked my eyes to refrain from such hospitality in future the im showing him gave eyes, including your listeners. Id say its a strange understand initially having an indigenous woman as a mistress with something the white colonial living just the groans and in the eyes last it was parkins, possible off back home quest to move a time for them without id was increasingly subject to subject to races, or a white mind co, hesitating with an indigenous woman would be set to have been m. Its gone native and again and for all to. So im leaving verdant cove at low. My also visited to utilize the 2nd most important part in the colony was also home to a Little Germany complete with all the trappings, as can still be seen today. The sharp island meals utilize was the sight of a concentration camp set up by german colonial troops. Over 1000 nama starved and froze to death here, no little myer photos document. These events of the ro, nama rebellion started in 19 o. 4. The German Response was brutal and turned into a systematic genocide of 80000 herero some 65000 were killed together with half of the numbers 20000 strong population. The to day, the crime is commemorated by a memorial in wind hook in its day the bloody clothing of the rebellion was also the subject of fierce debate back in germany. There would serve just a key issue in the parliamentary elections of 19 no 7 both of germanys most popular Political Parties condemned to the colonial armies, actions none the less these events went on mentioned by his lo meyer and his travel logs. 2 bedroom is due to it is its deemed user input interest in austin. I know that so in fairly another speech indicating them just to bid from over at low myers photos, presented a completely different picture and safe space. So it says on item one of peaceful colonies launch a safety for a vast landscapes. I am the occasional inhabitant to architecture and clear composition and giving the colonies a shot. And i did like feel as an adult vast landscapes, towns and villages with familiar architecture. The colonies were depicted as a Pleasant Place to live. Despite the reality that launch swabs were barren wilderness, low myers photography, delivered, and advertising world idea of the liter. Its railway line connected the port town with the interior and the number of desert lo meyer was among the passengers in his own carriage. The train would stop where ever he commanded for him to take his pictures. Among his stops was call him and scott, a small settlement in the middle of the desert. Decent to now little 9 small town audits fame to the discovery of diamond fields. Incentive comments comp, aside from a number of pictures. And then, amid the only point of interest to you with the various stages of diamond mining, comans comp was a backwater full of nuva, reached colonialists, who had their bathwater delivered from south africa. In soda bottles. The diamond boom brought prosperity to the barren south of the colony. The settlers built themselves everything from ball rooms to bowling alleys. The or the precious stones made a select few wealthy. But the colonial settlements were largely subsidized. Undertaking disclosure and i had listened in this may astoria data. Ultimately, the german empire invested more money from tax revenues in the colonies than its ever earned from them. So those Certain Companies were able to become extremely wealthy. The that i should in click with phosphate treating from the pacific and lets see, fake make them do the diamond trade. The im the real lease, for example, either the size of the field. So there were companies and they are shareholders from colonial investment. Ask for a strongly look, produced house clinton busy. A product is as easy as hawkeye sales, including say, in 19 o. 9 low my arrived in german east africa. The pearl of germanys colonies Mount Kilimanjaro celebrated at the time as germanys highest mountain was among the highlights on visitors, travel itinerary and unforgettable sights, africa, and snow combinations. So strange that the mr. Me who 1st reported it to you or 30 years ago was declared insane. The most picturesque black people live to you, the circle a mess i black would actually be the room would. They would dock brown and had a wonderful warrior jewelry. I was most glad to be able to record this peculiar tribe to the messiah or for a lo meyer. The appear to me of a noble african course described in the book. The aristocratic cast of the native population via scouring a group of mercenaries from various parts of africa, likewise enjoyed a reputation as excellent soldiers and dependable allies. Some would fight for germany in the 1st world war in what is now tens and the, 10s dream of realizing a british style empire seemed possible. The german regime was competing directly and in its own eyes on equal footing with its european rival in neighboring kenya. And then lets see on for them asked medically is that it was a very prevalent id or in the run up to the 1st world war to the gym and Colonial Company managed to win know for a lot of people with it and less promotional campaigns and events for im starting in the future mentioned galvan and had to infuse few that read sort. And in the years before the war was, this notion of rivalry became hugely important together with the idea of being a global power on its own minds in all as fed mcfurst in warranty. Nationalistic propaganda played a major role among the competing colonial powers. Racist stereotypes were frequently deployed to mean both the colonized and competing european nations. The skip this. Yeah. And look for the gosh, dont touch it was invalid. See, seamless an example. It says, lets see whats a satirical magazine that compare the serious european colonial powers, particularly in very vivid terms. German colonialism was betrayed as peaceful next to the beloved thursday belgians before the capitalist exploitative period. Lism of the Promotional Items in palest, must file the interracial sexual mixing, and portuguese colonialism. I was also friend of on 6 where the teeth, its been causing that this was difficult to be used in different germany. These comparisons were in court had this because what im doing is, i know that the, the 1st world war in europe killed millions and so on the collapse of the monarchy in germany. We did, indeed, germanys aspirations to a global empire. Former german colonies were taken over by france and britain back home. That was widespread shame over the presence of black occupying troops on german soil, especially the french Infantry Group that had fought in the trenches on the western front. The this man, just a minute. Youre going good afternoon, gosh, often just mentioned. And it was a deliberate humiliation when does. And i met with a small position i including organized protests by associations in britain and the us as of this law. And that im running side. The id are of a white population being gaudy and commanded by black men, with unprecedented honors, considers an absolute with the soul of the natural order in kid and not to anything for hitting this a bit hosted on this. Even the left wing satirical publications in germany, such as collateral, dodge and sublet, says most join the propaganda war against the so called black infamy fueling races, notions of the murderous, sexually violent black man. Races, colonialist cliches were present in both political discourse and popular culture. Nothing dakota mean into that as, as the basics of the, with the loss of the colonies after the 1st of all, the more gap is to think debates in the volume or republic centered on colonial resolution is the reason these movements will be um which takes a little myers photos enjoyed or revival writing a wave of postwar colonial nostalgia already popular picture postcard motifs. In the 1920s, the images also read appeared in a special edition book, marking the birth of german colonialism. The subsequent to nazi regime amplified the revisionism of the final republic. Yet again, instrumental rising, the photos escape twice as if he mentioned, there are a lot of people sitting in germany. Some scientists and primarily known academics couldnt assist the anti semitism. Was different from the racism shown towards africans for example. But i believe that these 2 phenomena are very closely connected with them, difficult to find the most all song thats key to defining ideology if the Nazi Movement was anti semitism, it is most fond. Of course, there was an intrinsic name to the racism against the notion of thanks to football, not 30 years after low myers 1st trip is photos were featured again in the 1937 book german africa ended future. 4 years later, another book followed our wonderful old colonies. The images had been incorporated into nazi ideology. Decoding. Yeah, it was a ton oneill enthusiasms were counting on the nazis. They hoped that they knew hitler regime, which enabled the re, establishment of the colonial empire, alfonso kind of in that side as much. And as i said, this was a leap buddha of the court and united side of the done the so the nazi errors saw a resurgence of colonial era images. There were re issues of old magazines and illustrated books and the colonial era pictures. I enjoyed a renaissance with the nazis happy to make use of that imagery, and its inherently racist narrative, dean and process just went over to you for english feelings, and the photos were the same. Some of the accompanying texts were revised with unmistakable references to the ignominy of the 1st world war defeat of the nazi publishers deployed racist stereotypes to appeal to readers. Longing for the old colonies had mentors visits for life. They were heading to integrate all the colonial into use yet got into not see audiology. There were also plans for a restoration of the overseas empire, which were only abandoned in 1942 as nonsense find footage of the game. But when the 2nd world war broke out, well that little meyer was 60 mary, was 2 sons and with his own company, or he would never return to the former colonial territories. But memories and momentos of africa remained the same publisher to settle his mind against the can type the christ. I can just deliver tight and companies my entire childhood. The apartment was teeming with animals, was a chameleon aquariums. And apparently, even a monkey acquired by my grandmother, although it had to be removed for being too wild, be plus reptiles. And what have you seen . A real menagerie as my now and so you give me naturally and i am kill us as the apartment was sit viable while they were in the basement. Do you go to vicar blogs and about foot come . Grand parents survived uninsured to and was immersed to face a pile of rubble. The remainder of their home for them should call from dias to bonham. But on the slide, isaac has come in the cabinets of curiosities and memories of africa, you know, on africa onto does not use data stays if i get off the after the 2nd flight, or will that little milestone to the company, specializing in forensics. You previously run an agency that marketed photos of the german colonies, including his own black and white shots. As pioneering color photos were no longer a source of income, as the rates belong to the publisher. To month to mendoza, john come and i remember how about my grandparents police. There were still things lying around that theyd solve theirs from the done have to in mind. Legacy should the need always have a story about where hed gotten something to sleep right up until the 1950s. Yeah, hold on, move and bloom. I refrained from further Public Comment starting but never finishing his autobiography of the, of almost everything ive seen and experienced. There was a recurring dream for my childhood and to use that i seemingly forgot until the moment came. When i was able to inactive the by the time low my died in 1959. He was a largely forgotten and figure. But the visual imagery he helped to create lives on creating a picture of africa, whose legacy is ongoing to this day. The, this had signing into one is an old, colonial imagery is still with us today. But i thought you couldnt find it everywhere from advertising to musical level. It has little to do with reality in africa. Donnas money function, nice looking pictures, you the image showing a big conveys adventure. Im to exhaust just as im excited. Take on to send you out, documented of your current debates over racism and Cultural Appropriation offer an opportunity to reassess historically important photos like those taken by a whole back little maya and i. And so im, so i dont was for the and then with indeed, and a responsible approach to the pictures would be firstly of a critical reprisal. Im quite the seeing and marking them within their context and would be even if we as a museum, exhibit an image with an accompanying text. Were still reproducing the visual content. And one possible approach would be to counter these visual narratives with other images by creating counter images as it works as to these colonial impressions and date of age. The 1st color photos of africa are now over a century old. They will always represent a milestone in the history of photography and whole by flo maya a pioneer in this field. But to date, the circumstances of these photos creation and their use must be contextualized and commented upon. If they are to be shown responsibly, they are important witnesses to german, colonial history, the imperialist era. And the legacy of racist ideology. The the even that its in the 17th downtown doesnt diebold boss and the fraction of them find a waste of them. Okay, so so what happens to that . They throw it away to change this people in this eco india in 30 minutes on the w. Conflict. Crises around every single connection mapped out shows the do you see the on the board is what makes things the way they all and all the solutions mapped out, navigating a changing world. Now on youtube, the race has long begun. Later when we look back, we recognized at all, thats the moment when everything change. Its all about tillman and in the age of artificial intelligence, in 5 years is going to literally be china. The us who will control the technology that was sites as the south humanity, we may only find out, you know what the harms and n malign uses as a weapon against democracy or when it is too late. Smotts new world, z a i race. Scott, march 16th on d, w the. This is the w news, and these are our top stories. The u. S. Supreme court has ruled but states cannot keep former President Donald Trump off the 2024 ballot. Unanimous ruling strikes down, colorado is bid to bar the republican front runner from its president ial primary that States Top Court remove trump from its ballot and december, citing a constitutional ban on insurrection is running for office. 15 states including colorado holder primaries this week on super tuesday