learning the language head nodding off this gives me a little but you need to entrust the lives of say you want to know their story wasn't earth fighting and reliable information for margaret. thank. many of us may be completely unaware we have neanderthal d.n.a. but as strange reminder has come in the form of covert 19. genes a link to how ill people get with the corona virus that's what scientists to say. modern humans and neanderthals split hundreds of thousands of years ago but they genetic remnants are still with many of us today. it's thought some of the genes help them fight infection. but today. it may be a different story let's look at the mysterious world of some of our ancestors and the coronavirus. a good topic for friday see any similarities or my back's not that hairy but on a serious note research is from the max planck institute suggests that one single promise on doubles the risk of getting severely ill and we can blame the prehistoric neanderthals for that as with copies of the chromosome from both parents could face an even higher risk this sequence of genes is more common in people from some regions of the world than others if you are of south asian descent you've got a much higher chance of carrying this ancient gene from africa your chances aloa it is the end of those never lived on the continent it's not all bad news researchers say that the neanderthal genes can also carry benefits when it comes to coat it well we have the pleasure to have a bag on the line he discovered a link and he's a medical doctor and works for germany's knox planck institute in life as well as the katherine lewinsky institute in stockholm so tell us how did you actually manage to discover this. so part of the big scientists across the globe. tried to find the gene variants that people have a code might. also work with. us and we discovered one big genetic risk factor for. comparative analysis you know very surprised it was a perfect master you know what made you think to compare the 2. top of my head was one of those cases where it just stumbled or this was a nice surprise so what's this genetic link with the neanderthals actually mean for us it isn't for us is this is. the interbreeding without a thought i've tried the consequences have also been hospitalized and you know diabetes is not a parent but there's also an upside to this i believe not not only does it mean for some people that cove it is most of via there's also a positive to this i believe is that right yes you're absolutely correct so when they discover just say omarion that actually protects against kobe bryant. it doesn't protect as good as the. about wanting to preserve the risk we actually have to bear is far from down to influence the outcome of a coach. and why is that why they had 2 very different opposing variants perhaps felt such a big surprise as refined. both positive and negative variance so the prospect of hopeful that the outcomes you don't scatter. people with results of the outside africa but it is surprising that we have 2 variants investing in korea back to how many people are we actually talking about who have this gene and where in the world . so that the bad variant risks are around 16 percent in europe so why is 6 for cattle this area and is out is some proximity of all the good people care about this isn't usually much for being in the article that it is missing in africa and it's missing the station the good variant of the other how to present the possibility of a 3rd of people outside of africa. does this explain why we've seen such a different reaction in different parts of the world i mean africa for example was so untouched early on in this pandemic. yes it is based on role in genetics plays a role we should remember that are important risk factors in most important risk factor many countries have dying demographics than in europe but i do think you know this place and grow in this so just explain to me and our viewers how your research could be useful in fighting this pandemic and also in the future and future pandemics so it is going to use this to a salon where it will be time don't represent and this is very important. it might also tell us something about the disease and that's important for future drugs so i think what is it information and in many ways does it make you feel a bit more positive about how we're tackling this whole pandemic i think rationally very. happy to sit and most scientists a lot of us have shift their focus going into the race. and i think that is very encouraging. thank you very much for being on the show today a pleasure to have you along he works for germany's max planck institute and i think as well as the collins kate institute in stock i thank you. the world health organization says there's no reason to stop using the astra zeneca vaccine thailand bulgaria added to the list of countries delaying the rollout on friday over suspicion of severe side effects in a tiny minority of cases that was among the 1st to announce a delay after reports of severe blood clots no definitive link between the jab and the clots as you've been proven but the european medicines agency said it will continue to monitor the use of the vaccine closely. stevens joins us from outside states to tell us more about this very complicated story can you just break it down for our viewers 1st of all it is necessary one batch of the astra zeneca vaccine is being investigated by the european health authority now it cites one death in denmark for somebody who had the vaccine an affair is small number of cases of that clubs and most lot of people have the vaccine now we're talking very small numbers so 30 cases out of 5000000 people who have been vaccinated in europe so does that mean people should be worried about taking the astra zeneca job i mean there are a lot of people around the world who are getting it right now yeah look i mean my mom had the job so like everyone i'm going to be watching the news on this but we really have to think about ning links here you know there is no a link proved in the u.k. is given the job 1011000000 people and it's not it's not planning on pulling it and it says that that's that's just what we'd expect not to be occurring in the population anyway you know when you vaccinate millions millions of people statistically those people are just going to have things that are big caring anyway in the general population that's why we have health authorities to look into this for us so tell us what's astra zeneca say so it's saying that it's looked at the safety extensive danton a quick trials of the vaccine that's also published this recession pair if you gentles which is the goals on that in science one thing i would add is that the a.m.a. has been and 5 countries should pause on the fight scene on the astra zeneca vaccine ok so it's a country by country choice and yeah yeah because they've been thank you very much for coming in today. williams time now to answer your questions on the coronavirus keep sending them in just leave message on al you check out. how to the spanish flu pandemic and even without treatment or a vaccine the influenza pandemic that began hammering the world in 1918 is thought to have infected around a 3rd of the global population in the space of a couple of years though it's impossible to pin down exact numbers most calculations estimate it claimed between 50 and 100000000 victims now that's as many or more as those later killed in the 2nd world war then on by 920 the spanish flu seemed to fade away the pandemic just trailed off and nobody at the time could really explain why epidemiologists and historians know believe the beginning of the end of the flu pandemic occurred ben because in the absence of vaccine that's how long it took to achieve a measure of global herd protection through infection but it came at a horrendous price a disease killing the same percentage of people today would take hundreds of millions of lives. an interesting aspect of this historical narrative is that experts say even though the pandemic ended in the early 1920 s. the virus that caused it didn't disappear instead it looks like immunity and large parts of the population drove it to mutate into a less virulent form in fact researchers who analyze genomes of modern flu viruses have identified genetic traces linking them to the original 1918 virus. which has been sequenced from century old lung samples so in a way the pathogen that caused such devastation back then is still with us today it's just evolved into less virulent forms that occasionally then evolve further back into deadlier variants and strains those so far never as deadly as its ancestors and many experts reject something similar could occur with sars 22. i was at this place behind me not that long ago and it looks very very different with countries scrambling to administer the vaccine every possible space is being turned into a vaccination set up in the u.k. even westminster abbey has become a kind of sacred walk in clinic this is the view ordinarily seen by millions of tourists a year but this is something different and timely the royal church at the heart of london is doing its bit as part of the vaccination drive said charles dickens's berridge just behind me geoffrey chaucer is a bit there as these people look down the thought of a being vaccinated. oh no look at it is. it's an example of the lengths the u.k. has gone to and the success is showing. you know let me know what it is when you vote up so don't they over a 3rd time brits have got their 1st job far ahead of european neighbors i didn't sure thing it was extraordinary until to do it here in westminster abbey you know who the nation's great great seats of carnations and goodness knows what else was in the sights of oscar wilde enjoying dryden robert browning and poets corner for brits praying for lockdown to be over soon they certainly come to the right place. and frank thanks for watching stay safe. this motor home is motorists. it's a practice site for forensic technicians. did the killer enjoy. the printing is going. to faint. silver is a pretty new technology can help solve the case. today. next. your life when it's no longer for. career when you're finally allowed to pursue it. it's your opinion when you can finally say it. is freedom more important than homeland. we need artists in exile living in berlin. 20. 30 minutes on d w. closely . carefully. to get. discover who. subscribe to documentary. we've traces everywhere on everything we touch. even when we breathe. most of the telling these traces are invisible but they can still reveal a lot about us for example i think the prince and the proteins in ok. since the start of the corona virus pandemic we've had to contend with the loss of these invisible traces we leave behind. viruses that i excelled into the egg for example . which have turned our world upside down. joined us as weak a detective on tomorrow today the science show on d w. images like these have become the new normal people queuing to get tested for covert 19. the tests are meant to get the pandemic under control and better understand the spread of the disease. there are 3 basic approaches the antibody test detects a pulsed infection and requires a blood sample. that is tested for antibodies that would have been produced by the immune system during the illness. the other 2 tests are meant to detect occurrence infection of cells kovi to. the antigen test requires a swab from the back of your nose or throat and detects proteins from the surface of the virus. the results are quick but not as accurate as a p.c.r. test here you also need saliva or in nasal swab. these tests are intermediate to identify genetic material called are in a. p.c.r. test is the most reliable. but it takes up more time and resources and so it cannot be easily used for mass testing. but pool testing for the virus could change that mathematicians in rwanda have now developed an algorithm to do just that. in the fight against the pandemic we wonder coronavirus task force relies on comprehensive contact tracing. to get an up to date picture of how much the corona virus has spread rwanda regularly tests a cross-section of the population using an ingenious strategy called pool testing. the brains behind this strategy is professor wilfred defun who is director of research at the african institute for mathematical science or a i.m.s. global network. if you go to the community and. it doesn't tell you how many people are actually infected because you're going to us everybody. so you always sample and sort of go from go some to the truth to reality you know my mother grandma those. are the calculations involve complex algorithms and defining has translated them for us into an example from everyday life. the idea of your own borders thing is really simple so imagine that you have 9 cups of beans and you know 2 or not all of those god has by bins and in order to church which cause the barbarians who was the bins and dressed so you might find out the abuse that this bit of those who are being is there not only takes a long time for beings to go to a world group and so use a lot of gas if you're doing my own cooking mainboard sabean's. the mathematician resorts to a simple yet effective trick he combines being samples from different parts if all the beings in this sample pool are good you no longer has to test each part individual he only has to perform additional tests if there are better beans in the sample. the principle can be applied anywhere you can create groups for testing that's why it can also be used to combat covert 19. in rwanda sets of 10 and 20 samples are combined and tested simultaneously. if the pool test result is negative all the subjects in the pooled sample are declared as not having coded 19. if the pooled result is positive then each sample is retested individual. the advantages of the pulling out part is just to reduce the cost spent to the for the adults to do the turnaround time for the bar for results and also to test the massively in the community also the group does. which are that course and for the community so those are the men advantages for these. but if the virus has spread dramatically pulled samples test positive too often and retesting becomes costly and time consuming so far however africa has low numbers of cases compared to western countries and the method is proving useful there this is really hurtful for the african countries but not only african countries even for the roping countries since we developed this and the problem is the. pulling up close tonight a paper route so we have been approached by similar countries. ghana and kenya are now applying the strategy to group testing enquiries have also come from the us and the university of edinburgh in scotland is using the method to test its students the method actually originated in 1903 american economist and researcher robert dorfman was the 1st to develop tool tests to screen u.s. army soldiers more efficiently for syphilis since then the strategy has been further developed and is also used to test for other sexually transmitted diseases malaria and blood banking there's a lot of interest in this approach i think it's it's a no brainer that we need to be. optimizing the use of resources. to develop the method the cameroonian collaborated with his rwandan colleague tessa and a.m.'s founder neal to rock it's a pan african response to the continent's challenges. it's really extraordinary that you can write on the board so many questions and no tell you how. does it is spread in a population how what happens when you truly are born into the. how what happens to cars how computers work so all of these are my markets on the. resort of people just investigating doing analysis trying to understand better how things are now and then work. the a ins network places great value on training young scientists across the continent so they are confident that the next albert einstein will come from africa. training young people to how to obvious knowledge and this ability to smarts to solve problems is wonderful and i'm very proud to be associated with this vision to be helping to drive it forward. book of it dawned on me for example i was given proof that this is vital thing to do. did you know that p.c.r. technology which detects the cells kovi to virus is the basis for many other tests . it's used to amplify specific d.n.a. reaches such can be analyzed. d.c. also breakthroughs in forensic technology has made it possible to religionistic information from the smallest human traces this genetic fingerprint can be invaluable information at the scene of a crime. on t.v. shows solving crimes always look so easy clues. however tiny are soon analyzed and lead directly to the perpetrator. in real life things often look quite different. this is the state police forensic science institute in kiel normally crime scene technicians go to a crime scene this time it's come to them in a school if the photographer could come in with us to take a few pictures of the crime scene that will make it easier for us afterwards to. the 1st step is to look for fingerprints cupboards have been ripped open the interior is a mess it looks like someone has ransacked the mobile home. under the table there's a knife with a bloody blade. everything has to be documented and photographed where it's found later it will be studied in a lab. a crime weapon but no victim whose blood is it. what investigators do what a crime scene is gather evidence as much as possible. even things that look irrelevant can prove to be extremely important. person in by what we found a small piece of paper on the floor between the front say it's a candy wrapper. we secured it because it doesn't belong it looks more like it might have fallen out of a pocket and under the table we found a knife that appears to have traces of blood so the knife is of interest not only for fingerprinting but also for d.n.a. analysis and possibly for any fibers sticking to it as well would have floated up if. there's a fingerprint on the candy wrapper but it's faint and incomplete this clue would once have been impossible to analyze today however it can be enhanced by a process called sputtering. the wrapper is exposed to vaporized silver in a spotter in kotor. the silver condenses on the wrapper highlighting the fingerprint the technique was developed here at this institute just a few years ago. a photograph of the fingerprint is then digitally enhanced it's now so detailed even sweat pours can be seen as tiny white dots on the lines of the print. there is indeed a fingerprint here right above the lettering that means the spattering has performed a small miracle by carving the wrapper in silver the fingerprint is raised against the background and we can see it more clearly. so. i think we should apply the tape to the back of the say that. meanwhile fiber specialists have taken over the crime scene. first and foremost we have to secure the evidence wherever there might be any fibers of course we try to imagine where the pair of the trader was and have a crime was carried out that's our main focus but in principle we have to secure everything because we can never really imagine exactly what happened before and we just have to figure out if. even the slightest contact with upholstery is another to transfer fibers garments shared fibers all the time and we've been pulled over on have if the 2 of us were wearing pullovers and i hugged her or we rubbed against each other on the bus my fibers would get on her and hers would get on me and. everybody carries a distinct a mix of fibers around with them mostly fluff from their own clothes. fibers from a crime scene can't lead to the perpetrator by themselves crime scene technicians also need to compare them with the clothes of a suspect. then they can tell whether or not it's fibers match ones from the crime scene. this involves picking out relevant fibers among files. sins of others. desperately the 1st thing i do is look at all the colors through the microscope magnified say 250 times i look at by 3 colors in the shapes of the individual fibers to say if it's them or not i'm i'm like a bloodhound on the lookout for a single 5. in this case family looking closely at the red ones i mentally block out the other is otherwise i go crazy doesn't really france and. once the visible clues have been identified and analyzed it's the turn of the invisible ones. the expert in invisible clues needs breathing equipment and total darkness. the chemical he sprays lights up for a few seconds wherever it's in contact with traces of blood or handprint appears next to the door and smears of blood along the side of the vehicle. is going to go through it all the evidence here is compatible with a person exiting the mobile home and moving perhaps injured unsteady on his or her feet and finding support along the side of the vehicle this is the victim. it turns out things are not what they appear the police officer had left the wrapper in the mobile home and the fingerprint was hers. the fibers were indeed from that red pullover but it belongs to a colleague in the lab. and the blood on the knife came from the butchers around the corner so there was no crime it was a dummy run at a training exercise an internal police matter still the perpetrators are making a getaway taking the scene of the crime with them. for almost 200 years now photographs have captured fleecy moments originally in black and white. soon it became possible to duplicate photos using a negative to make more prints each point of light became a dot in the image a lot of data to capture a moment. old photos faced with time but what about the digital photos although i can from ghana had a question about. how long can danger be stored. humans have recorded their languages and their knowledge in the form of drawings and symbols since prehistoric times. on the data carriers from back then play tablets or stones much of the information survived for thousands of years. as a result these ancient data carriers can be read and decoded today. modern storage devices can carry a lot more data even though they're a lot smaller. but the lifespan of most c.d.'s and d.v.d.'s is estimated at less than 100 years. data that's stored on the kind of huge servers operated by large companies should theoretically last forever as long as the days is repeatedly copied and as long as defective hard drives are replaced. in order to keep the ever increasing amounts of data under control researchers are developing smaller and smaller storage devices in the future synthetic d.n.a. could replace conventional data carriers. these artificially generated genetics trons would have more than a 1000000 times the capacity of modern hard drives. and the reconstruction of neanderthal d.n.a. has shown that d.n.a. molecules are still legible after thousands of years. another method of storing data in courts is 5 d. technology uses nano lasers to write information into 5 dimensional fused courts of mind boggling speed. these glass just the size of coins can store up to 360 terabytes. and they last a very long time to turn 1000800000000 years. whether or not there's someone in 13800000000 years who can read the data is another question. $0.59 a binds a $59.00 with 210. that is a lot of data and it's the amount estimated to have been created captured and consumed by the end of 2020. in the next 4 years the amount is forecast to almost triple. in order to preserve the information it has to be constantly copied and uploaded onto new data carriers plus anyone can get in on the act of producing more and more data. for example it's estimated that in 2020 over a trillion digital photos were taken from. data that is meant to capture memory as. we asked our viewers. what data would you save forever and how. your rights your wedding day the moment of clerk and anything to do with love and how romantic. sense here is a little more pragmatic we should preserve our knowledge of metalworking as well as plants and seeds on a floppy disk in order to ensure food security in the future. muhammad recommends internal rather than external storage writing i want to store everything in my brain we tend to lose the ability to remember things as we age hopefully in the new future we'll be able to upload data to our brain finally randy rides he's most interested in saving images thousands of family photos and videos from birth to wedding to grandchildren in his case 50 years or 28 terabytes in total thanks for getting in touch. a snapshot can only capture so much of a person but these days it's possible to bring old photographs back to life all of a sudden subjects can move their hands or blink. uncanny even if it doesn't look quite natural. less in new scientist marie curie is among those he's been given this kind of treatment in her case there's no doubt that this video isn't authentic with people who are still alive telling real from fake can be more challenging. these days all it takes is one photograph to create a fake video in no time at all that's pretty impressive. with the help of artificial intelligence research is can now bring any photo to life in under 3 minutes manipulating the image remotely. these examples took just a few minutes to put together and they show what this technology is already capable of. to raj ebrahimi is team of specialists chiefly working on ways to automatically identify deep fakes like these these detectors will be crucial in the future. also the fake detectors are not going to be perfect but they will be able to detect the majority of the deep content that is going to be distributed and in many cases this is good at what is important that the solutions have to be done in such a way that they can reinvent themselves and evolve as the technology for defrags evolve. deeper fakes are also an issue in business it's becoming increasingly important to track down fake images in cases of insurance fraud for example. image analysts are researching ways to spot the markers of a phony image. intelligent image recognition software is fed countless fake images and videos and learns how to recognize anomalies. as soon as clear markers are detected a red box indicates that something has been manipulated. if you look at depicting. 6 months ago and lot of the video was very very easy to detect they were distorted you could immediately see there's something wrong with them if you look at them today they are at the verge of becoming very believable it's becoming more and more difficult to detect whether a video is fake or not. it's a matter of 3 to 9 months before 99 percent of people when they watch fake video they wouldn't know that it is fake a bleak prospect or fact checkers fortunately fact checking company many comic doesn't yet encounter deep fakes every day but without new detection tools expert andre hulls is pessimistic. food my hope for the future is that as more deep fake technology emerges the people tracking the fakes will have better tools to recognize the fixes eg. because so much misinformation is spread so fast on social media users will have to raise their game using the fact checkers golden rules i'm from statement as i firstly does oneself and i have to know myself in the media i consume that's very important. if you fall for something from a media source that you trust deeply then it becomes difficult next just to see who's writing where something comes from so you need to master search engines clearly i need to know how to search engines work and be able to do comparative searches on top of that of course is the search for images a so-called reverse image search finally speed up the rate of information consumption and if something sounds overdramatic then maybe it's better to ask people who know about us or to bypass a windows system and our skin but that alone is not enough more education is also needed. now too little of course we want something to happen in the schools now comes the big budget are always shouting that schools need to do something yet we're saying that there's so much fake news on for. this is a problem young people are not on facebook. it's the $35.00 to $55.00 generation and now we've identified the core of the problems and we're not doing enough educational outreach to adults facts. ok let's give it a go what do you make of this video it was like striking a train track well it's a fake pay close attention to the trajectory of the flash it should really leave some burn marks in its wake but there's not a trace also the camera operator is way too calm and steady. but there's also a clue in the title of the video here cd computer generated images clearly faked. some also granted this video will take a woman doing a reading in the middle of the military take over in myanmar. so what do you reckon or is it real or fake. i'm just shadows seem to suggest it's a fake they seem very truncated but if you look more closely you'll see that there are steps behind her this supposed to be located at the royal lotus roundabout in myanmar comparing the image to that in the video reveals the markings on the ground the street the flower pots are identical in the video the silver posts must have been installed since the google image was recorded in 2018 or so the location appears plausible and the shadows of the downs and that of the cars match up. the lighting is the same so this video is no thanks. if outlet is read why aren't the only very few. if you have a science question you'd like us to answer. send it in as a video text ovoid snail if we featured on the show who did it didn't surprise from us as a thank you come on just us. and for more exciting stories check out our website or find us on twitter. and that's all for now thanks for joining us on tomorrow today. will be back next week with more fascinating stories from the world of science and technology. until then but by. after. your life when it's no longer for. your career when you're finally allowed to pursue it. it's your opinion when you can finally say that. freedom more important than homeland. we need artists in exile living in berlin. 20. coming up on d w. to talk tough to. play out. irish dance crew coach are taking social media by storm. is proving that with modern choreography and cool beaks tradition mechanics ago follow. suit. 30 minutes on d. w. . imagine how many polish muslims us right now in the us right now climate change me different off a story. faces much less the way photos one we. how much worse can really get. we still have time to ask i'm going to. success. but subscribe to the list like this. more than 1000 years ago europe witnesses a huge construction boom. with christianity firmly established there is a greater demand for houses of worship. and both religious and secular leaders are eager to display their power so churches become palaces. the race begins who can create the tallest biggest most beautiful structures. the stone masons builders and the markets compete with each other to build the car trips. this is how massive churches which towers that pierce the clouds like skyscrapers are created a. contest of the cathedral 1st starts people 12th on g.w. . there's data over your news and these are our top stories. the us city of minneapolis has agreed to pay the family of george floyd $27000000.00 to settle a civil lawsuit over his death floyd was killed while in police custody last may former police officer derek shogun is currently on trial for his murder with jury selection under way. myanmar's latest pro-democracy protests have been met with more.