Astra zeneca says the vaccine it has developed with Oxford University is up to 90 percent effective. But its cheap to make and easy to store. And china launches an unmanned spacecraft to the mission to bring the lunar rocks back to earth. A Rocket Scientist, what success would mean for chinas states . Yes, welcome to the program. A key federal agency has told joe biden, the president ial transition can begin after donald trump directed his administration to cooperate in the handover process. In a tweet president , trump said he no longer opposed government aid for bidens transition team. Its a close as yet. Hes come to conceding defeat, and earlier us president elect joe biden announced his nominations for 6 top positions in the senate in his administration. And they include his longtime adviser, Anthony Blinken for the position of secretary of state. Former secretary of state john kerry is Climate Change envoy and john and yet as treasury secretary, well for more on this, so im joined by d. W. Correspondent cut only night. You moyes in washington. I can only know now the transition to a ministration is now officially underway. But what was it that led to president , finally conceding wife, i dont know. He also learned briefly after trans tweet that to michigan has certified by it. And when that means these 16 electoral votes from michigan will definitely go to joe biden. This clearly erases any pathway for president trying to overturn the election results. We also know from last week that georgia, 35 biden as the winner of that state. After the recount and Pennsylvania Supreme Court rejected the Campaign Efforts to block, to continuing to count certain ballots. So a, considering this overview probably trumps a close advisers, told him to open the doors for a transition because there is obviously no real way of overturning this results from the elections on november 3rd. Well, now that we have this situation, the transition is officially underway. What happens next . Can we expect a smooth transition or maybe in an official way, a smooth transition over trump is not going to change his narrative on elections fraud. And he and the media that support him. Breitbart fox. They are going to keep this rhetoric in order to feed their supporters with false claims. And we know that on december 12th, there is again a big trump rally planned here in washington, d. C. And that is only a small example. We can notice that hes not going to change his narrative and his rhetoric royko, you know, well, lets not shift the focus to president elect joe biden. Weve been hearing more about his cabinet picks with so many familiar names in the mix. So what does this tell us about the kind of administration hell lead he has picked a lot of people from the obama administration, as we can see. And it seems to be almost an obama 2. 0 administration, as some are saying here in washington. The truth is he has a lot of experience people now in his cabinet. You already mentioned him. Tony blinken, former deputy secretary of state under obama york, as former deputy secretary of homeland security, a real haynes, for example, also former Deputy National security adviser now director of National Intelligence and so on. So a lot of people power though, who really know their fields more experience in these fields. And this of course, it gives a certain set believe not only in the united states, but also on the international level. Corrina you correspondent, in washington. Thank you for that update. Lets take a look now at some other stories that are making headlines this hour. Shares in tokyo opened sharply higher on news of the u. S. President ial transition, going ahead and early trading. The nikkei rose to levels not seen in almost 3 decades, like other international markets. Tokyo was also boy, boy, new vaccine news. A strain is the Largest Airline quantas has suggested it could make a coronavirus vaccination, a requirement for International Air travelers. Its c. E. O. Says quantas would implement the measures as soon as a vaccine was made available to the public and that he thought the rule could be common practice among airlines. Now there are more encouraging signs in the race to develop a coronavirus vaccine. Drug maker, astra zeneca and Oxford University have announced their vaccine is up to 90 percent effective in preventing covert 19, the vaccine was most effective when patients, patients were 1st, given a hof dose followed by a full dose one month later. And crucially, this new vaccine doesnt require extreme cold storage and is relatively cheap and easy to mass produce. These files hold a promising formula for ending the covert. 19 pandemic globally. A cheap, effective, easy to distribute that scene. We have to get a lot of people back from a 2. Were not thinking about Solutions Working in terms of one person at a time. We have to think about vaccinating communities, populations, reducing transmission within those populations. So that we really get on top of this pandemic. And thats what it now looks like. Were going to have the ability to contribute here in a really big way. The vaccine was developed at the ukase university of oxford using the i dont know, virus platform. Researchers took a common cold virus that infects chimpanzees, genetically engineering it to trick the human body into thinking is, has been infected with the virus that causes that 19 producing an immune response. , over 24000. 00 volunteers took part in the Clinical Trials in the u. K. , brazil, and south africa. The late stage trials show the a done a viral vaccine is better at preventing hospitalizations and severe cases of covert 19 m. R. In a vaccines developed by madonna and pfizer by on tech. But people are not getting sick with the spike scene, which means that ultimately, even if you were to get ill, you out model symptoms. And so i think thats incredibly important because itll keep ospital beds free and people wont be dying from this virus. And thats not the only advantage. Unlike the m. R. In a vaccines, it can be kept at normal french temperatures, making it easier to distribute, especially in developing countries. It can also be manufactured at scale, meaning it can be produced in much greater quantities and that much lower costs than its rivals. But i think this will be a truly global for in terms of its deploy ability and its accessibility. And its going to be probably more affordable than most of those 4 little middle income countries. Astra zeneca has pledged it wont make a profit from the vaccine during the pandemic. If it gets regulatory approval, the firm says its ready to produce 3000000000 doses next year. Chinas space agency launched its Ambitious Mission to the moon to bring rock samples back to earth. Chang, to 5, named for the chinese goddess of the moon, took off successfully from the space center on chinas southern china, an island. Its the 1st mission by any nation to retrieve lunar samples. Since 1970, s. The probe is expected to bring back 2 killers of rocks and soil to help scientists learn more about earths nearest neighbor, including how it was formed. The mission also showcases the advances that china has made in Space Exploration technology. This spacecraft has towered above the Southern Island province of heine than 30 days. A symbol of chinas technological prowess. And its military might a source of pride for many chinese. This is chinas message to the world because chinas global signature would injure the child. I think by being able to launch such a moon exploration, china is making history. The china 5 rocket is comprised of several components. One is the lander, which will dig for rocks and soil. These materials will then be transferred into the return capsule for the journey back to earth. Hall are currently in a program consists of 3 phases, overseeing landing and returning. The chuang, a 5, will carry out the 3rd phase, bringing moon samples back to earth. We hope this will be a success for your mother to hope. If it is a success, it would be the 1st time in 4 decades. That material has been brought back from the moon. Chinas space ambitions are no secret and have been growing for years. In 2003, it secured a major breakthrough when it became the 3rd country in the world to send a man into space. 10 years later trying to hit another milestone successfully landing and unpiloted spacecraft on the moon. It was the 1st soft landing since the soviet Union Success in 1976. More chinese cheers in january 2019 in a global 1st, a lunar probe, touching down on the far side of the moon, boosting chinas space ambitions. Mas is also in its sights. This year beijing launched an unmanned probe to the planet. In july, it put the final satellite into orbit for its chinese navigation system. The countrys rival to us and key p. S. But this Lunar Mission to bring back material from the moon is one of chinas may stamp issues to date and one which beijing is determined to be another success. Well, to talk some more about this, were joined by keith cowing. Hes a blogger, and the founder of the web site, nasa watch, as well as a Rocket Scientist. Hi, i am what i want to start with. What is china hoping to achieve with this mission . Well, what theyre going to be doing is the next in a series of very important robotic studies of the movie. And, you know, back in the sixtys we said people who do this will spend many decades since anything is really believed in the mood in order to bring something back. So its very important that regard. Its also landing in the unique area of the moon that in his head volcanic activity. So by leaving here, drilling 2 meters, john and grabbing 2 kilograms of the rock will be able to understand how long the moon had a malted interior. It still does how much flow actually they had with the make knowledge fuel would be like. So these are very important questions that we dont quite understand. So this is the latest and its a very important issues, series of missions to store them in a series of missions a day that is, if successful, the mission would make china only the 3rd country to have retrieved the lunar samples and about it joining again, ited states and the former soviet union, that where is chinas role in space, exploration aspects, exploration had to well, its pretty much looking to repeat what the americans did with the russians tried to do, which is an intellectually humans on the moon. And if you look at the illustrations for the things theyve waited on the moon, you look at the designs for the lunar landers. The lunar leaders are just a little bit bigger, but they look the same. So they have a clear path and they stand their intention of doing to do that. But they also are looking to become a full partner in the scientific exploration room again, which is what this mission ducks that there seems to be an increased interest in the moon. As of late, why is that exactly . Well, you know, i grew up during the original moon race when it was between us and the soviets. And back then there were only 2 countries that could even attempt to explore. Now, not only committee countries do this, but private companies owned by a very rich people can do this. So weve now seen missions that have successfully gone to move from india and china from japan. And weve had the israeli strike. And weve got some companies now a lot of musts looking to wind, his own space ship on the moon and his own expense. So you take this all together. Its sort of like, well now anybody can go to the moon. And if you remember, maybe you dont, there was a song back in the sixtys called, everyones gone to the moon. Now seems to be exactly whats going on these days. Everyones going to the moon, keith cowing a Rocket Scientist and the founder of the website. Nasa watch, thanks for joining us. Budget. Youre watching the news live from berlin . Stock film is up next. Rebecca ritters will be here from the top of the next hour with more news. And dont forget, you can also keep up to date on d. W. Dot com. And instagram and twitter, im only in yes for me and the news team take care and see you soon. And you hear me now on . Yes, were going to do and how the last 2 years gentlemen starts. Now when we bring you, im going to map or if youve never tired have surprise yourself with what is possible called really what moves and want also to talk to people who follow along the way. Maurice and critics alike join us from eccles law, stops people who study Public Health have been saying, listen, this is going to happen. Its only a matter of time. This is a message from the governments chief medical officer about coronavirus. You should now only go to an absolutely necessary for food medicine, work or exercise. Always try to stay to meters apart. Do not meet others outside your household, even friends and family. I think this disease is remarkably infectious, even compared to influenza, the flu. So even though we were prepared, were almost overrun by the ferocity of the pundit. Its highly transmissible, like all the coronaviruses, which with all the cold, common cold. You know, if youre in the room with somebody with a cold, you love it to get the cold. But the problem with this fire woods is it doesnt stop in the nose, it doesnt stop in alone. It can spread very rapidly into the rest of the body. And thats why it is such a dramatic disease portobello road in the heart of Londons Notting Hill district, normally packed with people and tourists from all over the world. Now in march 2020, its deserted streets shuttered, shops, closed schools, and public transport queues. The deadly covered 19 virus that hit the world in the early months of 2020, led to scenes like this. And from what we already know. Its very difficult to completely isolate the brass of one person from another, so that it is likely to be the respiratory diseases that are the respiratory viruses that are going to be the real problem in terms of epidemics and pandemics. You know, where the dow is and in the future, but this is just the latest in the series of pandemics that has devastated populations and societies across the world through the ages. When i was a child in the shift is there were many diseases around, you know, i got hepatitis those polio or do you see people who were crippled . And we were aware all the time of the danger of infection and the doctor would come to your home and treat you for that. But whats happened since then . Weve brought in antibiotics. We brought in faxes and gradually weve driven many of the Infectious Diseases not necessary out of the richer countries, but into into Hidden Health care components of the richer countries often of need hospitals away from the community. This hasnt happened in, in many parts of the world, for example, on the african continent where they dealing with the diseases like this on a daily basis. Each disease is slightly different from every other disease. And the problem with this 19 virus is that we, we cant quite predictable. This is going to turn out. We cannot predict at the moment how long immunity will last, whether it will be solid immunity, whether everyone becomes, you know, whether you become more new, if youve had a more severe illness and have less immunity. If you try to of quickly, we just are not movies are still questions are up in the air, diseases and viruses such a smallpox people on a plane. You bet you know, cease and influenza. Some of the most brutal killers in human history, outbreaks of these diseases across international borders. I defined as trying, demi gods, how did they change the world in the past . Why do they still happen . And how would they change the world again . This will be a can to new and battle. I think we thought we were winning the battle after night in fiftys, and this is a reminder the coverage night in operator. There is a continuing battle and it will continue on into the future. Through the ages, men have searched and found cures for new jersey and they doing so again. d the idea that vaccines or drugs are silver, bullets, is rather naive or it certainly needs you need to be far more nuance in your thinking that these are extremely valuable weapons in against Infectious Diseases. But they have a software from 2 problems. Sometimes when we want to work, they dont work. And sometimes they cause problems. In addition to the problem were trying to solve. And thats true of drugs and its true of actually, humans have always called diseases from animals. In fact, most new infections and diseases come from wild life, it really goes back full time when humans 1st became urbanized and told clusters themselves where theyve moved from being into gatherers if you like into more organized society. Thats probably where the 1st many pandemics occur in the history of human human civilization has been increasing contact with animals starting with agriculture. You know, where we had on domestication of animals. We had also things like grain stocks and such which brought in other non domesticated animals like mice and rats, and wrote other rodents. Weve had expansion into world in us areas with agriculture, with need for housing need for lumber or need for raw materials, other or materials, which brought us in contact with animals. So theres been these tendencies to have increasing contact with animals that we have not had contact with before. Which environmental changes the speeding up this process where the explosion of city living in International Travel means that when these diseases a marriage, they can spread move quickly. Most animals carry a range of pathogens, bacteria, and viruses, which can cause disease. A pathogen is an organism that causes disease. The pathogens evolutionary survival depends on infecting new hosts and jumping to others is one way to do this. The new hosts, immune system tries to kill off the new pathogen, meaning that the 2 were locked eternally in an evolutionary game of trying to find new ways to vanquish each other. We encounter new cabinet gyms all the time. The vast, vast majority of the pathogens rencounter are either not very successful at infecting humans or transmitting between humans or are dealt with very easily barmen system. Now theres some very small fraction thats a bolt who in fact, humans are directly from Something Like bird flu. A very small fraction of those are able to actually transfer from one human to another, such as murders. I mean, even smaller fraction of those are able to jump from one human to or another human with enough transmission that it could actually cause an outbreak while down and moves often, harbor viruses. Bats for instance, can carry hundreds of them. And pharmacies jumping from species to species can ultimately infect people with human. Urbanization officious cycle develops more people bring more deforestation. Human expansion and loss of habitat ultimately kills off predators. Including those who feed off rodents with the project has gone, or at least their numbers sharply diminished. The rodent population explodes. And the studies in africa show. So does the risk of soon after disease. The situation is only likely to get her, as it has been for centuries. A major proportion of east asians population still lives in whom larry urbanization is expected to continue for decades. Tropical regions, rich in bio diversity, already hold the knowledge cool. The pathogens break increasing the chance. No one crashed into the farming system throughout africa in asia doesnt help on both continents. Many families depend on subsistence farming and a miniscule supply of livestock disease, control, food, and housing. For those animals is extremely limited and cattle chickens and pigs, which can carry endemic disease, often in close contact with each other. And a variety of nondomestic common in some humans lives on the markets, commonplace throughout asia in africa, feature crowded conditions on the internet, the mixing of multiple species, including humans. This is to place a key role in how a killer pathogen could emerge and spread between species another race, bushmeat hunting and butchering, which is particularly widespread in subsaharan africa. These activities i need threaten the animal species and they were vocal, he changed ecosystems. They also bring people and wild animals together, pushed me to hunting is a clear primary cause zoonotic disease transmission with bush made while youre doing is youre going out and youre tropic or catching wild animals which might by which whites crotch. And then youre butchering them, which puts you in direct contact with a lot of their bodily fluids. And so its very easy for pathogens to jump from these wild animals through your humans are the mechanisms of bush meat. An alternative to bush meat is factory farming. You know, high density farming, but then that can do causes the conditions that are right for pathogens jump in air from a wild population into a domestic population like domestic poultry in a way that wasnt average and jump into human population. So its traditional chinese medicine, which purports to provide remedies for a host of conditions like arthritis, epilepsy, and erectile dysfunction. Although no Scientific Evidence exists to support most of these claims. Asia is an Enormous Consumer of traditional chinese medicine products. Chai goes bad as rhinos pangolin and other animal species approach, so their body parts could be mixed into these questionable medications. This too is a major contributor to increasing animal human interaction. Demand is likely to go up as Online Marketing source along with asias relentless economic growth. These trends have become very well established in the last 100 years. That plagues and pandemics have been around for as long as man himself, the world that really affect or influence history and other ones. Have these large demographic impact. Furtive, aside to half the population is killed. That withdraws an awful lot of people from a labor force that doesnt just drop social Political Institutions in ways that make it very popular to recover. The plague of justinian was a pandemic that afflicted the byzantine eastern roman empire and especially its capital in constantinople. In the 6th century, merchant ships arriving from black sea for target practice that carried fleas infected with plague. This became one of the deadliest pandemics in history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 252100 100000000 people during the following 2 centuries. It was named after m. Progestin the 1st to call the disease, but survived. The outbreak begun in 542, but then there were color and episodes of plague over the next 1012 years or so. And we know that by the end of this period, the visit to an empire was thrown into turmoil. Said that Something Like more the population was stricken and died. The losses of rome itself were huge. So it struck right at the heart of the roman empire. The usual narrative about the play just didnt is that the us was result of the breakup of the byzantine empire and the beginning of what were known as the dark ages. In a similar way that we used to, you know, covert starting slowly. It starts with, you know, one or 2 people falling ill, not really realizing, but in this case, we know that infection is very, very rapid. Once people develop some sort, they would progressive our soil, so theyre old now, so they end up dead in a matter of days. So it was shocking unfair for the deadliest plague in history was the 2nd major case of people unexplained commonly known as the black death, the dance of death, the down sma cop, and agree on the universality of death was a common painting, mentee, for during the late medieval period. It killed between a 3rd to haul them population of the 75000000 people. So yes, i mean the demographic impacts were immense. Also originating in the east in china, the disease spread west along the silk groats, again reaching the black sea in mediterranean trade ships, then spread the disease to the rest of europe. Italy 1st in sicily in venice in 1347, and the rest of europe over the next 3 years. This remains the deadliest plague outbreak in history. The bacteria yesenia pesticides derived from the rat flea, which results in several forms of cake is believed to have been the course again. Technically, you would very quickly develop a fever headache start to feel very ill. But the distinctive marks of terrified everyone will when the plague, the sun has gotten to the lymph nodes under the arms back of the legs. So i mean, typically people who develop those symptoms would rapidly, most of the roughly worsen and they would die very, very, very quickly. Monks, nuns and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the black to the playing, created a number of religious social and economic up. He feels pressure found effects on the course of european history. It took 200 years for europes population to recover to its previous level. Land values declined by 40 percent, and there were labor shortages. But for the remaining working class food was cheaper and the lands more abundant, heightening the end of feudalism. Suddenly there were a lot of farms that roti, because the farmer supplied the plague. So therefore, there was land was a view so that the record be affected, but tied to the ban on olsons could collect. But the other crucial factor, those farmers left suddenly found their wage bargaining power. Great. And we know this was a big issue because there was an attempt to restrict the ability of farmers to say what shape if you want me to farm, as you have to pay me more for my labor. Because i got a better offer from the legs of a house. Many minority groups such as jews were blamed. This led many jews to relocate to poland where they were welcomed, leading to the Large Population there until the holocaust. During the 2nd world, people blame particular ethnic groups, the jews in particular, were seeing the will blame for the plague. It was thought to parts of Eastern Europe even, you know, parts of sort of northern europe, the jews were responsible for good. Somehow, poisoning the wells, the problem with the fear that comes with the time to make also needs to blight on the people. They cant quiet except theres nobody to blame here. This is an act of god if you like in the old pile. Ready its just one of those things they have to say, well, why did it happen . We have to blame someone, seen a phobia. You have protectionism, you have had this sense of, we need to protect ourselves from those people who have this disease with all those consequences. Very similar to more because there is people thought this was a plot by the states in the medical profession to reduce their population. Now we have peoples thinking that its 5 gene mobile networks. Now that is responsible for the 19 pandemic can be a form of fake news that can spread when its not warranted. Being cases where in india for example, where doctors have been beaten up because doctors are going to spreads virus to them and things like that. In the past, as now you have a lot of misinformation and so youre in, for instance, with malaria, the name malaria comes from this notion of bad air. You know, because malaria was seen as caused by the type so that they are kind characteristic of a swamps with influenza. Again, influenza was seen as a merging from the influence of heavenly bodies. Thats how you end up with a name, influenza with leprosy, leprosy which are, is a very disfiguring the onus was seen as an affliction given to you by god, before your for your sins, religious fervor, and fanaticism and repetition, the wake of the black death. Gypsies lapis and others with skin diseases such as acne, were killed throughout europe. The black death saw the introduction of coron team in an effort to protect coastal cities from plague. Epidemics cautious, port authorities required ships arriving in venice from infected ports to sit at anchor for 40 days. Before landing the word quarantine comes from the italian quadrant. A g or me of 40 days while europeans have developed limited immunity against some diseases such as smallpox, hundreds of thousands was still dying from disease. The black death that never really gone away. And in the 17th century, if you panic play came back again. In london, the great to play lasting from 6652666 was the last major epidemic of bubonic plague to occur in england. More munden certainly sits on the bones of the dead london at that time. Is a city of about 448 taken surrounded by a city war longer than 655 is a very large city by standards. Its the largest of the 2nd largest in western europe. It has a population of perhaps 40450000 its main business. Its main reason is overseas trade, but it also has a major governmental function. It is the capital of the nation state and also all beginnings of an empire. But many londoners in 665 were poor a poverty stricken in a city with little or no sanitation and belching smoke coming from factories play. They could taken hold in many european cities such as amsterdam, in the ne, 16 sixties. It was in bells of cotton imported on top ships that the plague illegibly came to britain. The ships were quarantined on the thames and other ports for 30 days before being allowed to travel up river. But it was too late. And one of the most difficult and dreadful things about the lake was in the early part of it. You would know that it was going to happen. You could look back on the experience of the last century when they had been 4 or 5 major events. And you would know in may that it was beginning to be a major epidemic, and that it would get worse and worse up until at least september if you walked over. And that literally thousands of people would die. So in a sense its that is that for knowledge that experience that may help you to prepare for it in admission to terms. But it also means you are in no doubt about how bad its going to be in the great plague, killed an estimated 100000 people almost a quarter of londons population in just 18 months. As plague spread, a system of quarantine was introduced whereby any house where someone had died from playing would be locked up. And no one allowed to enter or leave for 40 days. As soon as somebody in a house, so it seems to have play or dies, or they then quarantine is imposed on that house. So the house, so is, is meant to be locked up with a water door with a mark on the door so that people can walk around. Another kind of quarantine is to take sick people to the pest house, which is not so much a hospital for curing. People go to a place where sick people coming taken so they will not infect any other people. So thats part of the overall quarantine getting moving the sick leave in the plague, sick out of the city itself. Samuel peaks provided a contemporary account of the plague in his diary. Writing how empty the streets are and how melancholy, so many pull sick people in the streets, full of souls. One eyewitness said that london became so quiet that every day life was like sunday and grass starting to grow in the streets. Peaks wrote in his diary that the plague is making its cruellest dogs to one another. Daniel defoe in his journal of the plague, year 60 years later wrote, nothing was to be seen, but wagons and carts with goods, women, servants, children, coaches, filled with people of the better sort and horsemen attending them and all hurrying away. None of those knew about play because it had been around in london for centuries, but they were very near enough to be very afraid of it if you possibly could get out of london. Thats the best advice. But of course, many hundreds of thousands of people come to that. They have to stay because they are too poor to move because they need the work or because they havent got any work together. So for those who stay in london, anxiety about infection is very strong. Indeed. The rich ran away, including king charles the 2nd of england, his family and his court, who left the city for sole spree. Moving on to oxford. Once the plague was over, the population of london recovered surprisingly quickly. People returned to the capital, and new people came to take every jobs left vacant by those who went down. There was a sudden rise in the number of marriages and births to the 19th century would become an age of great advancement in the fight against disease. The 19th century, where you had was the beginning, while i recall globalisation. And there you have the rise of steamships your ad to our development of our roads. And it was in the 19th century when you 1st started have worldwide pandemic use of cholera had existed for a long time, then in india and then pretty much confined to india. All of a sudden you have it transmitted all around the world so that every continent as inhabiting it comes in contact with it with cholera. It was an english physician, john snow, who became known as the father of epidemiology, here in broaddrick street, in the heart of london. Soho stands apart in his name on the spot where snow discovered that a contaminated water pump was the cause of a cholera outbreak that had killed 500. But europe was soon to witness one of the greatest breakthroughs in disease medicine. Pastor, known as the father of microbiology, is credited with the discovery of the germ theory of disease. Pastors work involved magnification of pathogens or germs, and the identification of antibodies that could attack them. Leading to the discovery of vaccines for diseases such as rabies and anthrax. We actually understood for the 1st time what infection was that it was caused by joe homes that are transmitted from one individual to another or are caught from environmental sources. And look, this is whats causing lisa zoos. And its, its, its very hard to unthink that to try and think, well, what was it like to not know that there were such things as far as he was in bacteria and washing your hands was important. Thats a tremendous leap forward in Human Understanding that has cascaded throughout the world. And in every part of the world, people understand that now, thats a trial that calls to a sensational time. Can imagine. You know, members, the royal family, wealthy people flock to paris, to be treated by poster was an incredible experimental scientist as well. He was also a chemist. So he was able to drive home through Scientific Evidence. It was actually quite controversial. The vaccination wasnt immediately popular. I mean, take a soft cast as discoveries. Europe was plunged into well one of their own vaccine. It being discovered typhoid, which saved many troops, lines. The war became a trigger for the next global pandemic. This coverage of the growing influenza of its limitations except in neutral spain. Hence the name, spanish flu. We dont know where the scholarship lorenza virus and the 1st sort of sick people were in large army camps, both in the united states, but also in northern europe. When suddenly a large number of young soldiers developed, you know, this short illness with a rapid onset which was recognized as a form of flu with severe cases developed pneumonia. But the signature was large numbers of people happen to be hospital. He says to me that anywhere from 20 to 100000000, people were killed worldwide equivalent to one 3rd of your population of the time. And more than double the number killed in world war one. Scientists to retrieve viral genetic material from spanish influenza virus. From all over the world, reconstructed the whole genome. We know exactly what the genes of h one, n one, spanish influenza look like, but we still dont understand why it is that it disproportionately affected young adults of the prime of life. That is people through the ages of 20 to 40, you know, the breadwinners, the heads of households, the most productive segments of the population. They were the ones that bore the brunt of the whole toileting, elderly people, aged 70 or over didnt. Generally speaking, develop such severe illness. Why was that . We dont know is an immunological puzzle to persist to this day. World war one lasted for 5 long years, and its many monuments attest to its legacy. More people died in the spanish flu pandemic, but this is largely forgotten. And the virus also mutated resulting in a move in and strain the zing to an even more leap from 2nd wave. The same disease came back, but it probably never really got the way it was probably already, always, already in all these communities and circulating a visibly worldwide web that there produced a new, a dramatic wave of severe illness where the death rate was much, much more elevated. So this is a typical pandemics come in waves and depending on the acute patient period of the virus, i, whether people develop evidence symptoms or whether theyre a symptom matter. So when someones ace in the right, you dont know if theyre infected or but thats the big danger. Today, the virus is thousands of them continue to evolve. Many of these diseases continue to originating asia and africa is just a matter of time before another major outbreak occurs in this region of the world. In 2018, unknown, there were outbreaks of typhoid in pakistan, cholera in yemen. Plague in madagascar monkeypox in nigeria mers in saudi arabia during the harsh and in the democratic republic of congo. , the outbreaks of the aids virus in nearly 980 s. , were perceived as a western disease afflicting the gay community. But its origins were in africa where it devastated the population. Treatment centers like this one in mozambique was still active 20 years later. They charge really is a problem. Because again, its been impossible to come up with a vaccine despite lots of attempts. But the good news is they try very is that we have come up with and she retroviral drugs quite quickly after the virus is discovered, we came up with drugs that worked and quite quickly after that we came up with a highly effective, highly effective antiretroviral treatment the main that you basically could treat a child very in the same way. You could treat diabetes. Ok, you could cure a person of it. But just like a, someone with diabetes, they take insulin, they can live a normal life. Patients with hiv infection can live a normal life if they take their therapy. On the corona farm says the courts recent epidemics, including cave 19, jump from facts to another animal before infecting humans. To sleep, it is difficult to predict precisely what chain of events cools a pandemic. But one thing is certain, these risks can be mitigated by developing strategies to minimize ecological disturbances. Climate change is going to be increasing challenge and most were all for it in terms of resulting in the possibility of a future pandemics. You could argue in a way that the growth of ours has doubles table recalls. Its forcing us we can no longer ignore the way that we disrupt already, a bar part. Quite frankly. You know, even though weve had, weve known for 10 years alone, we are causing Climate Change and global warming. We really didnt do anything about it. You know, there was no real political will to follow through. Reason that is, were very bad a long time going through the political cycle of a new cycle means that you are a cultural, i mean users built into order a lot. But we have to get better of, you know, this is being a huge wake up there is an urgent need to prevent deforestation and reach use animal human interactions and a comprehensive global Surveillance System to monitor the emergence of these diseases will help us fight these deadly and terrifying the democrats. A lot of these vectors do better in hotter weather, which means that as the world heats up, viz, vectors will have increased range, which means that pathogens that used to be confined to rather localized regions because thats where the vectors all of a sudden are able to transmit more while more widely. So for instance, mosquitoes tend to breed much better and faster in warmer temperatures. And Climate Change removes and alters animals, habitats changing how they live, where they live, and who eats the way humans live has also changed. 55 percent of the global population now live in cities up from 35 percent 50 years ago. And these bigger cities provide new homes for wildlife rats, riku nest, foxes, birds, jackals, monkeys, which can live in the green spaces such as parks and gardens of the waste. Humans left behind, often wildlife species are more successful in cities than in the wild because of the plentiful food supply. Making urban spaces a melting pot for evolving disease and is an unprecedented shift in human population is one reason why more diseases originating asia and africa. The most rapid urbanization is happening here with the majority of the worlds population in our lives. If we get and move in the right appears climate based refugees. Not only do you have a conduit of populations with all the pathogens that they are carrying, moving from one part of the role to the other. But when you have refuge or use, often they did not have access to out of grad water supply is safe water or adequate Public Health measures. And that may not be where their biggest priorities are. And so all of those conditions are very conducive to the future alfreds and in the age of global air travel. Human interconnectivity can aggravate the transmission of diseases. As kobe had 19 showed, and Infectious Disease that starts in one part of the world can spread global in such an enormous time once and then in 2019, there were only over 4000000000 flights that people took notice. So when you have people flying quickly, long distances, many people flying quickly over long distances that serves to connect, connect the world. People travel fast relative to the Recovery Time for the pathogen now, so it means that someone can be, can be infected at the beginning of their journey and still be infected at the end of their journey with very little change in health conditions. So thats new. I think the other thing thats different is that when you had these pathogens travelling by, by steam, boat spied by trains, the routes of they could take were somewhat limited, which gave the possibility of greater control. You know, they could establish quarantines. You could establish Public Health measures to restrict the flow of these pathogens in controlled ways. Now there are so many routes from one country to another. So many ways that things can progress from one country to another or one region to another. That its much harder to control in the same way. But of course we do need to keep the economy moving. We still need to keep foodstuffs, you know, flying between countries. So, you know, theres a balance that, but these were not problems. People had the 980 when we had much shorter supply chains. In europe, at least in britain and france, the belligerent nations ruled a wartime footing. So they depended on their own resources for their food supplies. We live in a different world and that was a new opportunities because it 19 pandemic in early 2020, turned airports around the world into giant ghost towns. As a craft with billions, remained parked on runways. Massive Testing Centers for remaining key perimeters. While the Economic Impact of this nature will be felt for many years to do, you must think for 40 days and do the right. So we consume time. Colossal efforts being made to understand, contain and find cures to Infectious Diseases. At cambridge university. This containment facility has been built to do just this run by professor golden doogan, which is a state of the art facility outside of the facility as a cage. Cage is what we call the nod to terrorism and to threat cage that prevents people getting into this facility. We dont want in the facility we have to be at night to the south to virus growing here. You have to hate to have a virus a capability in this facility. On the back terrible side, we have the ability to grow the typhoid organism, the organism because of typhoid, which is up to about terror. And we have a room for that. The natives pandemic, like others before, has had massive lifestyle implications. So i am an Infectious Disease expert, and when i travel into real areas where i know diseases, im very careful about the way i managed myself in the environment social distancing, natural, humbling talking, old object natural. I think that will become much more. Its a natural instinct, i think its a natural instinct that weve lost. I think that will become more instinctive in people who look, ill ask the question. Am i likely to be infected by this kind of interaction . And sometimes it become not just on the terms how come the real seyfried unsustainably tear for this makes it easier. Others say 1st who can cycle her asking the nurse to do this wherever possible. Saving space from public transport person susan bolton, cycling would also help improve londons air quality and its great feel monsoon. Physically, all aspects of our daily life have been affected from Office Workers working from home. Each unhappy are huge challenges for life, the meat packing industry, which weve now discovered like, you know, incubates, its high sort of code of ours, right . That puts all the table if i could put it that way. The whole question of meat consumption, as the Economy Speed up more, more people come to cities, you need more more out of all protein to feed those labor forces. So this is a huge question for the world going forward. And now weve seen the power of the pandemics have to disrupt, not just social life, but Economic Life and political life. The huge stress test. What a pandemic is, the stresses it shows where all the fishes and cracks all in your economy and in your political systems. Of government and also also very tough questions of politicians who is up to the general, who is actually capable of sorting out the say. So as long as we have a society based upon constant disruption, there will be continued in increasing opportunities for pathogens to take advantage of the resulting opportunities that arise. The key point is that we use our faculty of reasoning to understand whats going on here. And to work out what all the interventions that we need to apply im looking at was in place. And thats where weve made tremendous advances in the last 150 years and understand the obviously every day. I mean, hes a tragedy, but this is a struggle. We are on balance winning and we will win this battle and then im trying to function in the bat. Play the current for a tallish. Until now the germans have a lot of cash because at 19 is fundamentally changing match. How was it in other european countries, and what are the consequences of this development . Will cope with 19 cash flows of 30 minutes on d, w columns. Cox informed the top manager defeats temperament. Classically single handedly changed the extremists getting mindset step up in their 1st, win of the season, 90 minutes on d, w from the ghetto to her. Every coda knows probably why, despite coming from a poor family, the pop star wants to become president. Shes a god, this elite bomb. Credible story of bobby one starts december 10th on t. W. Place. Blame place. This is data over the news live from 3 weeks after the election and theres a green light for the president ial transition in the u. S. Federal government recognizes joe biden as the apparent winner of the voters, is tame. 10 now get started on the handover process that was told by the trump ministration, also coming out another promising breakthrough in the race to roll out a covert. 19 vaccine. Astra zeneca says the vaccine could be 90 percent effective and has many advantages of a rival formula