Transcripts For DW Kulturzeit 20240711

Freedom Fighters Group were demonstrating near a school said to have held an all White Dance Party in october. South africas president has called for an investigation, just scribing the clashes as deeply regrettable the german president has taken part in commemorations marking 75 years since the start of the nuremberg trials. 24 high ranking representatives of germanys nazi regime were brought to justice for war crimes, paving the way for the creation of the International Criminal court in the hague. This is d. W. News from berlin. Follow us on twitter and instagram it d w news or visit t w dot com the world is marking and remembering nuremberg, 75 years ago, the trials began in that city of prominent members of the political, military and Economic Leadership of nazi germany. And so the 1st prosecutions under International Jurisdiction and the 1st prosecutions for crimes against humanity. And also led to the establishment of the International Criminal court. I am phil graham, in berlin, and this is the day the major war criminals trial in nuremberg was revolutionary against the, the beginning of International Criminal justice. But 1st without nuremberg. There would be less hope of justice for the victims of life. Also on the day, saudi arabia is hosting a g. 20 summit with the coronavirus at the top of the agenda. But its the countrys human rights record thats in the spotlight. 20 presidency. The government of saudi arabia has been hard at work, trying to rebrand its image, and yet behind these initiatives and reform, the reality on the ground is that there is a brutal crackdown by the authorities. National welcome to the day we begin with the 75th anniversary of the nuremberg trials of followed world war 2. A landmark event in history. It was the 1st International Tribunals of war criminals. Defendants included the top members of germanys nazi regime, who survived the war, and they faced charges including crimes and crimes against humanity. The trial of the original 24. 00 defendants last october, 1946 of resulted in jail terms and death penalties. Only 3 were acquitted. Or a ceremony to mark the anniversary has been held in the courtroom in which those trials took place. Germanys president frank talked about the pioneering nature of those proceedings. He didnt. The idea of the nuremberg trials was groundbreaking. Law setting limits to the blatant abuse of power. It was the foundation for universal criminal law and International Criminal justice an International Order based on law and justice. It was also the foundation for a principle of universal jurisdiction. So that nowhere in the world, crimes and crimes against humanity should go unpunished. Barry white is a historian at the United States Holocaust Memorial museum in washington. D. C. A welcome to how would you rate the significance of these events 7075 years ago . Well, it was definitely a momentous historical event and really marked a nature and human quest for justice. They have been lots of arguments about whether these trials actually served justice. The defense argued that it was wrong to indict people for violating those that didnt exist when they committed the acts of which the bellator accused. But he is one of the chief prosecutors about trial. This is benjamin ferentz with a different take on the potential for injustice. Actually, how can i balance the scales and judge whos on the one hand, im not 20, its a nuisance. Oh, you know, i havent got a 1000000 victims. That it cant be done. You know, nobody justice in a situation like this. So barry white with we had for a day were french and british and soviet and american lawyers drawing up a vis procedure. Was there unanimity about what justice looked like . Yes i think by the time of the trial it wasnt a foregone conclusion that there would be a trial at the end of the war. Churchill and stalin were still arguing for summary executions of nazi leaders. But the United States in particular, argued that they really needed to be a different process that not just another incident of victors exacting vengeance on the defeated. But a process that people, especially germans would see is fair. And also crosses that were certain not only to punish nazi germanys leaders for their crimes, but also to prevent those kinds of crimes from being committed in the future. As Robert Jacksons that she, prosecutor, for the us at nuremberg said, civilization couldnt avoid, afford to ignore such devastating crimes because it wouldnt survive their repetition. And so the us argued that a trial, we give them the opportunity to present to of the world, the evidence of the crimes that were committed. And by giving the defendants confronting them at the evidence and giving the defendants the opportunity to defend themselves. It would be a process that would be seen as fair, and were also set a legal precedent for the future. And why was nuremberg chosen as the location for this trial . Well, there wasnt a building standing in berlin and there was a margin of to search for the purpose. And there was the palace of justice in her very it had not endured much damage. It could easily be remodeled to hold this kind of trial and it had a connection to a prison. And then her brick had a certain symbolic value because it was the location of the massive nazi party rallies. And also gave its name to the nuremberg laws, which provided the legal basis for the persecution of the jews in nazi germany. So as we heard from the german president from valve these events of 75 years ago, i have had massive ramifications over the years. It in legal terms that the nuremberg trials for this template for dispensing international justice. But you could just tell us a bit more about that. Yes. The trials, after the trout was over, the United Nations unanimously adopted what were called the nuremberg principles into International Law. And so those who read that the 3 crimes that were charged their crimes against peace were cracked, crimes against humanity were violations of International Law that anyone who committed those crimes, even head of state sponsored before them, that the process of holding them accountable should be through a fair trial based on the facts and law, and that defendants couldnt escape responsibility by arguing that they had just been orders. So this, the trial was 75 a years ago. Do you think there is good reason to keep going back and examining what happened . Yes, absolutely. Mean those principles, the nuremberg principles became the basis for International Criminal law today. And while its true that its still pretty rare for the perpetrators of International Crimes to be brought to justice. I dont think you can find many people who would argue against the principle that such perpetrators should be held to account or that that kind of justice should be exactly through a fair trial based on the facts are. And its reasonable to question whether he does principles would be so universally accepted if the nuremberg trial had not been held. Ok, so now were in a situation where its all happened and were looking back in, in history. I wonder. Do you think when you look now at whats going on with the International Criminal court and how it exists, but it, it is often held in contempt by, by some jurisdictions have those lessons been learned. And well, as i said, its still stuck a long ways to go before those principles that restaff wish to norm berg are universally practiced. That theres no question that the International Criminal court is not the only avenue or ensuring that those prints are following those principles. There are us is really best if possible, to try perpetrators in the places where they committed their cry. Its. And then theres also the possibility for 3rd parties under universal jurisdiction to charge the perpetrators of International Crimes. Germany has do not right now. Some people involved in torture, systematic torture in syria, and also i believe with the genocide of the his city in iraq, a very watch from the United States, a Holocaust Memorial museum. Thank you. Welcome was prosecutions are well, not just a landmark in legal history, and that report takes a look at 2 people who were directly affected by events in new york. In 1944, peter guard was 14 years old when he, his mother and his sister, were deported to the auschwitz concentration camp. One year later, at the nuremberg trial, he recognised some of the men who sent them to the gas chamber. It was pure luck that he survived. I followed the trial and felt great satisfaction, that at least the main were brought to justice by the allies, and that they finally received their just punishment. Nicholas frank also experienced an unexpected end to his carefree childhood. His father hunts frank was hitlers deputy in occupied poland. Hans was one of the main war criminals dubbed the butcher of poland. Nicholas was only 6 then. He was teased at school at school, some kids made up rhymes minister, minister gas canister. Because i was the son of a heist minister, but that wasnt so bad. Other one said to me again, nicki nickie. That was my nickname. Your daddy will be hanged soon. So i just answered. Yes. Up until the very end, the main war criminals denied the systematic extermination of jews. They tried to deny everything and said they knew nothing. But during the trial, they were shown films of the concentration camps with the mountains of corpses. And afterwards, even putin himself was dazed. None of the accused at the nurnberg trial to credit for their actions. They pushed the responsibility up the chain of command. They said they only have bad orders. They blamed everything on hitler or himmler who were both dead by then. Nicholas for father was sentenced to death. He isnt 11 more death sentences were carried out on october 16th, 1946 and at the movies. Back then they showed not how they were hung, but how they lay in their coffins with the white and black stripes noose around their necks. And i thought they all deserved to wear that next time. Nicholas hong, always carries a photo of his hanged father with him. And whenever he feels just a touch of pity for his dad, he thinks of auschwitz. And then he affirms the verdict of the nuremberg trial was just now on saturday, saudi arabia plays host to the g 20 summit of the worlds richest economies. But questions being asked about how a country with such a dubious human rights record comes to be hosting such a Prestigious International event. The kingdoms a defacto ruler, crown prince mohammed, bin sultan. Bad news came to present the kingdom as a place of change and reform as he seeks to diversify its economy away from oil and to international tourist. Destination is even that women drive cars, but the dark stadiums of his countrys actions are not so easily washed away. Alexandra phenomena reports on outspoken critic of saudi arabias government, murder and saudi consulate. Blogger arrived, but dar we publicly flogged and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Paul, legit, lee insulting islam activist luge, you know, lotro all detained for seeking the right to drive. Those are just 3 examples of Human Rights Violations in saudi arabia. The country hosting this years to 20 summit since assuming the g 20 presidency, the government of saudi arabia has been hard at work trying to rebrand its image. So theres a large Public Relations Campaign Underway in order to encourage investment in the country. And yet behind these initiatives and reform, the reality on the ground is that there is a brutal crackdown being led by the soviet authorities against its own nationals. And thats the reason why european lawmakers are taking a stand you cannot remain silent. Last month they passed a resolution calling on the u. Officials to downgrade their presence a patient in this summit, even though its only a Virtual Event marked or a bell is spearheading, they can pain. We ask for the dont gridding why . Because an empty seat is not a good policy, it would be better to send of the legation who is able to deliver a message, a strong message that will do so. The oto to please the lawmakers also send a personal letter to European Commission president or the law funded lie and European Council President Shall michel, we ask the commission for their response and were told the summit was too important not to attend. Weve been raising our concerns and we discussed further how to improve the human rights situation, the protection of human rights in the kingdom. And we will continue to pay off most attention to this question. If you Officials Say its important to maintain dialogue and keep Communication Channels open, but the human Rights Groups argue, the leaders must use this summit as an opportunity to ramp up the pressure on riyadh and hold the country to account for human rights abuses. They demanded that at least all the womens rights activists currently in jail should be released as soon as possible. After all, one of the themes of the g. 20 is womens empowerment. One of the people that is hunter phenomena named in that report are suffering abuse by saudi authorities as activists troll who spent nearly 3 years in a maximum security prison for campaigning for the right to drive. A family has been campaigning for her release, and her sister, lena joins us now from berlin. Welcome to day w. Can we start with you or your sister . What is the last you heard of . So i personally and that are that have any contact with her directly because ive brought a celeb parents visited her on the 26 and thats the last news that handles there. That day she told him that she will be starting at hunters take that day because as to a new years of imprisonment, to be containment, she told them that its just too much now that she doesnt want to survive this anymore if shes not even allowed to have regular calls, and we dont have any news. And worse, even the human rights commission, the saudi human rights commission, luxe and mutes, come instantly to anyone asking about my sister. So we are really worried. So, given the best of baccarat master give about background, i wonder why you feel about saudi arabia being in the world, spotlight as it plays host to the g 20. Do you welcome the attention this brings to the kingdom and your spouse and possibly to your sister . Schools, or would you rather see riyadh sort of shunned as a way of putting pressure on your forces. I think this summit to 20 summit should not get to legitimize itself, and i think its directed the do is to have structural discussions. And if he had to duck a bill to do unite, and dick earth, which human rights and for that i think that its directed. And he has to talk about the human rights situation of the country. That is, most of them and of priority should be asked and to return to the release of the activist that has been leading the great changes crown prince muhammad, seen to be revamping the kingdoms international image. Women are now allowed to drive and go to concerts and even attend a sporting events. Timely advances when viewed from a western perspective. But i guess requiring a significant cultural shift within the country. I mean, i think that saudi arabia is only its only that its opening up that its modernizing. The country has never had so much repression inside of the country. So everything, all the great changes that the west sees our own. Please accept my dry. Think are always going to have a new lawsuit for example, and they allowed to travel a little. And now let me go see in western media is that there is disobedience also, basically meant i didnt have the rights to this freedom. And if you believe his daughter or his wife, this will be him when travelling and he can stop you and in prison here. Same goes with the religious police. We see that there is no religious police anymore. But again, its going to inflame the public decency law, which basically allows the policeman to the rest of women, or anyone who he thinks is not based on his own morals. He thinks is not decent enough. So the red lines are not known anymore. Everything is very arbitrary, people are very scared inside of the country. There is a real atmosphere of fear, so everything we see able to resurface and opening up. Its only a whitewash of everything is of the repression that is happening inside of the country. Briefly, if you would mark, what would be your message being world leave us virtually really had i think my message is quite clear. Its not possible to go back to business as usual in saudi arabia when it imprisons torture is actually reform. There is saudi people cannot be hurt any more of a their own governments, you know, its the duty of the International Community thats legit demises. This region when its just sad and so they have to speak up. They have to, to be our voice basically because saudi arabia only distance to the International Community and doesnt listen to us anymore. And we think its a moral duty now for saudi arabias allies to ask for their release of the people who have been trying to reform the country for wishing well. In fact, to show much for joining us. Thank you there as the 1st of 3 districts to be part of a contentious peace accord. The agreement was brokered by russia which sent troops to the region to oversee the withdrawal. It ended weeks of fighting over the disputed region of nagornokarabakh, which is inside azerbaijan, but has been controlled by our media for decades in september as an offensive to reclaim the territory. Well, under the peace deal, have to leave the 3 areas by the 1st of december show it has been made city a cat and sent this report. After weeks of fear that the fighting in has ended hundreds of refugees returning to their every day. Russian peacekeepers watch over the process. Which is just like the recent peace deal is a betrayal. We dont know what we will do and where we will. We just came here because we have no other option. We dont have i left everything behind in shoes. She a 2 bedroom apartment with everything in us, old enough and renovation. I didnt even manage to take any clothing with me. My neighbors, some of my clothes, one of everything, and this is wash. I came here in with a population of just over 50000 people is the biggest city in here think they could soon be dealing with up to 25000 refugees from nearby regions which are no longer under armenian control. Had several hotels or big hotels so that people can live there for now. While we Start Building more houses for people who have come from the regions all want to live in stock on the cards. And we have to explain to them this step on the card isnt big enough to provide for everyone. We have to send them to live in villages in other areas. Even for those who didnt leave, theres a lot of rebuilding to do. Traces of the recent war lurk around every corner. People in have gotten used to living in the middle of a frozen conflict. But after the most recent fighting, even that normality seems far away is preparing for the return of his children and grandchildren who left during the fighting. The windows of his building got blown out in a bomb blast for now, plastic sheets will have to do instead. The 65 year old says he and his neighbors lived in the basement for around 3 weeks. Can still remember the fierce fighting of the 990 s. It was machinegun fire back and forth. This time it was really scary weapons. We have to start over now. We dont have anything. We dont have work either probably going to do our best to live and well. Even with destruction everywhere, most people say leaving is not an option. Has just gotten smaller. It will always be there homeland. For us drugs, money factor of 5. 00, and its german partner bound tech, became the 1st companies to apply for emergency approval of their covered 19 vaccine in the u. S. If approved by the food and drug administration, it could be distributed by early or late december. The company say trials indicate their vaccine is 95 percent effective. And theres hope from other drugs firms. The u. S. Drugs maker is also expected to apply for emergency approval. This week the company said its vaccine is 95 percent effective in trials Astra Zeneca Oxford University Plan to release results of very late stage trials before christmas. And russia says its 5 vaccine is 92 percent effective. The w. H. O. Is in talks with moscow over a potential application for emergency approval. That was the day as ever the conversation continues online at the w. Im a good luck. Charm and cattle to limit the power of the book. To almost plug in hybrid cars. The choice of good looks sexy. Read some good looks here and more beer. What else is there today . I want to find out what munichs got to offer for turner. Its fun to come here for a change. How about chimps and art history and culture musics got something well the 60 minutes p. W. Told nico piece in germany to learn german, published in the why not learn with him w z learning course plecos fake. 2 2 2 2 2 2 thats a lovely live look we are living during the most extraordinary time history. Thanks for the fully electric length of the also and minutes he said