Still gail. Welcome to the program. 35 years ago, the nuremberg trials brought nazi leaders to justice in was his being called the birth of International Law, 24 high ranking representatives of the german regime, but tried for war crimes in the southern german city of new era. But it was the 1st ever tribunals of its kind. The 1st time any countrys leaders have been required to answer to an International Calls a year later guilty verdicts lead to prison sentences and 12 death penalties. The trial became a milestone and paved the way for the creation of the International Criminal court in the hague. During a ceremony at nuremberg palace of justice, where those trials took place, german president frank gave an address and for sizing thinks the nuremberg trials of the main war. Criminals were revolutionary and they didnt just make legal history. They made World History start that ice, but a city known for the nuremberg rally in the race laws held a mirror up to germans. Indic nurnberg confronted them in plain view of the world with the fact that naziism itself, including its conduct in war, was criminal. And it takes too long and for breaking it isnt. That puts it, the nuremberg trials and the judgment put an end to any justification. They demanded an entire change of mindset, but germans had a hard time with that. The learning process here and outside of germany was protracted along the it ordering and if it werent for nuremberg war lords from serbia, croatia, or rwanda, for instance, wouldnt have been punished for mass murder, torture, and rape. And genocide would not be prosecuted as a crime stuff to go on and if it werent for nurnberg, there would be no principle of International Law. And National Courts could not prosecute violations of International Law making for good. Lets join the w. s political correspondent, simon young, who is outside the palace of justice, where the ceremony is underway. Welcome assignment to tell us about whats going on tonight. Well, its been a year, a solemn act of remembrance failing courtroom, 600 in the palace of justice. Here behind me, where the nuremberg trials began 75 years ago. And as you were saying, president steinmeyer, i think, made a very thoughtful speech. There. He was saying that the principle that governments and states must be held to account if they, if they commit atrocities or of crimes of perpetrated in their name. And that was really what began here in europe. Doing nothing, giving no response as some suggest it was not an option. He said it really was a revolution of world historical significance. That of course, did lead to the institutions of International Criminal justice like the i. C. C. That we see today. So president dime, i was recalling all those things. We also heard from the Foreign Ministers representatives of the year for victorious allies in the 2nd world war, but also from the chief prosecutor in one of the follow on trials from the main, International Military tribunal. The socalled s. S. , i know that in that group and trial at the g. Prosecutor venue, i mean ferentz. Now, in his eightys, he sent a video message, a paling to the world to promote the principle of law rather than war. And he mentioned how wars are still going on even today. All right, well let me stop you there for a moment, simon, as were going to hear from benjamin, who you mentioned that he was part of the Prosecution Team and was building the case against the nazi officials. Hes been speaking to about his historic role. And i got 30 indignant, and i said, loath i got my hands. You mad martin run for president. Im not going to have you back to go. Benjamin ferenc was the chief prosecutor in the trial of the s. S. Death squad members at nurnberg in 1947. He was 27 years old and had already fought as a u. S. Soldier against the nazis might for it to simon was to set up a law Crimes Branch for the euro zone by going into the concentration camps as they were liberated. Nobody saw what i saw because i didnt write with. And knowing youre dead bodies lying on the ground, piled up, waiting for a democratic lawyer. Friends, collected evidence of nazi war crimes. In the trials, he brought charges against more than 20 men for murdering a 1000000. People in his indictment however, he stressed that he didnt want revenge vengeance. I sure hope can balance the scales of justice. On the one hand, im not 20 minutes. Oh yeah, i havent got a 1000000 victims. Sorry, cant be down here. Well, no reach out to us in a situation like this, the legs arms were murdered, their unions, you know, were raised on the green. There are common to all the color there too, if you will. Now you can share and always act out. There is heaps of merit security, some are honest if we can make that a crime and that is a crime not against the redskins. Its not quite against your mind at the trials ended in 1988, which guilty verdicts for the 22 defendants. But france didnt stop there. He continued to fight for justice and push to establish an International Criminal court. That court became a reality in 1908 at a conference in rome. Ferenc was there. Actually, i began saying, i have come to rome to speak for those who cannot speak their victims. And the only authority ever comes from my op. So its really what is only the beginning. Catching the minors you have to set up a court on the record that you wouldnt future to deter any such pride in creature. The i. C. C. Has been in operation in the hague since 2002. In just over 2 dozen cases, it has investigated possible war crimes and crimes against humanity. Ferenc has traveled to the hague several times to take part. Ive come a long way in what ive seen when you have an International Criminal court, it has its problems. Serious problems. You dont get a lot of cooperation should have more cooperation, but maybe he says, the secret to succeeding at this is simple. Never get out. Scot to simon young. Im simon. Tell us more about the significance of nuremberg well, so as we said, it really was the cradle of International Criminal justice and laid down clearly for the 1st time and put into reality this principle that governments must be held accountable if crimes of perpetrated in their name the nuremberg trials were groundbreaking in several ways with the charges of crimes against humanity and genocide and so on for the 1st time really put to the fore. And it was also innovative, i should say in that they brought together the different legal traditions of the different allied powers involved, a lot of similar tiniest translation, something where you see today. But of course, back in 1945 was it was pretty new. Also, the presentation of evidence in the form of films, those horrifying films of piles of bodies from the nazi concentration camps and so on, confronting the accused with incontrovertibly, evidence of their crimes. So there were many ways in which nuremberg sort of set, the tone of board what happened later. And as we said, the i. C. C. , the International Criminal court in the hague, is really the most prominent example of the legacy from iran, back and 75 years on simon here in germany. What is the feeling about those trials today . Well, i think there is a consciousness that you know, something of lost in significance in the form of the, of the i. C. C. And also the whole principle of human rights, which germany holds dear. That is emerged from what happened here. There has to be a response when crimes are committed. And i think thats understood in germany around europe, around the world as president steinmeier was saying, its just a pity that not all countries have signed up to the International Criminal court. Not, not least, the u. S. And russia a couple of those victorious countries in 9045, which was so so much behind the nuremberg process as it began 75 years ago. Simon young in nuremberg, thank you. On to other news and german drug develop our bound tech and its u. S. Partner, pfizer are seeking emergency authorization for their corona virus vaccine in the united states. Its a 1st time such a vaccine has been put before the u. S. Food and drug administration. And if approved, it would be a major step in the fight against the pandemic. The u. S. Government expects a decision to be made in mid december, much faster than the normal 8 years in the firm say they would be, could be, could begin distributing the vaccine within hours of approval. Azerbaijans army says its entered territory that armenia is handing over as part of a contentious peace deal. The agreement was brokered by russia and ended weeks of fighting in and around the disputed region of nagornokarabakh. The peace deal has been controversial in armenia, but under its terms armenian troops have until the 1st of december to withdraw. The fighting is officially over, but normal life is still a long way away for those affected by the conflict. He doesnt use every show reports. After weeks of fear, now that the fighting has ended, hundreds of refugees are returning to their every day. Russian peacekeepers watch over the process. But not everyone has a home to come back to her mother from the nearby city of shushi, which is now under control. Just like for many here to them. The recent peace deal is a betrayal. We dont know what we will do and where we will live. We just came here because we have no other option. We didnt have a home. I left everything behind in shoes. She a 2 bedroom apartment with everything in us, old enough and renovate what i didnt even manage to take any clothing with me. My neighbors dog, some of my clothes, one of everything under says wash. I came here in with a population of just over 50000 people is the biggest city in here think they could soon be dealing with up to 25000 refugees from nearby regions which are no longer under armenian control. Had several hotels big hotels. So the people can live there for now, while we Start Building more houses, that people have come from the regions all want to live in stock on the cuts. And we have to explain to them this isnt big enough to provide for everyone. We have to live in villages in other areas, even for those who didnt leave their traces of the recent war, lurk around every corner, people and have gotten used to living in the middle of a frozen conflict. But after the most recent fighting, even that normality seems far away is preparing for the return of his children and grandchildren who left during the fighting. The windows of his building got blown out in a bomb blast for now, plastic sheets will have to do instead. The 65 year old says he and his neighbors lived in the basement for around 3 weeks. Many can still remember the fierce fighting of the 990 s. It was machinegun fire back and forth. This time it was really scary weapons. We have to start over now. We dont have anything, we dont have work either but were going to do our best to live well. Even with destruction everywhere, most people say leaving is not an option. Even if it has just gotten smaller, it will always be their homeland. And ted is now about talk of it has reached the last 4 of the a. T. P. Finals as he tries to equal Roger Federers record 6. Wins at the season ending tournament effaced a tough opponent in japanese, alexanders farah. But the serbian prevailed in 2 sets of taking the 1st set, 6301 a tie, break in the 2nd to clench the match. The faces u. S. Open champion summit to take in saturdays 75 thats more fear of the top of the hour. The doctors covered 19 special is next going to the fight against the corona virus. Pandemic has the rate of infection been developing. What does the latest research say . Information and context . The coronavirus update. 19 special on t w. Every day counts for us and for our planet. The ideas is on its way to bring you more conservation. How to make cities rain. How can we protect our tests . We can make a difference in the u. S. Environmental series in the 3000 on t. W. And on the corona virus is respiratory disease. It attacks the lungs and other organs in its attempt to infect its host. But it has another strategy. Air pollution. Scientists believe it uses fine particulate matter as a carrier. Studies show, the pollution also lays the groundwork for the virus aggravating the throat and lungs to make us more susceptible to covered a toxic and potentially deadly partnership. Air pollution and covert 19 invisible killer and its little helper. A lot of cities around the world have been promising to clean up their act and clear the air. Now theyve got another reason to act. The coronavirus. There are many sources of particulate pollution. The primary one is emissions from combustion in power plants, planes, and car engines. Vehicles also produced particles through break where anti reparation. Agricultural emissions are also a big contributor, particles invisible to the naked eye, a classified by diameter, pm 10 out of 10. My crewmates has smaller fine inhalable particles have diameters of 2. 5 micro meters or less. And then there are all true fine particles less than 0 point one micro meters in diameter, depending on their size and how deeply they penetrate tissue. Inhaled particles, have different effects on health market, and i was here and we believe that the smaller the particular matter is, the greater the probability is that it will reach the bloodstream. After inhalation and be taken up by the cardiovascular system. If these tiny particles can build up in arteries and damage their insides, and thats where the sars codes to virus also causes much of its most serious damage. As recent studies show as a dozen tried. And they showed us where the Decisive Point is that we have discovered that the virus infection in covert 19 only affects the inner layer of the blood vessels. The socalled and the seal cells. And as it happens, that is also the target of a fine particular matter. Theres a strong correlation between air pollution and covert 1000 mortality rates. The risk of dying from the disease is higher, the longer we are exposed to air polluted with these particles. Thats the result of a study coauthored by the scientist in mind. It came to the conclusion that a stunning 15 percent of covert 1000 related deaths worldwide are linked to long term exposure to air pollution. Based on health records, the authors say that the figure for north america amounts to 17 percent 19 percent for europe, and about 27 percent in east asia. This highlights the risks posed by at pollution even before the pandemic. We currently have more than 1000000 deaths from the corona virus pandemic, but we know that a particular matter causes nearly 9000000 deaths a year. Well, why . Thats an indication of how much attention the coronavirus is getting compared to particulate pollution. I believe we need to rethink properly. Scientists say policymakers need to do more to combat air pollution and they need to take the recommendations of the World Health Organization seriously. Prince very need limits for fine particulate matter that protect us from the impact on house. W. H. O. Defines the limits of 10 micrograms per cubic meter as healthy, while 90 percent of the worlds population effectively lives above that limit. The correlation between ad pollution and Health Outcomes exists even if the connection hasnt been directly proven so far. Many scientists are convinced that very high levels of particulates, massive in the air we breathe, weakens our immune response. And that a matter of grave concern, especially in the time of the coronavirus relief, as hes managing director of the Max Planck Institute for chemistry and mines, where he heads the department of atmospheric chemistry and lead that study. We mentioned in the report you found exposure to particulate air pollution contributes 15 percent to total mortality. How did you get to that result . Yes, well we are combining data. And primarily we were using a study in the united states. It made use of an analysis of 65000000. 00 people who participated in medicare and there they had analyzed all the relationship between air pollution and premature death from covert. How do you manage to measure something . So tiny is this fine particulate matter that we mentioned in this . Well, you can measure the degree clean, for example, in air quality networks. But we also make use of measurements from space. Because the more particles that come into your lungs are also about the same size as the wavelength of the light of the sun. So they scatter the cell, they reflect the sunlight and strong instruments. You could see them quite well. It sounds like fascinating stuff, but at the end of the day, the more polluted your skies are, the higher the risk of catching tobit is. Is that right . Well thats actually more the, the air pollution causes preconditions or it aggravates preconditions that causes it more severe outcome of covert 90. So you cant really say its possible, but thats something we dont know that air pollution causes or allows covert 19 to become to get infected more easily. But the main reason we think is that air pollution causes preconditions that aggravate the over 1000 outcome. I guess that the Great Lockdown was a great thing in the air pollution fell in many cities, meaning fewer toted, carrying particles around and less aggravation. Yes, its a little bit more complicated than that. This is possible, but this would be this direct effect. For example, if air pollution triggers the body to be more receptive of the virus, that would certainly be reduced with a covert look down. But the point is that the long term exposure to air pollution causes chronic diseases like lung diseases including lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, heart conditions, etc. And these are exactly the conditions that make the suffering from cove it more severe. So its, its more the preconditioning actually that, that where the air pollution plays a role. So we cant just be tapping the cold or pandemic. We need to be tackling absolution. Definitely we will. Yeah. Its just another example of air pollution causing a disease is and of course its already a factor. We knew it causes Life Expectancy to be shorter. But now we also see that theres a direct relationship with covert 19, which is not entirely surprising because the disease actually, you know, through the lungs through the cardiovascular system is very similar as the effect of air pollution. And that again is very similar as the effects of smoking, which is also a precondition that makes the outcome of covert 1000. 00 more severe. I understand why it took the world so long to understand the dangers of tobacco, considering the huge corporations behind the advertising campaigns. But what about m pollution . I mean, was it taken a so long to catch on to the fact that its bad for us . Yes. Well, many people have known this for a long time, but its of course not so easy to do something about it. I mean, in europe we have, we have programs trying to reduce air pollution, but its has of course, economic implications. And its not only a cost factor in terms of, you know, reducing the emissions. Of course you gain on the other side because you have less health expenses. But you know, this is a system that needs to be politically controlled because the, the person who, who profits from better air quality is not the person who would have to pay for reducing it. So this is really a question of putting policies in place and making sure that those who actually pay for the mighty geisha measures of the reduction of pollution. But also in some way profit and not are the only ones to pay for. Those clearly said managing director of the Max Planck Institute for chemistry in mind. Thank you very much. Bio intake and pfizer are applying in the u. S. For a merge and say use of the vaccine at the 1st to do so. That Companies Say a good Safety Record should qualify it for use before final testing is complete. A limited number of shots could be ready next month. And the money more time this week is there williams, our science correspondent answering your questions on the coronavirus. Why are mortality rates so low and in densely populated country like india . India has the 2nd highest number of reported kovan 1000 cases in the world behind, the u. S. But has only logged about half as many deaths. So to put that in terms that weve all become familiar with, it appears to have an extremely low case fatality rate compared to most western countries. Why . We dont know, but the experts trying to puzzle it out say a number of different factors are probably playing roles 1st, of course, is that almost all agree that under reporting as involved as they say that india struggled to record accurate death statistics under, under normal circumstances, before the pandemic, and if anything, Health Officials have been struggling more since it began, but, but is there more to it than that . Another line of thinking says young average age in indias population could also be making a difference. And then there are some researchers who believe that whats known as the hygiene hypothesis could be involved. It postulates that people exposed to more pathogens early in life are less likely to develop the overreactive, the new systems later, which cause auto immune conditions like allergies. And as we know many, if not most over 1000 patients die, basically because of an auto immune reaction that spins out of control. So are a lot more indians surviving because there are systems had to learn to deal with a much wider range of pathogens as children. And they dont go into a tailspin. Now when they catch source code to maybe its an interesting hypothesis but, but its also one thats hard to prove. And by the way, many of the same arguments are being used to explain whats going on in most of africa, where people also arent getting sick and dying at rates that experts and michelle, the predicted they would, williams that ive been fizzling for any other developments of the virus goes well website called slash 290. 00, but for god. So more energy to burn fossil. This doesnt just mean transitioning to new energy. Here, it means having access to electricity. Currently only about 5 percent of the population has this privilege. The government project is seeking to change that first off under soft use in life times where i come from. Roggio remains an important confidence off transmitting a new and for mission. And when i was young, my country was growing confidence. The war people, most people would cause them to see it was mine, joel 2 in one of the not just states. So as not everyone in that town. Listen to those updates. Mention cause in principle. My unknown katia into one more signs i spoke to in my choice of the scott because their way to try to speak the truth and i want to talk to the few new ideas i needed for equal funding. Mobility in big cities everywhere. That of course, includes africa and europe and on the show today will be showing some exciting new developments in that sector. And then welcome to the coffee cup. Im now tie in to nigeria and i am song for it to know in the