Asking the u. S. Regulators to allow emergency use of the covert 19 vaccine developed by its german partner beyond tick. It starts the clock on a process that could deliver limited 1st doses as early as next month. Pfizer and biotech have announced that their vaccine appears. 95 percent effective in preventing mild to severe covert. 19. Austria has announced plans for mass testing to begin next month. Testing the general population will be carried out in 2 rounds, one in december and 1 in january participation will be voluntary. The World Health Organization has said the drug rendez, of ish, should not be used to treat patients hospitalized with covert 19. It had been same as a potential treatment, but the w. H. O. Said there was a lack of evidence that it improved patient survival rates or reduce the need for ventilation. 75 years ago today, the trials opened in nuremberg of 24 high ranking members of the nazi dictatorship. The judicial proceedings were the 1st of their kind. The nuremberg trials sought to hold individuals to account instead of punishing an entire nation. I also came to lay the foundations for todays International Criminal court in the hague. Reichs marshall, hermann, goering, hitlers Deputy Rudolf Hess and chief ideologist Alfred Rosenberg in the dock on november 20th, 1945, many other leading nazi figures have by vend gone into hiding or committed suicide, including hitler. But for the 1st time in history, the rulers of a country had to answer to an International Criminal court. The allies wanted to show that the individuals would be held responsible for the crimes of the nazis, not the german people as a home. The charges against the main war, criminals included conspiracy against world pace planning, unleashing and conducting a war of aggression, crimes and violations of martial law. Crimes against humanity. Because people are going into a not guilty like home and getting none of the cues were willing to take responsibility. Many germans only learnt about the unbelievable extent of the crimes during the trial. On october 1st, 946, the sentences were handed down 3 acquittals, 3 life sentences for prison sentences, 12 death sentences were carried out shortly afterwards. The nuremberg trials became a historical milestone and they paved the way for the future International Criminal court in the hague. Joining me now is philip sands is a professor of laws and the director of the center on International Courts and tribunals at University College london. Mr. Sands, thanks for joining me. These trials were groundbreaking on so many levels, given the unique circumstances. What exactly was unique about the trial . Well, it was the 1st time in Human History that any International Criminal trial had taken place. So it truly was a 1st and they literally had to invent new crimes to apply to these defendants. You mention crimes against humanity, but of course it was on this day 75 years ago that the word genocide was 1st used because it was created as a war crime. So it was a wholly original process untried, untested completely new waters. And i want to talk to you further, but before we continue, lets listen to 2 men spoke to one an hour. Thats survivor. And the other, the son of a nazi deputy, they told us about the impact that these tribunals had on their lives. In 1904 peter guard was 14 years old when he, his mother and his sister, were deported to the auschwitz concentration camp. One year later, at the nuremberg trial, he recognised some of the men who sent them to the gas chamber. It was pure luck that he survived. I followed the trial and felt great satisfaction, that at least the main criminals were brought to justice by the allies, and that they finally received their just punishment. Nicholas frank also experienced an unexpected end to his carefree childhood. His father hunts frank was hitlers deputy in occupied poland. Hans was one of the main war criminals dubbed the butcher of poland. Nicholas was only 6 then. He was teased at school at school, some kids made up rhymes minister, minister gas canister. Because i was the son of a heist minister, but that wasnt so bad. In other words, said to me again, nicki nickie. That was my nickname. Your daddy will be hanged soon. So i just answered. Yes. Up until the very end, the main war criminals denied the systematic extermination of jews. They tried to deny everything and said they knew nothing. But during the trial, they were shown films of the concentration camps with the mountains of corpses. And afterwards, even putin himself was dazed. None of the accused at the nurnberg trial took credit for their actions. They pushed the responsibility up the chain of command. They said they only have bad orders. They blamed everything on hitler or himmler who were both dead by then. Nicholas father was sentenced to death. He isnt 11 more death sentences were carried out on october 16th, 1946 and at the movies. Back then they showed not how they were hung, but how they lay in their conference with the white and black stripes noose around their necks. And i thought they all deserved to wear that next time. Nicholas fong always carries a photo of his hanged father with him. And whenever he feels just a touch of pity for his dad, he thinks of auschwitz. And then he affirms the burdick of the nuremberg trial was just mr. Sounds. Were heading back to you now. How just were these trials . They were also controversial. Well, you know, im actually in nuremberg, ill be attending this ceremony tonight with the president stand by, which is a great honor for me. And it was interesting for me to listen to nick. He helped me a lot on my book east west street. I was very surprised. The 1st time i met him, he said to me, you know, felipe, im against the Death Penalty in all cases except in the case of my father. And as you report, right, you know, it considers it to be just look, it wasnt a perfect trial. There were curious rules, english barristers were not allowed to act for the defense. And the german lawyers who represented the defendants had never really done crossexamination before in that english style. So it was far from perfect. Im not starry eyed about it, but it was a lot better than the alternative, which was churchills idea of lining up the defendant. And shooting them and what he did was it created the idea of justice in the courtroom. And of course, if we did not have nuremberg, we would not have had everything that was followed in terms of rwanda and yugoslavia and all sorts of other international arrivals. Or indeed, i want to ask you about that too. How important were the nuremberg trials for international law, or as we know it today . Absolutely. Crucial. All roads lead to new york, but, you know, last december i was in the International Court of justice in the hague. I was doing the case for the gambia against me and mall in relation to the treatment, the allegations of genocide against the Rohingya Community and sitting a couple of seats down for me, which i did saying sushi nobel prize winner. She would not have been in court in the hague, but for the nuremberg trials, its a simple as that it changed. Indeed it did for having said that we of course, have the International Criminal criminal court in the hague, the i. C. C. , but with many world powers such as the u. S. To china, russia not, not recognizing it. How effective can it day . Well, its, you know, its early days, International Justice and International Criminal law. I think it is a very long day in 1905. The world changed for the 1st time states loans. They could not treat their citizens and they wished they could kill them. They couldnt torture them. Anymore, they couldnt disappear that the middle east, not in accordance with international law. And you cant expect a change of that kind. It was revolutionary to have an instant effect. And so i think its a couple of steps forward, a step sideways a step. Its a long game, but over the long run, the arc of history is towards justice. And i think over time, these countries that dont participate, the u. S. , russia, china will begin to get involved. Fascinating enforcing. Thats all we have time for professor philip sands. Thanks very much. For speaking to my flat or if they would give to the tennis now, rafael nadal has sealed his semifinal spot as he aims to win his 1st, a tape, a finals, and a closely contested match against defending champ. And stephanus sits a pass the world number 2 took the 1st set before his great cravell won the 2nd, but then let down bounce back claiming the 3rd set 6. Today. Hell face down a r medvedev in the final 4 on saturday. In 1000 data over the news, as a reminder of the top story were following, for you has begun its handover of several districts to azerbaijan. As part of a contentious peace accord, the russian brokered agreement ended weeks of fighting for his future region and around a corner aerobatic. Coming up next in the deed over the news, asia, australia troops allegedly murdered dozens during their deployment in afghanistan. Now afghans are demanding justice and farmers in bangladesh construct floating vegetable gardens to help their flooding problem that coming up next, my colleague there is damage enough. Dont forget, you can always get data when you do, dont go just download our app from google. Its the app store thatll give you access to all the latest news from around the world as well as push notifications for any breaking news. And if youre part of a news story, you can also use the data with you at to send us your photos and videos and want to have to wait a while. Ill be back with more headlines at the top of the hour. Im rebecca resist in. Thanks very much indeed to misery. In trying to devastating danley which destroyed the fitness even villages, the survivors started creating dollars from damage clause giving up was never an option. A story of success in 60 minutes, t w with a different language is we fight for different things. Thats fine. But we all speak up for freedom, freedom of speech, and freedom of press. Giving freedom for us. Global news that matters. W made for minds. Give us your country. People will make you rich, people will peak oil will take good care of my future. For 2 calls on the west coast in 2007. Years later, reality looks good for sure. Gonna st. Thomass starts coming up today. By australian troops. Executed dozens of afghans during deployments, calling for justice plus a flood of others to make the most of flooding. The protesters look at the newest accessory on the frontlines. Welcome. Glad you could join us. Cons of demanding accountability after that of muds. Australian troops allegedly killed at least 39 afghans in cold blood during deployments in afghanistan. A 4 year investigation by the Australian Defense forces found at the troops of elite army units were involved in dozens of unlawful killings which could amount to war crimes. Australian troops have been in afghanistan for nearly 20 years. A majority of the alleged murders were committed in 20122030. The alleged actions of Australian Forces in afghanistan are being described as one of the darkest chapters in the countrys military history. The defense minister Linda Reynolds made no secret of her revulsion at the report 2 weeks ago. And it made me physically ill. And it was very, very distressing raid. Because i know she said the consequences should be far reaching and doesnt represent. Its not just about the individuals who committed these allege and crimes, but its also lessons for throughout the china command within the i. D. F. , within defense. And there are also lessons, i think, for governments as well. So we have to accept it for what it is. This is not fog of war, things allegations of absolutely clear cut and war crimes. The troops are alleged to have unlawfully killed prisoners, farmers, and other civilians. Not in the heat of battle, but often as part of an initiation ritual for inexperienced soldiers called blooding. The head of the armed forces said it was deeply disturbing to the people of afghanistan on behalf of the Australian Defense force. I sincerely and unreservedly apologize for any wrongdoing by australian soldiers. Such alleged behavior profoundly disrespected the trust placed in us by the Afghan People who would ask just to their country to help them know he went along with the reports recommendations to refer 900 soldiers to potential prosecution. In afghanistan, the countrys human rights body is also calling for the perpetrators to stand trial. But the question remains when and where the victims will get justice. Joining me now from head out there in western afghanistan is journalist arlene at the feet of donna stones human rights body, has called for prosecutions of the soldiers. But what does the government stand to be honest, the government has been very quiet so far. Theyve essentially just issued a statement saying that the australians made this Information Available that they apologized, that they, you know, put in the effort to put out this report. But they havent actually taken any kind of a hard and on australia and they havent asked for any specific prosecution or any other kind of recompense. Theyve just acknowledged this report exists. What is the reason behind this focus and to be quite honest that ive won government is in a position where they have to keep foreign governments have to be, you know, at the end of this month will be the chain of a conference. And then that conference, different donor nations, including australia, will decide how much money they want to give up on us on. And a lot, few days theyve issued a report detailing exactly what they expect the on government to do on one government doesnt feel like theyre in a position to really call for anything from these foreign governments from which they are getting aid military. Its a sense as a sense with the training of their military and also part of the reason might be that all of australias combat forces are now out of on this thought. So theres not really much that they can hold them accountable to here. And the government just is reticent to, you know, really rattle any cages in any foreign capitals. And youve also been speaking to people in afghanistan about the findings of this report. What people have been telling you its not surprising. Its absolutely not surprising because weve had similar, this is what the germans income does with the United States and condos and other provinces. Weve had it with i want government top on where there have been drone strikes, air strikes or there have been night raids where there have been reports of abuse in prisons and detention. So none of this is unfortunately rare or new. The one thing that theyre saying is that, you know, this should be further proof that these, this is not an isolated case. This is not just something going on with australians. We have to hold every count, country accountable for these kinds of actions. But there has to be full prosecutions. How confident are people that prosecutions eventually well be counted out. Theres blood. There is the likelihood that the prosecutions will be carried out. For instance, with the case of robert bales who had 2012, went to a village and con dog killed, you know, resident women and children. And that night they called for him to be tried here, but he ended up being tried in the United States. And again, when he was tried in the United States in 2013, i want people wanted him put to death. Well, all he got what he got was life in prison. And so there is confidence that a trial could happen, but the outcome of the trial is whats really important to the people. Right, pretty even there for the time being. I mean, if youre speaking to us from head up and just watch the flood stats from spawning that theres this summer and in previous years, foreshadow what people there can expect from climate change, farmland is disappearing, making it harder to raise crops that we feed the countrys growing population, but fumbles in the Southern Province of bunsen have revived an old technique to keep their fortunes afloat. Every year, the monsoon rains, flood more and more land in southern bangladesh. Oh, by dhamaal as vegetable fields now, floods for 8 months of the year. But model has found a solution, is vegetable patches. Now float a top, the waist high, water i go, i watched my father do this. He had some plants on the water. But back then it wasnt systematic. We developed it further. We have no choice but to do this if we dont want to go hungry around that. Milo, i guess he at 1st mama had to get used to life in and on the water but is efforts of borne fruit. The squash is growing faster than ever before. He will soon be able to harvest a managed opposite of the crops grown on the water, tastes better and have more vitamins. We dont need any artificial fertilizers or compost here. Thats why these vegetables are better than the ones that grow on the land. Much better. Among already has new seedlings growing near by the roots, tap nutrients directly from the water. They are grown in compost, which is some light that it floats. There is hardly any current here, so the vegetable patches which are held together with nets gently float on the water. Bangladeshs government subsidizes floating farms, spinach, tomatoes, cauliflower and squash. A 3rd of the land could soon be flooded because of climate change. The floating gardens, which have been limited to this relatively small area, could become a model for the whole of bangladesh. More than about whether to do it on the bangladesh still produces enough food to feed itself. What we dont have enough of is safe foods. That is, foods that are not contaminated with pollutants, therefore these gardens make a key contribution. Since the farmers here use far fewer pesticides as there are fewer passed on the water, thats an advantage for obama. At the local wholesale market, he not only sells his product. He also sells seedlings to other farmers here in the equivalent of 300. 00 euros per month. 3 times the average in this region. For him, switching to a floating farm has been worth it that the seedlings that are grown on the land are weaker. Ours are more resistant and they look fresher. Thats why we sell more than the land based farmers do. Our water seedlings are more sought after and we can command higher prices, you know, and thats also why the farmers of body soll are planning a massive expansion of the floating gardens. After all, bangladesh has always had plenty of water, and now it has even more theres a new face thats popped up among the crowds flocking to the prodemocracy protests. But just as you could say, taken a new mascot under their wing. Theyve come in handy in the face of Water Cannons and a bit of levity to demonstrations that have grown increasingly tense that bringing a whole new meaning to the phrase duck and cover what started as if its a fun cheering antigovernment protests to mock m. P. s. Its turned into something a bit more potent. These inflatable ducks are now at the frontline of clashes between protesters and the police used as shields in the face of police water cannon. Its fair to say the protesters have taken to defending themselves like ducks to get the rest. I get home. I knew i was going to make it to billys have fired water cannon. Thats us. We wouldnt have had to use them as the shields. Theyd just be a toy for kids. If the police hadnt done this, we wouldnt need a duck shield to save us. Make that happen, make it why. These protesters wants democratic and constitutional reform in thailand. But while the demonstrations have been getting increasingly fractious and violent, the inflatable ducks have brought some much needed relief. I want to try to be informational dots were only supposed to be in the water to annoy the place because hes turned out so he can put them to good use, which made me laugh when he got me in a paper with the government showing little sign of expecting the protesters demands now be more focused than ever on getting all that ducks in iraq and that the president has more now but sided up with even now with pictures from an elephants away. The bad day that happened. He got turned around. He has a look at his rescue from a well in the southern time, or indeed state of travel through the back next week. But the fight against the coronavirus pandemic has the rate of infection in developing the latest Research Information and contacts the coronavirus update. W i was issued when i arrived here, i slept with 6 people in a room. It was hard, it was for i even got white hair, which this keeps me and maybe to interrupt the site. You want to know their story, gets her writing and reliable information for margaret. The corona virus is a respiratory disease. It attacks the lungs and other organs in its attempt to infect its host. But it has another strategy. Air pollution. Scientists believe it uses fine particulate matter as a carrier. Studies show, the pollution also lays the groundwork for the virus aggravating the throat and lungs to make us more susceptible to covert a toxic and potentially deadly partnership. Air pollution and covert 19 invisible killer and its little helper. A lot of cities around the world have been promising to clean up their act and clear the air. Now theyve got another reason to act. The coronavirus. There are many sources of particulate air pollution. The primary one is emissions from combustion in power plants, planes, and car engines. Vehicles also produced particles through break where anti reparation. Agricultural emissions are also a big contributor. Particles invisible to the naked eye, a classified by diameter. Pm 10 are 10. My creamy tis all smaller. Fine, inhalable particles have diameters of 2. 5 micro meters or less. And then there are all true fine particles less than 0 point one micro meters in diameter. Depending on their size and how deeply they penetrate tissue. Inhaled particles, have different effects on health market, and i was here. We believe that the smaller the particular matter is, the greater the probability is that it will reach the bloodstream after in hellacious and be taken up by the cardiovascular system. If these tiny particles can build up in arteries and damage their insides, and thats where the sars codes to virus also causes much of its most serious damage. As recent studies show as a dozen tried to shut off, the Decisive Point is that we have discovered that the virus infection in covert 19 mainly affects the inner layer of the blood vessels, the socalled and the seal cells. And as it happens, that is also the target of fine particular matter. Theres a strong correlation between air pollution and covert 1000 mortality rates. The risk of dying from the disease is higher, the longer we are exposed to air polluted with these particles. Thats the result of a study coauthored by the scientist in mind. It came to the conclusion that a stunning 15 percent of covert 1000 related deaths worldwide are linked to long term exposure to air pollution. Based on health records, the authors say that the figure for north america amounts to 17 percent 19 percent for europe, and about 27 percent in east asia. This highlights the risks posed by at pollution even before the pandemic. I guess we have to be real. We currently have more than 1000000 deaths from the corona virus pandemic. But we know that a particular matter causes nearly 9000000 deaths a year while why . Thats an indication of how much attention the coronavirus is getting compared to particulate pollution. I believe we need to rethink properly. Scientists say policymakers need to do more to combat air pollution and they need to take the recommendations of the World Health Organization seriously. Prince very need limits for fine particulate matter that protect us from the impact on house. W. H. O. Defines the limits of 10 micrograms per cubic meter as healthy, while 90 percent of the worlds population effectively lives above that limit. The correlation between ad pollution and Health Outcomes exists even if the connection hasnt been directly proven so far. Many scientists are convinced that very high levels of particulate matter in the air we breathe weakens our immune response and bounce a matter of grave concern. Especially in the time of the coronavirus. Just really felt his managing director of the Max Planck Institute for chemistry in mind, where he heads the department of atmospheric chemistry and lead that study. We mentioned in the report you found exposure to particulate air pollution contributes 15 percent to total mortality. How did you get to that result . Yes, where we are combining data. And primarily we were using a study in the United States. It made use of an analysis of 65000000 people who were dissipated in medicare. And there they had analyzed all the relationship between air pollution and premature death from covert. How do you manage to measure something so tiny as this fine particulate matter that we mentioned where you can measure the great lead in, for example, in air quality networks. But we also make use of measurements from space, because the more particles that come into your lungs are also about the same size as the wavelength of the light of the sun. So they scatter this so they reflect the sunlight and strong instruments. You could see them quite well. It sounds like fascinating stuff, but at the end of the day, the more polluted just skies, the higher the risk of catching tobit is, is that right . Well its actually more the, the air pollution causes preconditions or it aggravates preconditions that causes it more severe outcome of covert 19. So you cant really say its possible with that something we dont know that air pollution causes or allows covert 19 to become to get infected more easily. But the main reason we think is that air pollution causes preconditions that aggravate the over 1000 outcome. I guess that the Great Lockdown was a great thing in the air pollution fell in many cities, meaning fuel covered carrying particles around and less aggravation. Yes, its a little bit more complicated than that. This is possible, but this would be this direct effect. For example, if air pollution triggers the body to be more receptive of the virus, that would certainly be reduced with a covert look down. But the point is that the long term exposure to air pollution causes chronic diseases like lung diseases including lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, heart conditions, etc. And these are exactly the conditions that make the suffering from covert more severe. So its, its more the preconditioning actually that, that is where the air pollution plays a role. So we cant just be tapping the cold or pandemic. We need to be tackling absolution. Definitely we will. Its just another example of air pollution causing a disease is and of course its already effect or we knew it causes Life Expectancy to be shorter. But now we also see that theres a direct relationship with covert 19, which is not entirely surprising because the disease actually, you know, through the lungs through the cardiovascular system is very similar as the effects of, of air pollution. And that again is very similar as the effects of smoking, which is also a precondition that makes the outcome of covert 1000. 00 more severe. I understand why it took the world so long to understand the dangers of tobacco, considering the huge corporations behind the advertising campaigns. But what about m pollution . I mean, was it taken a so long to catch on to the fact that its bad for us . Many people have known this for a long time, but its of course not so easy to do something about it. I mean, in europe we have, we have programs trying to reduce air pollution, but its has of course, economic implications. And its not only a cost factor in terms of, you know, reducing the emissions. Of course you gain on the other side because you have less health expenses. But you know, this is a system that needs to be politically controlled because the, the person who, who profits from better air quality is not the person who would have to pay for reducing it. So this is really a question of putting policies in place and making sure that those who actually pay for the mighty geisha in measure. So the reduction of pollution, but also in some way profit and not are the only ones to pay for those that he said, managing director of the Max Planck Institute for chemistry in mind. Thank you very much. Bio intake and pfizer are applying in the u. S. For a merge and say use of the vaccine at the 1st to do so. That Companies Say a good Safety Record should qualify it for use before final testing is complete. A limited number of shots could be ready next month. At the month time this week is there williams . Our science correspondent answering your questions on the coronavirus. Why are mortality rates so low and densely populated country like india . India has the 2nd highest number of reported kovan 1000 cases in the world behind the us, but has only logged about half as many deaths. So to put that in terms that weve all become familiar with, it appears to have an extremely low case fatality rate compared to most western countries. Why . We dont know, but the experts trying to puzzle it out say a number of different factors are probably playing roles 1st, of course, is that almost all agree that under reporting as involved as they say that india struggled to record accurate death statistics under, under normal circumstances, before the pandemic, and if anything, Health Officials have been struggling more since it began, but, but is there more to it than that . Another line of thinking says young average age in indias population could also be making a difference. And then there are some researchers who believe that whats known as the hygiene hypothesis could be involved. It postulates that people exposed to more pathogens early in life are less likely to develop the overreactive, the new systems later, which cause auto immune conditions like allergies. And as we know many, if not most over 1000 patients die, basically because of an auto immune reaction that spins out of control. So are a lot more indians surviving because their immune systems had to learn to deal with a much wider range of pathogens as children. And they dont go into a tailspin. Now when they catch source code to maybe its an interesting hypothesis but, but its also one thats hard to prove. And by the way, many of the same arguments are being used to explain whats going on in most of africa, where people also arent getting as sick and dying at rates. That experts initially predicted they would for any other developments on the virus go 12 website at the call of slash 295. But to me, misery in 2000 and 28 devastating dan. You just destroyed the fitness lever villages. The survivors started creating domes from damaged cloth, giving up was never an option. And a story of success limits, d. W. Germany, which any time any place to sing music video of as they have at the back of the songs to sing along to download to is the combo from super to do such a varied course is kind of into active exercise is the hard thing about i d, w dot com slash dont plan on facebook and the im still a legend in 5th grade w. And you hear me now . Yes. Yes, we can hear you in her last years. German chancellor, when you bring your uncle out, man call, and youve never heard her before. Surprised yourself with what is possible . Who is medical . Really . What moves are all some who talk to people who followed her along the way of myras and critics alike . How is the worlds most powerful woman shaping her legacy . Joining us from eccles law, stops this from me. Beethoven is for you. Beethoven. As for hell, beethoven. Beethoven is for beethoven is for us, beethoven is for beethoven, 202250th anniversary year on new the, but this is data over the news live from burdett mania begins handing over disputed territory to azerbaijan. Under a contentious face deal, several districts in the nagornokarabakh, rage and calms as they are in control. But on certainty, lies ahead for those leaving their homes. Also coming out, politicians across germanys political spectrum, condemn what they say is an attack on the parliament. Guests of germanys far right a. F. G. Party, harassed members of Congress Town inside the building. Its