Late january 945, shooting its official, the fleeing germans had forced most of the surviving prisoners on death marches to the west. And those left in the camp were the sick and those physically unable to march. She is young. And so was, its only when it gets seduced by suing the willis that was going to do this time. Not all the accused seemed affected by the film him and during pretended to read, yawned, and now and then made sarcastic remarks to hess and ribbentrop to him. It was all just soviet propaganda and the last one was out. Ill be like the owners that i saved our heads last saturday and the number on our left for us. Then we were taken to a large area that to have, a steam bath and an ice cold shower. It was all done in front of s. S. , men, women, and even there we had to strip naked. If im throwing does any of that was how one witness describes the arrival procedures that auschwitz maariv a young cooter. E. A. A. Was a communist resistance fighter from france. On january 28th 1946, she gave a detailed account of the daily horrors in the concentration camp. Separation based on fitness for work, forced labor and the gas chambers. When the judge called for the defense to question the witness, the only response was shamefaced silence. There in the courtroom at nuremberg, the holocaust had become an undeniable fact. You can do what you regard faced with harrowing testimony like that. The defendants united front began to waver during a lunch break during its declared at 1st, i was angry about being dragged into court because i knew nothing of these atrocities. Now im satisfied because there was good reason to get to the bottom of things you know, early, much, 946 after 76 days of hearings, the prosecution concluded the evidentiary proceedings. For weeks, the Defense Attorneys had followed the prosecutions arguments occasionally making comments. All crossexamining witnesses. Now it was their clients turn to either confess or to refute the evidence. In room 57 of the palace of justice, lawyers for the defense had the opportunity to talk to their clients. One in particular had been waiting for months for his moment in the spotlight. On march 13th, 1946 hammond during presented his version of the story, showing no remorse on the witness stand. He used the trial to convey his personal mythology to the german people. The right smush had overcome his drug addiction and lost a lot of white fish there and it got us. I mean, i look personally, i can only speak for myself. Thats done everything in my personal power to strengthen and expand the National Socialist movement. No matter the circumstances, i have to work unceasingly to drink it. And its a loon trying harder. And if you think jackson is not very worried about carrying his burden of proof on the crimes charge, he doesnt need confessions from her. They have an extensive document. True record, including many things growing had signed, but jacksons very concerned about not letting gurren turn this examination into a platform from which hell be able to rally the german people to a renewed enthusiasm for nazi is a robot. Jackson was an accomplished prosecutor. He knew exactly how to reduce the mass of a but instead down to the essentials, count as separate important facts from an important ones. In order to establish the crucial points. After 3 days of unrestrained self promotion from gurning, the american lead prosecutor began his way to the crossexamination of the man who jackson was determined not to give any more opportunity for grandstanding that you set up in germany and concentration camps was one of the things you found immediately necessary upon coming to powers and you set them up as a matter of necessity. As the translation is, it was a bit too quick for me. But i still think i understood the meaning of the statement. But i would have considered it necessary to immediately sense an intrusion attempts to eliminate the opposition. That is correct, especially as Jackson Press saw what was going on and he became very word in the face of his answers were a long explanation. And he would say, well, you do the same thing in Great Britain and so for theres no difference and so on. All of these things were necessary things as i understood you to protect yagi. He did this, these things became necessary because of the existing opposition. When we got into the matter of the specific crimes that he committed, searches, persecution of the jews. Well then he collapsed. Then he fell and he was at work because we had him so. So devastated on the jewish issue that he in the think as jackson had achieved his goal, going didnt step off the stage is the new fuehrer instead hes own words, had condemned him regarding the crossexamination during said, i had the best lawyers against me. Yes. If you have on march 28th 1946, it was hitlers Foreign Ministers turn you on him from ribbentrop was despised by his codefendants as a pathetic weakling. The prosecution primarily charged him with war crimes and ordering deportations. Ribbentrop main defense was that he always unconditionally placed his own opinions below those of adult hitler. To prove his innocence, ribbentrop sent his secretary margaret a blank to the witness stand. But i want to feel what the beneath our feet in with the evil i have the fear is trust was the greatest satisfaction for him. And his greatest goal was to justify that trust through his attitude. In the full minutes. He was completely devoted to that goal by no effort was too great for him to achieve it. He was ruthlessly and unsparingly hard on himself when it came to carrying out the tasks the futurist. Set him up to his subordinates. He spoke about agile fit with the greatest veneration than on ever now, but more importantly in the dock. There was unanimous agreement that the Foreign Ministers fate was sealed. Going said simply, ribbentrop is finished. Theyve got to get there, but they can get that beat up on every 100. 00 of them, but theyll be kept down. But in the context of the Foreign Ministers questioning rudolf hess is defense counsel threads idle trying to introduce the secret german soviet nonaggression pact. The invasion of poland was part of the trial and introducing the pact would show that military aggression against poland had, in fact, been jointly planned by germany and the soviet union. The soviet delegation tried everything to prevent the embarrassing document from being read out. But in the end, zydeco had his way. Vilhelm kind all stood before the tribunals, the highest ranking officer of the van marked unsurprisingly, he was of the opinion that he shouldnt be called to account. Nevertheless, michael did incline to find the defense that he was just following orders. Although he said he had protested against unlawful orders. He would now bear responsibility for carrying them out. The story that i was a soldier and i was not a growth because of my aptitude for it and my belief in either police gave him let me explain. Very good. I am both nonspecialists and professional officers found hitlers studying of staff reports, military literature, and tactical operational and strategic studies. Incredible to behold. He possessed a military knowledge that can only be described as astonishing. What i just dont get that i got. This general found great that i already told the court, he had no authority, said goering mockingly. Of the title statement. I guess he had to say it himself to the poor devil really had nothing to say. Many people simply dont belong here. Wouldnt be here if himmler where he carried out was ordered by the actually curia the man are presented with his signature on countless documents and helton burner, either trying to play down the fact or he denied their authenticity. Hes stubborn denials, true admiration from some one defender called him the man without a signature film shown by american cameramen during the liberation of the mauthausen concentration. Camp near linz, was still fresh in the memory of those in the courtroom. The prosecution accused, among other things of having taken part in executions. During his visits there ordered the construction of the gas chambers and in 1945, forwarded him order to eliminate the surviving prisoners. The army make a profit. You asked me, who gave the order to kill the prisoners at the end of the war in our housing given. I replied that i dont know of any such order, like if it is finished, because if you have it, i dont think i gave one single order to mauthausen. You know, you have how that the entire camp and all his honors were to be handed over to the and i mean that without any maltreatment or on a year to mishandle, i ended you leo strong had been editor of the n. T. Semitic hate magazine dash duma he stood accused of inciting the murder of jews, strong. His defense was that as a newspaper man, he had nothing to do with murders for him. The trial was an outrageous injustice. And if a patron had complained in the courtroom that the prosecution had refused him an anti semitic defense counsel, the shambolic, it makes him good if thats because i wish to make the following statement to the court. Thats real. I here by declare that i have been provent it from having an unrestricted and therefore just defense for this International Military tribunal. It is called doing it said none of his naval officers would have touched the reprehensible strike here with a 10 foot pole. The grand admiral complained about the long hours spent sitting in court saying he was glad his case would soon be heard. The prosecution accused the former submarine fleet, commander of giving orders to shoot at shipwrecked enemies instead of rescuing them a war crime. Dern its vehemently denied any involvement his defense was able to nullify a major accusation by the prosecution that dont its as submarines had sunk merchant ships without any warning. Us. Admiral chester nimitz confirmed that the American Pacific fleet had acted the same way. Former minister of armaments adopted a Defense Strategy that was rejected by other defendants assuming general responsibility. While denying personal guilt should be as calculation was that fritz zokol, who provided slave labor for the armament factories, would take the heat for their shared crimes. As chief representative for deployment of labor had provided his superior with 8000000 foreign, forced labor is also used to concentration camp prisoners in his factories against his better judgment. He denied knowledge of their cruel treatment and incriminated the fact that it should be a strategy seemed to work. He also exaggerated his own record of resisting hitler. After all, he reasoned, it was he who had stops the furious scorched earth policy at the last moment. Without proof should be a said he had even wanted to assassinate hitler towards the end of the war famine during his response, we should never have trusted him. Robert jackson was satisfied that albert spears defense had broken through the united front put up by the others. It seems that good man is a friendly demeanor, and public remorse were enough to have an effect on the court. After more than 200. 00 days of hearings, the 8 judges retired. They alone would decide on convictions and sentences. Their decisions would help. And so the question of whether governments could now be held accountable for state crimes. Robert jackson felt that his team had produced the necessary evidence to prove the accused guilty. The case had been made, the evidence was overwhelming. The defendants had not been able to exculpate themselves or deny their signatures their presence in meetings, their knowledge of all of the aspects of the charges. And so jackson, by the close of the case, is very confident that he has done his job as a prosecutor. Jackson had some concern about what the judges were going to do. He didnt really entertain the possibility that the case would be lost or that acquittals would occur in a large number of individual or particular charges. Robert jackson was certain that from now on no state leader old general would be able to explain away war is simply the continuation of politics. By other means, 31st 1946, the accused were given the chance to make final statements. Most claimed that they personally had acted in good faith or were banging orders, him and going now except to defeat in the last battle to his euro. Hitler, he told the court psychologist, had condemned himself. I think if i didnt want, nor did i bring about a war that i did everything i could to avoid it through negotiations. I might when war broke out, i did everything i could to secure the bill home kind of have a good catch. I was wrong, i did in front of i wasnt able to prevent what should have been prevented. That thats what im guilty of. I mean, its a tragedy to have to realize that the best things i could give as a soldier, obedience and loyalty were exploited for unforeseeable intention. That i did not see that there is a limit to the soldierly performance of ones duty. And that is my fate, that if i could not be here, privation and misery has fallen upon the german people who after this trial will despise and condemn hitler as the proven author of their misfortune. However, what has happened will teach the world not only to heat the teacher ship as a form of state want to but you fear it. Thats just the judges deliberated for 4 weeks. The charge of conspiracy which was at the heart of the trial, made the americans uneasy. Was it possible to see in the ferias conspirator in a powerless . Yes, man, like vilhelm keitel. All those involved in the boundless crimes merely using hitler as a shield. For some verdicts were passed quickly. Other defendants cases were hotly debated. The french judges shied away from the death penalty, as well as from acquittal. The soviet judges were convinced that all the defendants, without exception, had full featured their lives. October 1st, 946. 00. Once again, the whole world looked to nuremberg International Military tribunals was to announce the fate of the accused nazi leaders. The accused entered the hall individually filming was prohibited, but radio reporters and newspaper journalists were allowed. Kammen gurning was the 1st to appear on the current 1, 100 year with the mirror and here is your friend. d here on the indictment on which you were being compared to your own account of the indictment on which you are i would have been here each the fed came in to receive the set. Its some 3 were acquitted. 7 received very in terms of imprisonment or 12 for ex, receive the distance that very solid room at the center left. There was no outbursts in the courtroom. Very formal of the alfred yodel, vilhelm keitel fritz, zokol and skulking bruner, huns, frank, and Alfred Rosenberg were also sentenced to death. By hanging, Martin Borman was sentenced to death in absentia bulger. Funs hero. And ill bet she escaped with 20 years in prison, calderon, its got 10 years as vice chancellor franz fun, poppen. Right. Spang, president , shocked, and yosef goebbels associate hans preacher were acquitted. Their relief was plain to see in the prison in nuremberg, security precautions were once again tightened to avoid the risk of the death row inmates. Committing suicide officials wanted all 11 to be ready for the gallows in their cells. The nazi leaders prepared for their execution kammen during asked to be shot, but his request was rejected. Months earlier, he had made friends with an american guard, takes wheelus. The u. S. Soldier was apparently willing to fetch during items from the luggage room in exchange for a signed photograph. The executions were scheduled for october 16th lights were kept on around the clock with the prisoners under constant observation. But during saw his chance, suddenly a guard saw him put an arm across his face and begin to gasp. He died within a few minutes. In his suicide note, during claimed to have had the cyanide capsule with him since his arrest. Another one was later found in the luggage room only a few journalists were allowed to report on the executions that night. And another great reporting from marin berg of a combined american network. I regret, i would have not. There are 37 which have been your games Execution Chamber 7 minutes after your pm prime. And his assistant mounted the 1st platform and took up their positions with rope and court. Orders were sent back to the prison to bring in john moneys one progressive artist and minister yakking on rippon. For 7, for loneliness, 13 stairs were known to rip and drop responded brain surely to the permission given to make a last statement and really close god. Protect germany. God have mercy on my soul. Then came by the trap. On ribbon bread, that 129 minutes later, already the green plaid ashen, great 62 year old dylan keitel been braben with ask our supreme military men and the protestant chaplain. The baptists brung on dappled number 2 at 119 and death came at 133, appearing pretty believe that youre doing very much. Aaron brown are there, then maybe i regret the crimes were committed in which your money we are like, but im growing the procedure where were going out your paper, your record briefing and with a word i go to one of them are the 3 with difficulty body was brought in with the others and photographed during the night, the corpses of the nonsi leaders and military personnel were transported to munich and burned. Their ashes were scattered into a branch of the east river. Those sentenced to imprisonment were taken to the war criminals. Prison in the berlin suburb of spandau in the following years general tells the tale and would go on to prosecute the subsequent 12 nuremberg trials against doctors, military personnel, industrialists, ministry officials, and the henchmen of the s. S. Jacksons goal had been to ensure that dictators could never again, hide behind the mask of a sovereign state. The involvement of the soviet union hampered his efforts, but the nuremberg verdict went on to be enshrined in the charter of the united nations. I think probably the major International Military tribunal was to declare war as a literal national quote. Its a war, its the aggressive war that flies behind other crimes that we produce gets a lover, defended. Not until half a century later would robot jacksons vision receive a new life in the form of the International Criminal court in the hague. And their constantly growing. Living costs are rising, theyre becoming more densely populated. And now cities are pulsing to the beat of corona. Theyve become breeding grounds for the virus. Is it the end of the road . A new beginning city planted in the flux made in germany. And 30 minutes on d. W. During the conflict zone, funding the powerful lessons of this special edition of conflict zones on the crisis in hong kong. Over the last, weve interviewed several fro, beijing and prodemocracy figures reach out to mold to justify what theyve done in the said. Some of their arguments to me fell to stand the test of time conflicts in 2 minutes on w. Stay up to date. Dont miss our highlights. Program on line. D. W. Dot com highlights the fight against the corona virus pandemic. How has the rate of infection been developed . Measures are being taken. What does the latest research say . Information and context. The coronavirus up to the big special monday to friday on w. This is deja vu news and these are our top stories. Police outside the German Parliament in berlin have turned Water Cannons on. Protesters are rallying against coronavirus restrictions and arrested more than 100 people. Lawmakers have approved a new measure, extending government powers to limit social contacts. Infection rates have been on the rise in germany, prompting the government to take action. Public schools in new york city will close on thursday in an effort to