Welcome to tomorrow today the science show on d w. In the past half century the human diet has undergone huge changes not just in industrialized countries many developing countries are also seeing big changes in the amount of food available to people. At the same time that these city and intestinal disorders are on the wrong hands scientists in germany are studying the effects of the calorie rich toys in a surprising place. The lentils it is one of the biggest lakes in northern germany. Here to biologists are investigating a revolutionary idea. That getting help from tiny creatures in these Plastic Test Tubes the hydro. So fresh water polyps they turn out to be a good model for understanding how the micro biome of the human gut works like our intestines the skin of the polyps is covered in bacteria the researchers want to know whether the amounts and kinds of nutrients in the leg influence the organisms health of this year. Were interested in knowing about the balance between an organism and its bacteria how they interact and if there is an imbalance whether triggers disease. When we put hydras or freshwater polyps which other bacteria on the outside into a more nutrient rich environment like this you trophic lake we see that the creatures become ill. Tim lashing out from Kiel University and his colleague peter dinahs have another hunch that this might be similar for people could excessive food intake flow the bacterial colonies and got out of balance. Over the past 50 years food availability has grown enormously in industrialised countries at the same time theres been a dramatic increase in gastrointestinal diseases such as crohns disease. Why its better. To better understand the relationship between practice area and their host the researchers have started a feeding experiment with a freshwater polyps in their lap. One group of bacteria is that a more protein rich diet for humans this would be the equivalent of eating a lot of Dairy Products and other animal proteins. The other Group Receives a rich and complex mixture of carbohydrates fats and proteins similar to an unhealthy diet with lots of meat and sugar. How did the polyps bacterial colonies in the 2nd group change due to their excessive diet. Less. It was amazing how quickly the entire system reacted within 24 hours we observed a drastic change in the composition of the bacterial colonies a strong increase in bacteria and initial signs of illness in the hydras themselves. One of the signs of disease can be seen here in fast motion the hydra polyp cell material breaks down that tentacles get shorter within a single day. To learn more about the different types of bacteria that were fed the researchers cultured them for 24 hours in a nutrient medium. What changes did they see. As a good one as it was really the control group looks like usual probably a lot of corby dr doctor that as always if youre crying when you eat. While nothing unusual was detected in the 1st group of bacteria the overfed bacteria reproduced extremely quickly. To identify the micro biota exactly the researchers come to the bacteria and analyze their d. N. A. That finding overfeeding resulted in the uncontrolled increase in certain kinds of bacteria while other continents were displaced but what does this have to do with humans. Are fewer can be seen in many illnesses including in inflammatory intestinal diseases for example that theyre often associated with are accompanied by changes to the micro biome which raises the question is that the calls are just a symptom. And touring the city folk here and. Peter diners and tim lucky that suspect that a micro biome that has been thrown off balance by an unhealthy diet could itself of course disease is. Using a c n n money as an example they demonstrate which reactions extreme overfeeding of the micro biome could lead to. The and then many in the bacteria that live on it and. Been exposed to excessive nutrients. And this is what happens on the liberace conditions if the creatures get sick from an imbalance micro biota they do everything they can to bring their bacterial colonies back into balance. They completely shed their. Good humans clean the sick gut flora by fasting for instance. If you take what is good for various studies about people fasting were not doing studies with humans but they seem to be parallels to our experiments when it comes to fasting or duction of food intake the got bacteria are no longer nursed so strongly by our food. Instead they have to focus on sources that are available such as the intestinal mucosa. Ones in the. Dogs. So could abstention bring an overfed micro biome back into Balance Research is still underway but it seems clear that both in quantico been isms and humans the micro biome reacts more sensitive lee to diet than was previously thought. Once upon a Time Computers was good. No not these computers is these computers that tell a computer describe the job done by people carrying out mathematical calculations by hand for example hundreds of women worked as Human Computers calculation clocked hours half or less or. Nowadays such jobs are done by Electronic Computers and theyre growing ever more powerful. What will the city of tomorrow look like how does a galaxy involved and what weather can we expect for the next few months just 3 of the many questions that might be answered by germanys new supercomputer interested gart in this case scientists from the university of one time are tasking the computer with simulating extreme way. The conditions for the rest of the year well detailed forecasts are not possible the system could identify major weather events several months in advance. So d. D. s mature finest would be ideal is to use a global model and whats called an ensemble approach to uncertainties what upcoming extreme weather events and assessments we can see whether we can expect droughts or heavy rainfall on major storms which occur relatively frequently in europe. Using an older computer scientists have mapped most of the planet but regions around the north and south poles are still missing and that final 17 percent is crucial for a workable weather simulation. And thats where the new computer comes in it might need 2 weeks for this highly complex task but thats still 4 times faster than its predecessor so just how fast is the supercomputer. One times with my mobile and so you can do a direct comparison and say that the processes are similar to our own personal p. C. s similar because theyre a little more involved just in one system here you have the equivalent of 15 or 20000 p. C. s systems that it was also right here instead guard that one of the worlds 1st High Performance computers that crane 2 was built that was 1985 what was back then Cutting Edge Technology had roughly the same computing capacity as a modern smartphone that. The average figures in the us this is to forget that in the 1980 s. The cray tus were extremely fast machines. And since then technical developments of enabled us to go smaller and smaller. Were at the end of a 35 year evolution where speed has been doubled every 18 months its really difficult for them the Super Computers have also become more Energy Efficient although they still need as much elektras city as a small town with 40000 residents but theyre simulations can help make wind farms for example more effective. This footage is from the predecessor of the new computer the aim here is to calculate wind turbulence and how it impacts on potential interference between individual turbines. And supercomputers are helping to improve those simulations the scientists already have a preliminary 3 d. Model of particulate matter pollution and write down to each street. This data might later be used to create a prediction model for the level of pollution on your own doorstep the scientists also want their models to be accessible to the man and woman on the street. As well as see them 10 or 15 years ago these systems were only seen in research and to a degree in industry but today we have simulations that are far less. Technical and all the more relevant for the general public to fit in the circle. As seen in this depiction of an entire city in which residents can glide from a to b. But some simulations are simply there to be hold such as this recreate of the birth of a galaxy a picture that would not need a 1000 words but 10000 years on a regular home computer. Because it is red white are great but only for you and. So you have a science question youve always wanted answered were happy to help out send it in and if we answer it on the show youll get a little surprise as a thank you. Can all just us. Youll find us at our website d. W. Dot com slash science or on twitter. Iverson kingdom wants to know. Why do volcanoes erupt. They look so peaceful until that not dozens of volcanoes erupt every year. Most live at the scene where tectonic plates on land open if an ocean push against each other or move apart making the earths crust unstable. Volcanoes are the planets way of letting off steam. The earth is made up of layers in the thick mantle around the core and beneath the fin out of crust rock melts into magma under great pressure and temperature. The magma expands and pushes up with when it breaks through the surface its called lava. There are different kinds of all kind of corruption if a massive column shoots into the sky its called a plenty interruption. When the magma heats up water causing an explosion of steam its called free attic. Subglacial ones a proud one lover meets ice usually under a glacier. These are just 3 examples there are several more categories. Conical may be the iconic form but in fact for cain has come in many shapes and sizes when lava breaks through a crack in the earth a mountain can form quickly or it can take tens of thousands of years. It depends also on how many eruptions occur and how much lava comes out. The temperature of lava usually ranges between 51200. 00 degrees celsius depending on the chemical composition of the rock from which had formed. It. When does sound become noise is. The answer could vary according to individual tastes and cultural norms but physics ses noise it will not up pressure waves propagating through the air and impinging on the. Sounds with intensities of more than 85 decibels can harm your hearing and your health for example in the workplace. Are open plan offices an endless nightmare. A source of perpetual stress. For one. Of germanys federal institute for Occupational Safety and Health Endorsement lars out although his team are looking at why working in a busy office can put a strain on our health especially when its very noisy. As. The entire you can be serious with symptoms such as agitation anger and mental distraction this harms our psychological well being and it needs to be taken seriously. But what does this look like in practice we do a little informal experiment bianca is an experienced secretary who is used to stress. She gives us a sample of saliva so we can measure the concentration of the stress hormone cortisol. We then leave bianca alone in a small quiet office to do a performance test at the end 4 hours later we get a 2nd saliva sample. And the next day the idea is going to take another test but this time in a busy open plan office would you feel more stress and with her cortisol level be higher the researchers and have developed a program to model the noise in an open plan office before its even been built the arrangement of everything from desks to printers to room dividers makes a big difference this is what it sounds like in a poorly configured open plan office. And i would room dividers. Really Good Software then finding out Software Helps make people who are going to design an office more aware of the issues we can only work with a representative example of the Office Design thats a limitation because reality presents a far broader range of factors that were unable to incorporate. So after the test in the quiet individual office bianca now has to deal with the noise of his open plan office where she again gives a saliva samples. She feeling more stressed than on the previous day. Biancas cortisol level did rise slightly joining her for hours in the big office in the Single Office decreased over the same period of time though the initial level that day was a lot higher our experiment is more of a snapshot than hard evidence. Picture is. Worth my researchers have yet to conduct long term studies on how working in a big office affects stress levels it is however clear that less noise is much better than lots of noise in an office environment. This is a very good. Sized. Business you have to look very closely at what actually goes on the nature of the work what kinds of communication and social interactions take place going out and you really have to involve the staff listen to what they say their needs actually are. I glitches in. C. S. M. M. Is a consulting and Architecture Company in munich and this is open plan office the team designs offices for other firms. Whether an open plan office is a blessing or a curse for the people working on it depends on the Space Available and how its crafted and used. Then im going to name an unfit aunt if a Company Wants us to design an open plan office just so its going to save space and costs. Its already game over and it will not go well for one. Nowadays theres a lot of emphasis on teamwork and corporate settings stuff are expected to be flexible no longer bound to a fixed work place. But im stiffed with a pen a laptop and a phone i can work anywhere i may still have a desk but my workspace might well get smaller and smaller to my client at the same time we need to create other spaces that are a lot larger than this and. That means rooms for meetings where an entire team can discuss and plan together. And small quiet corners to talk without disturbing everybody else. As well as ones where you can be alone. We need to create such spaces as well not just rooms for Team Meetings people need to be able to take a break and get away from the others us and be alone somewhere quiet and peaceful. Means escaping the bustle of an open plan office the researchers in development have developed concentration tests to determine what kinds of noise calls the most stress its not always a question of volume quite noises can be very annoying to such as the dripping of a top. Of envy or if its very noisy while youre trying to concentrate your performance will probably decrease. Back to bianka to see what that means she took our test twice 1st alone then in a busy office that. While on her own she completes 11 out of 20 tasks. But in the big office only 10. That difference may appear minor but if everybodys performance declines without a mount you have a problem as always on with the basic open plan office you may save a little space and cut some costs but if your companys efficiency drops 10 percent that would be a disaster. That is to say sound planning pays off. Not just for Company Bosses but also for their stop. Bringing up babies is just full females not necessarily studies show that gender doesnt predict who is better at caring for children instead who have a spends more time with the kids step by dr king that can be measured in changes to the brain and hormone levels and not just in humans lets take a look at parenting and relationships in the animal world. Are classic loners in the animal world both males and females spend most of the year foraging for food alone each marking their territory with scent from glands on their paws. Mating season is time to account for their insecure food supply the animals typically reproduce twice a year so should there not be enough food for any young in the winter theres always a 2nd chance. This australian species of bat lives in a kind of harem. Thats do not normally commit to long term relationships but in this case it is common for one male to hang out with a number of females. The advantage is that while the females are out looking for food the male guards the offspring and it kind of kindergarten. Some chimpanzee species live in groups with up to 80 members monogamous relationships are unknown here scientists refer to polyamory. The males go out hunting together and also defend their territory together. Because the males do not tend to mate more frequently than their brethren isnt that a disadvantage. Of the mentioned this. Past the males mate with a number of females who in turn made with several partners the males dont know which of the young are their own. As a result the males are friendly to all the young chimpanzees. And that reduces the risk of the young chimpanzees being killed. Your true troll. So a range of different sexual partners can cull them it may help to ensure a group survival. This penguin is busy incubating an egg together with its partner both of them are male. Ensues this behavior often raises eyebrows but in fact its not uncommon. Sexual couples are especially prevalent among bird species and male flamencos have been observed stealing eggs and then incubating them together. With giraffes homo sexual relations are actually more common than heterosexual ones and there are also seen among cows and other domesticated animals why is that. Some i know thats what i think so. It seems to reduce sexual tension. At the same time because the benefit of the learning effect. With some species the animals have difficulty raising their 1st offspring so a new clue to nest building. Or so this gives them the opportunity to get some practice to. It was recently discovered that female albatrosses often raise their young with each other a surprising revelation for researchers and when they cannot yet explain. In the aquatic world its often the fathers that take care of the next generation. Probably the most famous example are sea horses here the males carry the eggs and their power which until they hatch. And with these a labyrinth fish or grammys the males also assume from rental cara duties in addition to building and tending to the nest they guard their young from predators and fan oxygen rich water over them. By then fish and by demise most species of fish of external 1st allies asian once the female has released the eggs the male releases the semen over them the female is done 1st as it were and can therefore leave the male alone with the young. Clownfish change gender tracking down a partner in their core rehab a tat is difficult so if the mother female of a group dies the dominant male in the group will replace her that option of changing sex and mabels the fish to continue reproducing. But the Nuclear Family does exist too in the animal world given its live in close knit units of mother father children in the wild the apes mainly eat fruit but the supply tends to fluctuate. One tree alone would not provide enough fruit for a larger group but a small family on their own would have enough to eat. Animals have developed some pretty inventive mating patterns and Family Structures the assumption is that they provide advantages just sometimes we dont know what they are. Thats all for this week nice that you could join us. Back next time with more exciting science on tomorrow today until then good bye. They were abducted by the nazis and taken to germany to be raised as citizens of the. During world war 2 thousands of polish children suffered this fate. Even today many of them dont know who their real parents were. Stolen children the Kidnapping Campaign of nonsi johnny. In 75 minutes on t w. How does a virus spread. Why do we panic and when will all this. Just through the tax and weekly radio show is called spectrum if you would like and information on the crown of margaret or any other science topic you should really check out our podcast wherever you get your podcast you can also find us at d. F. W. Dot com slash science. Can be a lie of climate change. Comes from minnesota its. Just. What i do years today kind of the future. G. W. Dot com for can make a serious film to get a clear cut or. Beethoven vengeance is due to. My p. P. D. The romance of stolen beethoven. Of course the sort of conscious always. Coming to words with the biggest composer of all time i cant begin to imagine a world class one player single. Just on a musical journey of discovery. With Alfred Bester september 16th one t. W. Place. Blame. Blame. Blame blame blame. Blame. Blame. Blame. Blame. This is d. W. News live from berlin keeping off the pressure tens of thousands defied a ban on demonstrations in belo groups to demand the resignation of president Alexander Lukashenko he warns he could use the military to break up the protests also coming up a court in new zealand tears testimony from the families of the victims of the white supremacist who killed 51 people in a box in new zealand as the sentencing hearing