W. Well come to you tomorrow today. And now back to those llamas. Now must have something that has got just very excited the antibodies vertebrates including humans have antibodies as part of the adaptive immune system. When were infected with the sars kovi to virus certain cells called antigen presenting cells identify the pathogen and then take in and display some of its proteins on the surface. That activates t. Hope those cells which trigger various immune responses. For instance sites are toxic t. Cells are deployed to kill infected cells. And spin lymphocytes are stimulated to produce antibodies which bind to the virus and prevent them from infecting further cells. And. They appear to have rather special kinds of antibodies. Dark eyes with lashes to die for a crooked pair of ears and spindly legs this is winter shes just 4 years old but she already has plenty of confidence she knows shes got the stuff to save the world. The best the plan have to say she always put yourself forward its just her character. For me shes a diva an animal that makes it very clear that shes in charge especially when it comes to her food dont mess with me or. d d d the young female llama was born in january 26th team hence the name winter d. Researchers that get university in belgium took her blood for research they found what they had hoped to find specific antibodies. Secret that. In their blood is the on their bodies that they make they are simple in makeup more simple than on their bodies you find in your when and those more simple and about it youd have powerful. Possibilities to can be very specific they can also for example block fire assist very efficiently. Together with his team of molecular biologists. And successfully managed to create a stable link between antibodies for mommas and humans theyre trying to prevent the human body from rejecting the cells the trick lies in the combination. So what the other bodies do from the lama is they bind despite. In such a way that the virus can no longer. To find it receptive to doc but it can no longer do that in a way that its infectious so we prevent the virus from entering this way. For more than 30 years. Has been researching viruses that affect the respiratory tract since the beginning of the cold in 1000 pandemic hes had very little sleep and he spent a lot of time in the lab with this 15 member team. The difficult part is to from find the lama to take cells which can produce the special antibodies and select the ones which are very efficient in blocking the virus. Following the lab tests the scientists want to conduct preclinical studies on hamsters before the end of the year there could be a human test as a basis for a pharmaceutical what you plan to do with their body from origin from the lama is to administer it so injected into people who are diagnosed with go with 19 so to prevent them from becoming sick or for the sick. And also to try. To work protects for a while in people who are exposed to the virus for example. If the antibodies could be industrially produced in large quantities they could be used to ensure widespread passive immunity in the population. Or my collaborators and once for my colleagues have been working pretty hard they were driven by of course the pressure and the demands from the society and the curiosity also because this new virus can detect these or. Their body from that always its really good youre used to one of the dogs who have to prove to show when they get. The results are promising in a best Case Scenario the law my drug could be available next year. Thats why winter is an absolute star among coronavirus researchers worldwide along with a wondrous animal. Those from a long it takes to. Whats most important is that nature all creatures are shown respect i mean that we need to learn to understand that nature can give us everything and winter is the best example of us that were made before. And if the medicine actually works there sure to be an extra portion of grass for winter. The best thing of course would be to avoid contact with the virus in the 1st place. Scientists now know that it can be carried by socalled terrorist cells. The corona virus seems to duck onto these miniscule airborne particles its a danger thats unseen aerosols always smaller than human head one experiment carried out in germany makes the danger visible. In this broadcasters studio in munich the stage is set for 2 experiments. d and stefan conies buddhists are investigating the droplets of more easter emitted from the mouth when a person sings they consist of large and small droplets the term aerosol is mainly used for the smaller ones both kinds can carry the coronavirus stephon can easily this is going to take a look at the larger droplets. To make them visible the singers will exhale them into a laser light sheens. Said. d lets just use a laser even the trick particular everything that passes through the plane of the laser shes every visible including droplets from the most scatters the light of the laser beam high speed come up we could then use the high speed cameras weve set up perpendicular to the plane to capture and track the particles Movement Even in particular if you can feel for it now its time to investigate the smaller droplets the aerosols they can be made visible when the person inhales the carrier liquid from an isa garrette and blows it out. The exhaled cloud is comprised of aerosol particles and is now visible as much to us and demonstrates himself by singing oh out there singing speaking even just breathing now and expanding these 2 kinds of droplets when we talk the larger particles fall to the ground after about one and a half meters. But what about when we see. That much turning of the particles behaves differently there are some light that they turned up in the air stream the researchers want to know if and how they do this when were singing to me. As a boy he did these particles go how do they spread out if i were infected what risk would i pose to the person next to me or indeed the audience those are the questions we want to answer here now. The preparations for the experiments are now complete. That wont stand 10 professional choir singers are invited to take part in 10 different tests in 2 different test rooms. About. Each. As michelle im amazed by how far these gases that have been inhaled spread across the room are tired this is a moment but singing after inhaling the liquid is not without its complications. So. I can sing an entire phrase with that stuff. After a couple of rehearsals its time for the main performance. I mean that just because it always each of the black or white markings on the poles corresponds to 10 centimeters enabling the researches to measure the spread of the aerosol cloud after 2 days of huffing and puffing the experiments are over and another 2 weeks later the scientists are busy analyzing the results so how far do aerosols fly when were singing as if its the cast you have cast and where we can see the droplets radiating away from her skin tones and what all the space the aerosol cloud spreads to would normally be filmed by their singers doesnt think thats. Going to be tough to. Beat up you know thinking its something neat and good stuff up to one measure. And if we now take a look at niko. 6660 centimeters in a lot of cases the emission was between one and one and a half meters. So for people singing in a choir a distance of one and a half meters is definitely too close. In bavaria choirs are currently require to maintain a distance of 2 meters a time limit on rehearsals and regular airing so what do the 2 scientists recommend. For my gun safe to be really on the safe side you have to repeatedly remove the aerosols to avoid a buildup of particles every time you sing in the so continuous ventilation would be the best option to continue to get on with that and 2 or 2 and a half meters would be conceivable although that would be difficult for a lot of amateur choirs. They also analyze the side where dispersal of the aerosol cloud. At the center from thats 50 or 60 centimeters far shorter than in the direction of singing so you dont. Get a singer standing in front of each other need to be further away than those side by side. Since the 2nd focus of the tests was to study the behavior of large droplets when singing consonants and vowels this search could. Be. For singers have to stress their consonants heavily in order for the audience to understand the words. 0 if i articulate very clearly as you do on stage like with freud surely a good couple of my particles might be flung further than when im talking normally because consonants are formed in the mouth often using the tongue or lips in the process the sound carries the moisture from the mouth as large droplets that laser light she tests conducted in darkened rooms are designed to find out how far they fly and quantity. I find i loath. To see. The test completed thank you. And. The tea has a relatively black character recently and its been ok. The better because im because the valves we could hardly see any droplets flying out here and there for sure but in far lower numbers compared to the consequence. Masks served to catch the droplets but is singing with one even feasible for a professional performer. As a mind if my gut feeling is no because singing is so emotional and if this is how well have to sing then ill look for a new profession if. Im not of the test did later confirmed that the masks do catch the larger droplets expelled during singing some of these in the gulf as you can see in see however that the aerosols escaped through gobs which tend to be on the side of the mosque or around the nose for and they did it and spread pretty far through the room the wife the target the researcher is still stressed that donning a mask helps to increase safety but the main thing is keeping a distance of 2 and a half meters to the singer in front and half a meter to the side the ideal solution is to install plexiglas shields and ensure adequate ventilation. Theres one place where human beings are probably safe from the coronavirus the International Space station. All astronauts have to go into quarantine before they launch that was the case even before covert 19. And all cargo that goes to the space station is festus infected. But out of the way dave might say i had a totally different question about the early s. S. After so long in space why doesnt the i s s fall down to earth. Like most satellites the International Space station flies on an elliptical orbit 2 forces are in play for centrifugal force pushes it out from the earth and gravity pulls it closer the to cancel each other out and the space station stays on course. The balance of forces accounts for the weightlessness on this island out in space 400 kilometers above the earths surface. But the balance can. Be upset. At this altitude theres still a bit of atmosphere collisions with gas molecules slow the space station down. When that happens the force of gravity outweighs and the i. S. A. s loses altitude. Particles rejected by the sun can all sleep indirectly disturb the equilibrium of forces and pull the i. S. O. s off course the more the station is slowed down the quicker it would sink towards the earth eventually breaking apart and burning up in the atmosphere just like the Russian Space station mir which in 2001 was brought down that way in a controlled procedure. Regular orbital corrections prevent that from happening. Thats why satellites are equipped with thrusters to regain lost altitude. The i. S. O. s gets the necessary boost in part from the supply ships that regularly dock their. They maintain the stations course by firing their engines for a few minutes at a time. Since 2015 theres been a daily altitude loss of around 100 meters. Thats been balanced out with the help of the russian progress cargo craft in addition the i assess has its own control systems to keep it on track. The problem is right right right and. If you have a science question send it in as a video text ovoid well if we answer it on the show youll get a little surprise as a thank you. Come on just. Youll find us at our website t w dot com slash science or on twitter at. The blueprint of life that determines so much about us including our physical appearance but does the presence of d. N. A. Reveal enough information about say their skin and hair color to construct an image of an unknown individual. Scientists are working on that right now with a view to helping solve crimes. Facial composites of criminal suspects are based on eyewitness descriptions but investigators are starting to other kinds of evidence to work out what a suspect looks like traces of blood saliva and hair that are often found at crime scenes. As a professor of molecular genetics he can tell whether a sample of d. N. A. Comes from a man or a woman and can often determine the age and the color of the hair skin and eyes of the person in question. Markers mean that certain dyes are stored in the iris or develop in their hair roots or influence the color of the skin. And ordered. By the hall with care for example you can predict black hair very well ginger hair even better. Brown are tricky with us what can tiny samples of genetic material reveal about chi and isabelle isnt it unnerving to think about that. It does feel strange that they can find out so much from one little drop of blood. Has mr lee its not a big deal but i reveal a lot more about myself on social media with this place so is a single drop of blood enough for professor schneider to compose an accurate picture of our 2 guinea pigs. We sent him the samples to analyze. In the late 1990 s. Germanys federal police set up a d. N. A. Database it now contains 360000 records and has already helped convict many criminals investigators compare d. N. A. Secured from crime scenes with the database. But a new method enables police to track down culprits fired their physical appearance it has already helped solve a number of cases in the netherlands. In this case from 1900 to the perpetrator attacked a young woman walking home alone through a park. Her body was found the following morning. On dorn was raped and murdered. The police appealed for assistance from local residents but nobody had seen either her or her killer. Mother police did secure semen they otherwise had little to go on the offender was not in any d. N. A. Database and there was no other way to identify any suspect. The case remained unsolved for 25 years. Until molecular geneticist month and kinds i got on the case hes one of the scientists who developed the new method of d. N. A. Analysis which predicts certain visible characteristics as well as age and bio geographic ancestry. It looks at genes that are known to code for specific features. The results reveal the probability of a suspect having a particular hair or skin color. The geneticists use statistical methods to compile a profile of the individual. Theyre aided by Reference Data from partners and other countries and can then look for d. N. A. Markers attributed to populations and specific regions around the world. As mike fossum is fact like so basically you compare the d. N. A. Data of the unknown individual and use all the Reference Data for a joint Analysis Unit at that and stop one show it done and then you can see whether the unknown individual ends up in the data cloud for europe or africa or asia. In the case of milly dorn the key was to associate predicting visible features of the suspect to a certain geographical region if i dont find it vas snitched or does the. Then one of them is if the d. N. A. Analysis said it was likely someone with turkish roots to it was an indigo and so on and the idea i was not because i act what the analysis suggested was that it was somebody with roots in a region that includes turkey. As well as a number of other countries nearby. All men with turkish roots who had lived in the same neighborhood as the victim at the time were asked to come for a d. N. A. Test one of them was a close match for the d. N. A. Found at the crime scene a relative of the perpetrator. 2 men did not submit to a test one of them became the key suspect. The judge ruled he had to do a test. At 1st he refused but then he did a Perfect Match to the d. N. A. Found at the scene of the crime after a quarter of a century the murder case was solved the new method may be very promising but the analysis of biogeographical ancestry is not permitted in germany. Is a sociologist and also works on ethical issues surrounding genetics d. N. A. Analysis and the storage of d. N. A. Data. On a forensic genetics could also reveal susceptibility to certain diseases which would be of interest to Health Insurers and other parties but there is a right to confidentiality listen get critics also say police d. N. A. Databases can be abused to track down relatives of people in it in germany the police d. N. A. Database already covers close to one percent of the adult population. Back to the d. N. A. Samples of our test subjects can and isabel. Has managed to find out what they look like just from their d. N. A. Because wolf yes this subject number 4 as i may owe about 21 years of age is eye color is definitely blue. As to his hair color its probably brown his skin is light which is typical for a central european. Yes so far so good but with the professor called it right shots with isabel to. Theres a there was. An interesting subject this is a female we believed to be between 32 and 40 years old or she definitely has red hair. The days are very clear on that and shes either life or very light skinned and it was. Wrong but why. Isabel is not a typical case one of her parents is from norway the other from. Roots in different places can lead to false results or were dismissed for something we need to examine more closely. So the new method is not reliable more work needs to be done. Our little experiment suggests that the potential could be huge but for now d. N. A. Test cannot be used to generate realistic facial composites. Thats all for this time from tomorrow today well be back next week with a whole new show until then stay safe and healthy. In the. Various one of germanys most popular Tourist Destination is the regions incredible variety of landscapes make it a paradise for those seeking a more active holiday colored looks like im going to get a lot of exercise and while im here and while im at it i want to find out the ways in which the coronavirus pandemic and Climate Change are affecting interest from here in the tricky. Oh. Cycle called good for america. The fast industry goes slow. Commuters are up for a trendsetter at 98. 00. The roaring twentys about reloading. This is fashion 2020 style arms 21. In 30 minutes on t w. Im not laughing at well i guess sometimes i am but most end up in with the temp gemini think they consider jam a culture. New to take this drama they all eat because its all that who they know im right oh join me for me to get money of course. I think is everything channing 1st off i make a muslim. Song much different culture between here and there challenging for everything good going. To some business i think it was worth it for me to come to germany. I got my license to work as a swimming instructor here and now our 2 children 100 dogs just one of us to just destroy. Whats your story take heart share it on info migrants dot net. Theyve been robbed of their soul thats what a people experiences when their heritage is taken from them. Countless cultural riches were brutally stolen from africa and carted off to europe by colonialists. Each artifact has blood on it from the ones that have. To heal. What should be done with the stone or from africa. This is being hotly debated on both continents. Stolen so well start september 7th on g. W. This is d w news and these are our top stories. In president Alexander Lukashenko has rejected growing coals to resign following his disputed reelection awaken god he warned supporters of a western military threat and said russia was ready to step in to quell protests this as the opposition here