Have something that has got viral it just very excited they antibody vertebrates including humans have antibodies as part of the adaptive immune system. When were infected with the sauce kovi to virus certain cells called antigen presenting cells identify the pathogen and then take in and display some of its proteins on the surface. That activates t. Help of cells which trigger various immune responses. For instance signs are toxic t. Cells are deployed to kill infected cells. And spear lymphocytes are stimulated to produce antibodies which bind to the virus and prevent them from infecting further cells. And llamas they appear to have rather special kinds of antibodies. Dark eyes. With lashes to die for a crooked pair of years and spindly legs this is winter shes just 4 years old but she already has plenty of confidence she knows shes got the stuff to save the world. Like the best the perhaps to say she always put yourself forward its just her character. For me shes a diva an animal that makes it very clear that shes in charge especially when it comes to her food dont mess with me or. d d the young female llama was born in january 26 team hence the name winter. Researchers that get university in belgium took her blood for research they found what they had hoped to find specific antibodies. Secret that. In their blood is the underbody that they make they are simple in makeup more simple than antibodies you find in your will and those more simple than that but if youd have powerful. Possibilities to be very specific they can also for example block fire assist for the efficiently. Together with his team of molecular biologists. And successfully managed to create a stable link between antibodies for mommas and humans theyre trying to prevent the human body from rejecting the cells the trick lies in the combination. So what the other bodies do from the lama is they bind despite. In such a way that the virus can no longer. To find it receptor to. Put it on no longer do that in a way that its infectious so we prevent the virus from entering this way. For more than 30 years and has been researching viruses that affect the respiratory tract since the beginning of the cold in 1000 pandemic hes had very little sleep and he spent a lot of time in the lab with this 15 member team. The difficult part is to from a tiny piece on the llama to take out the cells which can produce these special antibodies and the ones which are very efficient in blocking the virus. Following the lab tests the scientists want to conduct preclinical studies on hamsters before the end of the year there could be a human test as a basis for a pharmaceutical what you plan to do with our entire body from reading from the llama is to administer it so injected into people who are diagnosed with 19 so to prevent them from becoming sick or pretty sick. And also to try. To work protect for a while in people who are exposed to the virus for example. If the antibodies could be industrially produced in large quantities they could be used to ensure widespread passive immunity in the population. Or my collaborators and once my colleagues have been working pretty hard they were driven by of course the pressure and the demands from the society and the curiosity also because this new artist. Is old and their body from the army is it really that good you used from one of some python you dogs who have to prove it to show when they next to them while. The results are promising in a best Case Scenario the lawman drug could be available next year. Thats why winter is an absolute star among coronavirus researchers worldwide along with a wondrous animal. Goes from a long it takes the. Most important is that nature all creatures are shown respect. To learn to understand that nature can give us everything and winter is the best example of that. For you. And if the medicine actually works there sure to be an extra portion of grass for winter. The best thing of course would be to avoid contact with the virus in the 1st place. Scientists now know that it can be carried by so called aerosols. The corona virus seems to duck onto these miniscule airborne particles its a danger thats unseen aerosols always smaller than human head one experiment carried out in germany makes the danger visible. In this broadcasters studio in munich this change is set for 2 experiments. d and stuff on can these bogus are investigating the drug looks of more easter emitted from the mouth when a person sings it consist of large and small droplets the term aerosol is mainly used for the smaller ones both kinds can carry the coronavirus steven conies lucas is going to take a look at the larger droplets. To make them visible the singers will exhale them into a laser light sheens. d lets just use a laser even at least 3 particular everything that passes through the plane of the laser shes every visible particle including droplets from the scatters the light out of the laser beam high speed come up we could then use the high speed cameras weve set up perpendicular to the plane to capture and track the particles Movement Even on the particular. Now its time to investigate the smaller droplets the aerosols they can be made visible when the person inhales the carrier liquid from an ink cigarette and blows it out. The exhaled cloud is comprised of parasol particles and is now visible as much demonstrates himself by singing oh out there singing speaking even just breathing im not explaining these 2 kinds of droplets when we talk the larger particles fall to the ground after about one and a half meters. But what about when we see. That much tiny particles behave differently there is some light that they turned up in the air stream the researchers wanted to know if and how they do this when were singing to. Do these particles go how do they spread out and if i were infected what risk would i pose to the person next to me or indeed the audience those are the questions we want to answer here and ive been talking for. The preparations for the experiments are now complete. But not standing 10 professional choir singers are invited to take part in 10 different tests in 2 different test rooms. For. Each. Im amazed by how far these gases that have been inhaled spread across the room are tired this is a moment but singing after inhaling the liquid is not without its complications. So. I can sing an entire phrase with that stuff. After a couple of rehearsals its time for the main performance. Told. Him that just because for sure each of the black or white markings on the poles corresponds to 10 centimeters enabling the researchers to measure the spread of the aerosol cloud after 2 days of huffing and puffing the experiments are over and another 2 weeks later the scientists are busy analyzing the results so how far do aerosols fly when were singing as if its the cast you have cast and where we can see the droplets radiating away from her skin tones and what all the space the aerosol cloud spreads to would normally be filmed by other singers doesnt think its. Going to be toxic. Because you know its something neat and good stuff up to one measure. On the phone and if we now take a look at nikko. Its a complete waste of 60 centimeters in a lot of cases the emission was between one and one and a half meters. So for people singing in a choir a distance of one and a half meters is definitely to close. In bavaria choirs are currently require to maintain a distance of 2 meters a time limit on rehearsals and regular airing so what do the 2 scientists recommend. Im going to be really on the safe side you have to repeatedly remove the aerosols to avoid a buildup of particles every time you sing in the so continuous ventilation would be the best option to continue to hear again with that in 2 or 2 and a half meters would be conceivable although that would be difficult for a lot of amateur choirs. They also analyze the side where dispersal of the aerosol cloud. Dozens of from thats 50 or 60 centimeters far shorter than in the direction of singing so i dont. Mean that singer standing in front of each other need to be further away than those side by side. Since the 2nd focus of the tests was to study the behavior of large droplets when singing consonants and vowels this could. Be. Like singers have to stress their consonants heavily in order for the audience to understand the words. 0 if i articulate very clearly as you do on stage like with freud there surely a good couple of my particles might be flung further than when im talking normally because consonants are formed in the mouth often using the tongue or lips in the process the sound carries the moisture from the mouth as large droplets the laser light she tests conducted in darkened rooms are designed to find out how far they fly and quantity. I find i loath. To see. The boys as a test completed thank you. Just because he has a relatively flat character recently and its ok. The money because im because the valves we could hardly see any droplets flying out here and there for sure but in far lower numbers compared to the consequence. Masks served to catch the droplets but is singing with one even feasible for a professional performer. My gut feeling is no because singing is so emotional and if this is how well have to sing then ill look for a new profession. Im not the test did later confirmed that the masks do catch the larger droplets expelled during singing some of these in the gulf as you can see in the media see however that the aerosols escaped through gobs which tend to be on the side of the mask or around the nose and they didnt spread pretty far through the room to watch the target the researchers still stress that donning a mask helps to increase safety but the main thing is keeping a distance of 2 and a half meters to the singer in front and half a meter to the side the ideal solution is to install plexiglas shields and ensure adequate ventilation. Theres one place we human beings are probably safe from the coronavirus the International Space station. All astronauts have to go into quarantine before they launch that was the case even before covered 19. And all cargo that goes to the space station is this disinfectant. Put out of the way dave might say i had a totally different question about the i assess. After so long in space why doesnt the i s s fall down to earth. Like most satellites the International Space station flies on an elliptical orbit 2 forces are in play for centrifugal force pushes it out from the earth and gravity pulls it closer the to cancel each other out and the space station stays on course. The balance of forces accounts for the weightlessness on this island out in space 400 kilometers above the earths surface. But the balance can. Be upset. At this altitude theres still a bit of atmosphere collisions with gas molecules slow the space station down. When that happens the force of gravity outweighs and the eye assess loses altitude. Particles rejected by the sun can all sleep indirectly disturb the equilibrium of forces and pull the i. S. O. s off course the more the station is slowed down the quicker it would sink towards the earth eventually breaking apart and burning up in the atmosphere just like the Russian Space station mir which in 2001 was brought down that way in a controlled procedure. Regular orbital corrections prevent that from happening. Thats why satellites are equipped with thrusters to regain lost altitude. The i assessed gets the necessary boost in part from the supply ships that regularly dock there. They maintain the stations course by firing their engines for a few minutes at a time. Since 2015 theres been a daily altitude loss of around 100 meters. Thats been balanced out with the help of the russian progress cargo craft in addition the i assess has its own control systems to keep it on track. If outlet is right why up it but only pay for it. If you have a science question and send it in as a video text ovoid well if we answer it on the show youll get a little surprise as a thank you. For coming on just awesome. Youll find as at our web site t w dot com slash science or on twitter. The blueprint of life that determines so much about us including our physical appearance. Does a persons d. N. A. Reveal enough information about their skin and hair color to construct an image of an unknown individual. Scientists working on that right now with a view to helping solve crimes. Composites of criminal suspects are based on eyewitness descriptions but investigators are starting to other kinds of evidence to work out what a suspect looks like traces of blood saliva and hair that are often found at crime scenes. As a professor of molecular genetics he can tell whether a sample of comes from a man or a woman and can often determine the color of the hair skin and eyes of the person in question. Pigment taishan markers mean that certain dyes are stored in the iris or develop in their hair roots or influence the color of the skin. And. Hair for example you can predict black hair very well ginger hair even better. Brown are trickier. What can tiny samples of genetic material reveal about chi and isabelle isnt it unnerving to think about that. It does feel strange that they can find out so much from one little drop of blood. For me its not a big deal i reveal a lot more about myself on social media. So is a single drop of blood. For professor schneider to compose an accurate picture of our 2 guinea pigs. We sent him the samples to analyze. In the late 1990 s. Germanys federal police set up a d. N. A. Database it now contains 360000 records and has already helped convict many criminals investigators compare d. N. A. Secured from crime scenes with the database. But a new method enables police to track down culprits via their physical appearance it has already helped solve a number of cases in the netherlands. In this case from 1902 the perpetrator attacked a young woman walking alone through a park. Her body was found the following morning. On dorn was raped and murdered. The police appealed for assistance from local residents but nobody had seen either her or her killer. Mother police did secure semen they otherwise had little to go on the offender was not in any d. N. A. Database and there was no other way to identify any suspects the case remained unsolved for 25 years. Until molecular geneticist month and kaiser got on the case hes one of the scientists who developed the new method of d. N. A. Analysis which predicts certain visible characteristics as well as age and bio geographic ancestry. It looks at genes that are known to code for specific features. The results reveal the probability of a suspect having a particular pair or skin color. The geneticists use. It is still methods to compile a profile of the individual. There needed by Reference Data from partners in other countries and can then look for d. N. A. Markers that tributed to populations in specific regions around the world. Is fucked like so basically you compare the d. N. A. Data of the unknown individual and use all the Reference Data for a joint Analysis Unit and stop one show it done and then you can see whether the unknown individual ends up in the data cloud for europe or africa or asia. In the case of milica front door and the key was to associate predicting visible features of the suspect to a certain geographical region in many different dont find it vas snitched or dusty. That one of them is if the d. N. A. Analysis said it was likely someone with turkish roots to it was an indigo and so on and. What the analysis suggested was that it was somebody with roots in a region that includes turkey he took as well as a number of other countries nearby. All men with turkish roots who had lived in the same neighborhood as the victim at the time were asked to come for a d. N. A. Test one of them was a close match for the d. N. A. Found at the crime scene so a relative of the perpetrator. 2 men did not submit to a test one of them became a key suspect. A judge ruled he had to do a test. At 1st he refused but then he did a Perfect Match to the d. N. A. Found at the scene of the crime after a quarter of a century the murder case was solved the new method may be very promising but the analysis of biogeographical ancestry is not permitted in germany. Susana schultz is a sociologist and also works on ethical issues surrounding genetics d. N. A. Analysis and the storage of d. N. A. Data. What kind of. Forensic genetics could also reveal susceptibility to certain diseases which would be of interest to Health Insurers and other parties but there is a right to confidentiality. Critics also say police d. N. A. Databases can be abused to track down relatives of people in it in germany the police d. N. A. Database already covers close to one percent of the adult population. Back to the d. N. A. Samples of our test subjects can and isabel. Has managed to find out what they look like just from their d. N. A. Because wolf yes. Subject number 4 as a male by 21 years of age is eye color is definitely blue. As to his hair color its probably brown whose skin is life which is typical for a central european. So far so good but move the professor call the right chance with isabel to. An interesting subject this is a female we believed to be between 32 and 40 years old. She definitely has red hair. Theres a we here the days are very clear on that and shes either light or very light skinned and it was. Wrong but why. Isabel is not a typical case one of her parents is from norway the other from a loco. I wanted to get rich to. Merge roots in different places can lead to false results all of us just not something we need to examine more closely with us more disagree more. So the new method is not reliable more work needs to be done. Our little experiment suggests that the potential could be huge but for now d. N. A. Test cannot be used to generate realistic facial composites. Thats all for this time from tomorrow or today well be back next week with a whole new show until then stay safe and healthy. Just that it was only 6 when he drowned in the shore a river as people look down. To 15 year old heiko was shot dead in a forest by border guards. During the cold war era more than 30 children and young people were either killed or left to die on the inner german border the berlin wall has his youngest victims. In 15 minutes on t. W. Like. A muggle or just some us food for the russians so. To run steam. In so many different walks of life. Some are pumping. Oddly trying to get all of them come straight from the heart of school or see even when theres no more delicious the marsh school in trucks to come. From the fruit of the logs to their final resting place the russians on g. W. Documentary. How does a virus spread. Why do we panic and when will all this. Just through the tax and weekly radio show is called spectrum if you like and the information on the chrono virus or any other science topic you should really check out our podcast you can get it wherever you get your podcasts you can also find us at d. F. W. Dot com slash science. Saved. And robbed of their soul and thats what a people experiencers when their heritage is taken from them. Countless cultural riches were brutally stolen from africa and carted off to europe by colonialists. Each artifact has blood on it from wounds that have yet to heal. What should be done with the stone or from africa. This is being hotly debated on both continents a stolen soul starts september 7th on g. W. Played. And. Played. This is g. W. News live from berlin turned out in force for a 7th straight day huge crowds gather in and then scuff the spot for a protester died earlier this week in clashes with Police Demonstrators are demanding new elections they have a year of support in bottles president Alexander Lukashenko says russia is backing him also coming up. Sealing the deal with the u. S. On poland to sign a Defense Agreement once in the making it will see a 1000 of us troops moved