In the summer of 1905 the war in the pacific was still raging americans were flying Bombing Missions over japan. Children took refuge in caves used as air raid shelters. Im on august the 9th we stayed in the bomb shelter no longer than usual because wed heard of a new kind of the bomb that had just been dropped on hiroshima to say that. Very few on board the u. S. Bombers were aware of the weapons Destructive Force recruiters claim. Because 100 or more feeling a martyr to get rid of. The thing contained plutonium rather than the uranium used in the hiroshima bomb developing it cost billions of dollars. Whats interesting about this is they had an atomic bomb. They had the hiroshima bomb but all this effort was put into the plutonium bomb so do you think all of that effort did not contribute to the use of it in. Thats an interesting question. All these people were children back and they are the ones who are still alive. My god even today they ask why the spawn had to be dry wiping their city from the face of the earth. Was my god they sing do you hear the victims voices do they still reach your ears i am my please world never let this happen again my love everything burns up. My he was leaving. I now remember world remember us the victims of the atomic bombs our world has been cloaked in mourning ever seen seek home was meet. In the air raid shelter death was always close by says suck away she will hear and. She was 6 years old at the time. They had little or look at that we were hungry as we had a Young Mothers didnt even have enough milk to nurse their babies. One baby screamed so loudly once that someone complained because you had to be quiet in the air raid shelter. The mother whispered be still and held her hand over the babys mouth so desperately and tightly guarded she smothered it that was what the war was like just in the end the babys little head just fell to the side kick it at that. There that was the spot. The bomb exploded above it the epicenter of. The bomb even destroyed the University Hospital on the outskirts of the city chiaki kate his mother worked there 1st. I was collecting shrapnel on the roof with my friend. His friend had to go to the toilet so they got into the elevator that saved both their lives. But when the elevator door opened we ran into the hallway. So. There was suddenly of the unbelievably bright flash of light. And then i cast out so the dead kid station i asked. The flash even penetrated the cave where subway was cowering with her sister and a baby. Then the blast wave slammed them against the wall. Clearly almost everyone but us had already gone out because theyd already sounded the all clear. Then some of them came back and begged for help you. Somehow i was unconscious and that were coming up that they still have a huge oak that they were completely disfigured that the bodies were burnt and split open. They often had open rooms with their in and using still it so cool and i begged for water to be killed many died before our eyes. But i just kept looking for my sister and the baby that i lay down next to me they should get it. Out so youre the one i regained consciousness in the hall of the hospital all i could see was fire everywhere in the flames were coming right at me. Mccoll knew that the floor was covered with grit and bits of broken glass. I crawled to a wall that was still intact then i discovered the nurse that she was covered with blood and crouching in a corner. I crawled towards her. And she looked at me and shouted hey kid quick call the Fire Department table with all your big and thats how. The bombardier solid church threw a break in the clouds and chose it as a target tens of thousands of people around the epicenter were incinerated within seconds or painfully burned to death who could have devised such a weapon. The search for answers takes us 1st to the u. S. State of new mexico to a place called los alamos for a long time it was just the site of a Boy Scout Camp then it was rebuilt into a secret facility for developing the atomic bomb. The address was a post office box residence even joke that people were born in their numbers replaced names on drivers licenses address specialist to be santa fe. There were very few telephones up here but the ones that they did have were monitored mail was censored so that people couldnt even talk about the weather in their mail to their their families back home because the the security folks were afraid well if they talked about a certain rainstorm that happened on a certain day then someone might be able to pinpoint the location. Hundreds of Nuclear Experts from the u. S. And europe got together here at the start in the end there were more than 8000. 00 of them some even came with their families among the scientists were many future winners of the nobel prize in physics. Even within the government and military only a few people knew of this secret project many of the young technicians handling plutonium were not fully aware of its dangers one was. They were assembling some metallic petroleum parts. And the fellow who was right next doing it he dropped it and unfortunately it fell in through what was already assembled and it reached the Critical Mass and he died from it 3 other men on there were standing a few feet away. Were affected. And the one i knew lost all of his hair. Everything and it looked like he had a sunburn and a truck just life considerably he died quite early. On july 16th 1905 workers in the new mexico desert did the 1st plutonium bomb to the desired detonation height on a steel tower. The test was complicated 2 tons of conventional explosives were placed around the plutonium core and all of it had to detonate simultaneously with accuracy to a 1000th of a 2nd. The 1st Nuclear Explosion in history was witnessed by those in charge of the project from 9 kilometers away. Afterward a report was released saying a munitions depot in the desert had exploded. Was it a topic that this would affect not only military targets but wipe out the whole city of course. From the. Shots of the bomb but obviously that they knew the extent of the destruction. The heads of the project posed at what was left of the vaporized tower physicist j. Robert oppenheimer and general leslie gross. But there were also critical voices in los alamos. As there were many scientists here who thought that we should do a demonstration for the japanese and they they signed a petition and oppenheimer stopped the petition from Going Forward to the government. The critics remained isolated they read later that america had no bombs to waste so why did it have to drop 2 bombs within days of each other. We had 2 different kinds of bombs we had a year radium bomb that was dropped on hiroshima and we had the plutonium bomb that we dropped at nagasaki had we had authority and bomb we probably would have taken out a 3rd city but it was important to test the plutonium bomb from the standpoint of u. S. Policymakers and military strategists because that was the kind that we were going to bring into effect increasingly over the next period the effort that went into this was the primary. Challenge that the scientists face that. A loss at los alamos and the implosion the price was much more efficient way of exploding either iranian or plutonium and that was going to be the future. For the victims of the nagasaki bombing essentially test subjects so bomb builders in the u. S. Could determine which of their models should go into production. For 7 decades during their Memorial Services not just hockey citizens have criticized governments including their own for waging war. Their city was always cosmopolitan even in centuries when japan isolated itself from the world there were european trade missions and Christian Churches in nagasaki the bomb destroyed those places along with the rest of the city. At the start the plan was only to use the bomb on military installations but later dual targets became the preferred term. Of the target wasnt arms factories but entire cities the mustard. So they want us know that both raids were planned for the Early Morning also suggests that they wanted to strike when as many people as possible were out of doors the more modern us. The war in the pacific was a desperate conflict japan sacrificed young pilots in kamikaze attacks. The americans depleted their forces fighting from island to island they suspect. Did that invading japan would cause enormous casualties and they were counting on the same ally theyd had against nazi germany joseph stalin. When u. S. And soviet leaders met at the potsdam conference stalin already knew about the nuclear bomb project thanks to espionage but he didnt show his hand us president harry s. Truman had hoped that stalin would sign an ultimatum to japan but he feared that stalin might refuse because of the neutrality agreement between the soviets and the japanese. When stalin told truman that he was coming to the war truman writes in his diary stalin will be in the jap war by august 15th 50 japs when that occurs to truman knew that the soviet entry was going to be determinative american intelligence had been saying that repeatedly for months. But then truman suddenly deviated from his plan and even went as far as hindering stalin from signing why. Because on july 16th truman received the decisive report from general groves in los alamos results exceed expectations wrote groves and what counts is the battle test. When truman received the 1st news of success of the determination about that of us he wrote in a there its a real thing i got big news big news that i have blown a successful this is an enormous destructive give us the it is so enormous so powerful that the steel to 60 feet long melted. And the immediate military and the media after this but were going to use this again is this against a military target were civilized nation or were not going to use it against women children can you imagine that the powerful weapon youre going to drop in the middle of the city youre going to youre not going to affect you know that would hurt them and its already already there the process of denial. Started even through. The historian finds it striking that the ultimatum to japans government the pants down declaration had no deadline and that truman removed a provision to retain the emperor even though the west knew how the japanese revier the imperial dynasty. Tokyos diplomats were by then turning to a possible mediator who appeared neutral to them joseph stalin. Had a conversation with truman he says we have to. Chip in the sweep so that you know of course that from from start its point of view it is necessary to delay the japanese hair and sort of sort of. Participate and truman those who want to do it so that so that the United States can drop. The bomb. On a farm in the u. S. State of indiana the last surviving person who accompanied the bomber looks back at the mission. To. William barney is 93 years old he was the Radar Operator on a newly assembled bomber grew at an air base in utah. It was im afraid or really. Got out there we met colonel timbits and he was our commanding all sure and he said you guys are a bunch of elites is a small and its rather very secretive thoughts that. Heres bomber pilots Charles Sweeney and plaintive its practice the techniques for dropping the bomb. Under floor nonperformer going to missed it wanted to hit an exploded near it covered so much more territory so we work with them are 2 people who were on of them organiser. And my brother putting his bomb we didnt know what was good we dont know what theyre told as to the. Barneys unit and its aircraft were then transferred to the pacific they were based on the island of tinian in the Mariana Islands the 1st operational bomb was loaded onto the aircraft it was the bomb with the a long gated shape containing uranium the bombs builders name did little boy. Going to the north from the moment. What was written in your own when we were numerous and different want to got a newer plant. Colonel paul tibbets had ino like gay painted on his plane that was his mothers name. He had a good 6 hours flight time ahead of him. But tague refers and technicians were in planes accompanying the bomber to measure the force of the blast they flew at High Altitude out of range of japanese anti aircraft. Aircraft were also deployed to observe the weather and before they dropped the bomb the technicians released radio saunas to record the blast wave and radiation and transmit them back to the aircraft. Some of them out of this also made it clear how much and how many ways they wanted to measure the effect of the new bomb. The u. S. As occupation troops later discovered more than 100000 people were killed in hiroshima. Many of them left nothing more behind than their shadows. The shadows up on jenks and people were permanently imprinted on surfaces exposed to the heat of the blast there were even shadows of people who were simply crossing the street. Or. The u. S. Authorities recorded pedestrian on a bridge 6 tenths of a mile southwest of the epicenter then the information was kept secret for decades. The news that hiroshima had been wiped out reached president truman at sea he was returning to america from the potsdam conference. That the report that the city of hiroshima had been wiped off the map and he jumped up and said this is the greatest thing in history he was sort of so full you know he was so he could not restrain him so he was jumping up and the. Why was he saw excited and you know hes not he was decent man you know why he didnt serve this kid you know people but i think my interpretation of this happiness is that it is exactly the way that he planned. Managed to drop the bomb before so obvious into the fray. Truman imagined hed won the race against time that had started in pants down stalin also believed truman had outmaneuvered him and was frustrated until his hopes were rekindled thanks to new reports from japan. His study came back to moscow on august 5th. And he had he resumed his frantic activity obviously preparing for the war. And. All the 6 if you took a look at appointment book blank. And that was show you the. Extent of the shock he thought. Game its game is up you know. We. You know that we lost. And he was sure that your band were the sound and well and then theres approach from japanese and doesnt. And this is a. You know how about soviet reply to a mediation and then she immediately jump to action nearly all of the the at that moved up at that for about 48. 00. So why didnt the shock of hiroshima forced japan to surrender. Some historians say it wasnt a shock for tokyo civilian suffering had never been a reason for japans supreme military leaders to change tack so why should they do it now d ringback ringback. Hiroshima was simply another city that was destroyed there was 68 cities destroyed i think prior to hitler and hiroshima so this was another one well it happened to be by one bomb ok but the same effect. The real blow to the japanese was the entry of the soviet union. But instead of waiting to see the effects of a soviet attack america seemed to be in a hurry to drop the 2nd bomb. That was the plutonium model known as fat man. Because japan continued to ignore demands for capitulation truman believed the step was justified he warned japan that it would be struck by a rain of ruin the mission was plagued by one glitch after another the aircraft didnt have enough fuel a 3rd aircraft failed to appear the planned target the port of kokura and the secondary target nagasaki were both covered by clouds. And you know weve been hit quite sure because when we go down in the weather was sucked in and who is not supposed to restart that run on greater and the guardian just partner there and my own maturity saw in the last minute he took over. And he he got to target but he didnt get to center or in one corner but still in all of it covered a big turret. Again tens of thousands of people were killed almost all of them civilians. The number of victims should actually have been higher than in her osama because the explosive force of the plutonium bomb was twice as high. As the search for a witness who is shown in an old photograph has led all across japan it is one of many photos that were found stored in an abandoned house where the photographer had hid them from censors some of them have already been shown in this film. But one image cannot be understood without hearing the story behind it. Its the story of chee a colder you who now lives in a home for the elderly. For decades she would not speak of the war. She aiko was one of those who survived in a bunker later she found her mother who had not come to the air raid shelter with her all that was left was a pile of ashes ringback ringback. Where is she looking in this picture. To my. Friends they hide the house next door belong to a doctor it had its own air raid shelter. I know last couple of my father thought someone might still be in there i did he went in and actually found a small girl who was still alive or not i mean i hate the dentist and that. We asked how she and her father were able to identify her mother. We recognized her by her tortoise shell hair clip which i had once given her as a gift and of what remained of her clothing that was still recognizable back then we were lots of layers we wrapped up our bodies to protect ourselves from the flames of the bombing on the show so long i gave it to the local. Ga girl you paid her last respects to her mother amidst the rubble. And you want her not with you there was nothing else we could do how go we couldnt even save anything for her burial though that we didnt have a container im thinking i know. What i know im not at this charred body and thought that was once my mother. I briefly touched her foot and it just fell apart that i could carry fell apart like dry sandy. It simply turned to dust. And i got on with it can i see. All that remains is a small shrine in honor of her mother and her thanks to the gods she says because she herself was able to live so long. How to do this and since then ive been thankful for every day that ive been healthy. Peter my mother often prayed to god i believe thats why im still in you know who you are. The young girl suddenly stayed in the air raid shelter until the next day with her sister and the baby. How our teeth were chattering. And we clung to each other throughout the whole night at the tele. Mama mama please come quickly. But no one came to help us. After a while they set out to search for their house or what was left of an. Escape that they get we didnt find our National Debt 1st she had died a few 100 metres away from our house. We found the remains of our older sister where the house used to be and we had her baby with us she was lying on the ground face down with her hands held in front of her face we didnt know which was horrible or that. It was only when we turned the body over carefully and when able to pull her hands away from the face that we recognize the area around her eyes. But they dont at the. Flowing from the rubble of the hospital wandered around and then came back found his mother critically wounded. The how where why are they not i mean she was lying face down on the bed and couldnt move on or bit hundreds of bits of glass were stuck in her back. And i hadnt cried before then but when i saw her the tears flowed down my cheeks like the torah told me that the more. Everything that was needed to hear from the wounded was in short supply doctors and nagasaki had d just begun to treat burn victims who had survived the blast in hiroshima they reported that japans air defenses didnt even see the bombers coming. Most of the doctors and nurses were killed in the bombing the facilities were destroyed the medicines were minimal at best they were using any kind of Home Remedies they could find to treat those victims who were horribly burned. Japan formally surrendered on board a battleship in tokyo. The capitulation document was signed on september 2nd 1945. General Douglas Macarthur then became the countrys military governor japans foreign minister represented the government at the ceremony. In the end it was emperor hirohito ordered his squabbling war council to capitulate the American Leadership rejoiced claiming that the atomic bombs that brought peace. Well the official version that the both bombs were necessary in order to bring the japanese around to surrender is not borne out by the facts in the chronology of the surrender process the japanese had been trying to surrender for weeks if not months but they werent going to surrender under Unconditional Surrender and they werent going to surrender as long as the emperors life was at stake they hoped that they would get the soviet union to mediate between the United States and japan for better surrender terms they were unable to get that because the soviet union cleared war in japan on august 8th. And that was the end of that idea. Emperor hirohito was spared a war crimes trial but he had to give up his divine status he suggested to his people that the bombing was the reason for japans defeat that was advantages for him because it afflicted the issue of his responsibility for the war. Both he and truman and here to the myth that the bombs decided the war and truman wrote in the memoir us the decision to drop the bomb was a very very heavy i just wanted to avoid well if he wanted to would then why didnt the invite started to sign the proclamation and when he knew the Japanese Company were in a moscow. And sit on the they knew that they had been discussed this spring who wanted to know the fate of the emperor and then put a system or why did they promise the japanese got in japanese government that you know thats thats a possibility there. And those 2 alternatives were consciously avoided. So thats thats why i think its so. I would argue that. You there both some pro formation when you were in the it was it was issued so already decided that theyre going to drop the. Us military newsreels show that japan had already been flattened before the nagasaki bomb was dropped just after the end of the war they reported that nearly all major cities from all sucked out to tokyo had been destroyed empires are just japans fleet had been decimated in the ports and the country was no longer able to fight another evidence of the enemys final and in the words of the announcer scenes like this proved that japan was no longer able to wage war even before the bombs were dropped against like these leave no doubt that japan was horribly beaten before the atomic bomb. In fact you have to remember that 6 of the 75 star admirals and generals who got their 5th star during world war 2 are on record saying that the atomic bombs were either militarily unnecessary or morally reprehensible and the probably the most outspoken was trumans own chief of staff admiral William Leahy who said they categorize this with the most atrocious things that ever been done he says war was not it cannot be made that way and he also said that truman karen told me that we would all the hit military objectives he says then we went ahead and killed as many women and children as we could which was just what they wanted all along. By the 1st anniversary of the victory when americans looked back there was no longer any down to about the rightness some dropping the bombs. What britain according to this newsreel account the greatest of all new wars ended a year ago and it was not because the socalled japs had too few weapons or soldiers. The reporter speaks of large armies and weapons arsenals but says that just as the japanese were ready for the final battle the 1st atomic bomb was dropped they were stunned but still has the tape and then 3 days later the 2nd bomb fell on nagasaki 3 days later another bomb fell on august. That was the final blow. So they surrendered its perfectly understandable i mean the United States was the only country that has used atomic bombs it used them on what Robert Oppenheimer the director of los alamos called and as sensually defeated enemy this was our good war we were fighting fascism in europe we were fighting militarism in the far east and to end the war with something that. Has a negative context something that puts a black mark on this war is something that the United States cant quite absorb and so it was justified by the idea that we would have to have lost a 1000000 a 1000000 troops in an invasion there was not going to be an invasion the japanese were going to surrender clearly before. November 1st 1945. Ringback the end of the war brought little relief to those suffering from radiation sickness at 1st many were taken in by relatives as you know. d but soon she and her sister went back to living in the rubble their illness had made them outcasts. Ringback there on a booklet that the coming i lost my hair and i had no. Money but i didnt even. Notice. I only saw the stains when the blood tripped on to my clothes are here but the look on i could hear what the other kids are saying that you and i dont come any closer thats we had just disgusting. It. Workers registered that the death rates for nagasaki victims were rising again the deaths came not from injuries but because more and more children were throwing themselves in front of trains that if. There came a point when my sister said lets just die too and scotia where our mother has been sick i kept trying to talk her out of it but then she just didnt come home and i found her on the tracks every couple quite a while anusuya. Away wanted to end her own suffering too but she jumped out of the way of the black locomotive at the very last moment. A. O. L. The americans set up a secret commission to investigate the long term effects of the bomb affects that were new to their new. Reports released later said they observed the same phenomena in nagasaki as in hiroshima. The experts called it radiation sickness. Others called it radiation plague because there was no known treatment for it d. The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission that was set up by the United States after the war was there to study the victims not to treat them. There in fact if they died their remains were often sent to the United States for further testing which is why so many of the japanese see themselves as having been guinea pigs for the american experiment i have a lot of friends who are survivors and they felt that many of them feel that they were treated terribly in the aftermath and many were humiliated they were forced to get up on those stages get naked in front of this auditorium full of doctors so they could be further examined many of them were young at the time some were teenagers and it left a lot of very very deep scars so the american role in the aftermath i think was pretty regrettable at best criminal worst. These are the few survivors still alive today. They have survived despite the trauma and cancer diagnoses and a childhood in which many of them were shunned as outcasts even by their own people. They say who will talk about what happened to us when we are no longer around in the book. My muscle you dont believe we were really Something Like lab animals for the americans. It was just that the bomb had already been dropped on hiroshima. That building the plutonium bomb would have been senseless if they didnt use it on. So they had to do it quickly before japan surrendered to me and i. So does that mean the americans were war criminals and are the japanese the victims no they say that would be too easy to write covering when they were not here its often said that were the victims. But we were the victims of 2 perpetrators because we were americas victims and victims of our own wartime government. Japan was to blame for the war but i and also to blame because it did not surrender much earlier if i will score some of the. We asked the historians one last question 70 years after the tragedies of hiroshima and nagasaki where do you place the blame for dropping the atomic bombs. By bombing cities and not only in hiroshima and nagasaki america had crossed a threshold leading to a war on civilians. So i decided before that only hitler and gannicus spain and the japanese and china did that. And the west called it barbarism. But then the british did the same thing in dresden and the americans in tokyo. And with the 2 atom bombs they ultimately went beyond the point of no return you know when i. When i was very i said perhaps theres an argument for the 1st bomb but the 2nd one was clearly unnecessary. But the more. I learned. With the evidence that has come out both in the United States and in japan and in the soviet union its quite clear that neither was in essence. Women from 3 countries with one. Theyre fighting for their rights and their children. In brazil against violence and. India for the right to play. To sit down with visible success on ensuring the freedom. W. Hy im ill and im dead welcome to the 2nd season on the front of the planet on the brink of Disaster Relief is long dead and her experts about one question how to change such a lonely place in. Frankfurt. International gateway into the best connection self road and trail. Located in the heart of europe you are connected to the whole world. Experience outstanding shopping and dining offers and try our services. Biala gassed at Frankfurt Airport city managed by from a bought. This is the w. News live from Beirut Lebanon in the shock this morning after 2 massive explosions devastate the city. The blast tearing through the citys port area killing at least 100 people and leaving