Life in the post factual age. Social networks spread fake news perceived truths in just seconds there are no filters or fact checks. The line between truth and lies has become blurred. U. S. President donald trump is one of the most famous generators of fake news just about every day he posts and lives on the internet. Theres one thing thats absolutely fascinating about trumps case. Unequivocally backs what he said. I know that he rejects every bit of expert knowledge or system of extra no verification such as archives fax images and the rest. As you know. And he just says he knows it because he feels that there is something. To think we have achieved something very very important politics is a liar game by dishonest business. I did not. Sexual relations with. Their old i as. Members of the public condemned the lying but they dont behave any better themselves. Is an average guy and certainly less than honest. He fit every day. Trust all in your beautiful. Johnny videos and my dress of course. Its ready i know its tight i know it fits as if it will make oil because. Unlike the lies the politicians muellers dishonest compliments are not intentional deceptions. Is a tasty and wonderful thanks. To your months old if someone tells you theyve been to the hairdresser and they ask you how their new haircut looks and you think oh dear but say this is great then thats a problem id fear not and i would not lie because youre aiming somehow to help maintain the other persons self esteem. Health. Researchers call those white or socially positive lives social conventions belong to this group inc. By midmorning labor how you would want to have a nice day. A certain degree of dishonesty promotes harmonious coexistence. Listen im stuck in traffic and i just wanted to let you know that im going to be light. A boundary is violated when the law is used for deception. When will i get those quarterly figures working on it by the end of the week. Knowingly failing to tell the boss the truth is driven by self interest miller doesnt want any trouble. He overlooks the fact that he could damage his boss. That didnt just happen by chance the center for processing emotions in millers brain the limbic system is active especially his a make. It triggers twinges of conscience. English researchers carried out an experiment with lies that indicated that a bad conscience can be overridden the more frequently test subjects lied the less the a make delivery acted. Lying is immoral thats the consensus of all the worlds cultures. But everyone lives at least 2 times a day. His lying and ancient natural legacy. In coastal regions rain forests a phenomenon often takes place that could confirm exactly that and humans closest relatives are the ones that are doing it. And warns his group of danger. The primates hide in an instant. That was a mistake because a member of their own species tricked them hes the one that ends up with the. The threat was just make believe humans apparently arent the only beings who resort to trickery. Scientists are using new zealand pigs to test whether the animals are conscious of what theyre doing. Theyre raised in the clever pig lab of the messily Research Institute and have more in common with humans then humans would like. To give is a quote i think its from churchill always remember the catholics down on man a dog looks up but if a pig will look him right in the eye. Picks genetic material is similar to humans thats only one factor that makes them ideal research subjects. As social animals pigs have a very well developed social network and they know each other very well they have a very distinct hierarchy. There is the leader and subordinates and they also have individuals in the group who interact with each other more rather than less so you could call them friends and those they tend to avoid or if they do meet theres a clash you see that with us to. The scientists want to know if the pigs can engage in conscious deception. To do this they set up 3 feeding stations but only one hides a treat. If you got social strategy how an animal behaves using the information it has in our case thats the location of the source of food what does it do with that information say if a higher ranking animal is present who could take that food source easily drive it away or if a level ranking animal is there who can take the food. Thank you. 3 pigs compete in the test. The leader of the group. Whos on the lowest rungs of the pigs ranking. And zeus who is between. The. First zeus learns where to find the snack. Hes the only one who gets to see where the good he is hidden. Then comes then shes clueless about where the food is. Will follow the higher ranking animal. Zeus immediately heads for the food bowl and gobbles up the snack. On the other hand quickly withdraws and leaves zeus to eat without a fight. Banana didnt dead challenge says and claim the food for his self she knows its ranks about her and that gives him the right to take the food fest. Marianna von doc has seen this often. While working on her doctoral thesis she emma lies to 800 runs with 18 animals in cooperation with the behavioral biologist. From the university of veterinarian medicine in vienna. Low ranking animals without information dont seem to use any deceptive maneuvers to gain an advantage. But what happens if the lower ranking animal knows something a more senior animal doesnt. Gets another training session. But this time the train is hidden behind the feeding place on the far left. His opponent is drilled leader example no. Based on ranking should give way. But zeus is clever he sends the dumper know in the wrong direction. The feint gives him some time to get a head start in eating. As he. Saw the video of zeus and know for the 1st time. Suddenly shakes off by sending him in another direction i wouldnt have thought it possible. That the. Informed animal deceives with intent social rank becomes secondary and. In. This competition cognitive arms race arises an intelligence challenge because the intelligence of one leaves the other to adapt to it and perhaps develops a new strategy. The 1st needs to understand devising a further strategy. As this progresses it can result in animals really developing a special kind of intelligence. A social or cultural intelligence which isnt something they need in their physical environment. So apparently lying is a natural legacy evolutionary researchers even see lies and deception as important drivers for the formation of human intelligence. Human is a persistently disingenuous ape that we can not only hide behind but that we can tell tall tales has helped us to deceive others to believe in gods and tribunals and to fight together. Was certainly a major help in evolution. Researchers at the Child Development laboratory of the university of borg use playful experiments to investigate at which age people learn to lie. Look here. He was just playing with his ball. After playing puts the ball into the red box and leaves. On his sister. And she plays a little with the blue. But she puts the ball back in the blue box rather than the red one and moxie. And look here comes. This is. A very important intellectual advancement to understand people dont behave in a way that reflects the real world but how they imagine it to be so. And that perceptions can be manipulated intentionally the force didnt want us but these are forced in them could save money for the income. Where romex you look 1st. Where were maxi look 1st. The researchers test if the children can put themselves in another persons shoes. They call this ability theory of mind and those of the younger than kin that. The younger children the 3 year olds. Were they say hell get the ball where it actually is. By that say he is as a kinda sorta kid seem to assume that when moxie looks for his ball he just goes to where it is or is over there will actually look 1st. In the red one but i want to read when you think starting at age 5 children can anticipate the knowledge of others that will actually look 1st through. The red box why would you go to the red box. Because it was in the red box before and now its in the blue now right on the theory of mind of the theory of mind or the false believe is required for children to understand that Human Behavior is based on mental state but thats for high meaning people behave as they perceive the world to be and that can sometimes deviate from reality. And this comments made up from that are limited. We have lots of different stickers you can choose one which one would you like the next task tests if the children can deceive strategically. Swapping the school so. Office texted stick you hide the sticker in one of your hands but i too will try to find it. I wanted to know was to be at the 1st show i asked you where you hit it and stick a fish check test on giving the fines if you can keep it but if she doesnt its yours so you have to think carefully about what you can do so we are to doesnt find the sticker would really rest mom cans need to be added in statement and so sure we tried here. At the end of that to start searching. Where do you hide the stickers. Well lets have a look. This is stella tells the truth shes 3 and cant deceive this is she was the wife one. And thinking as this is before they can lie before they have developed the ability to understand that you can manipulate other peoples mental states and use information to influence what someone else is thinking how they perceive the world bank so. Yes theyre still very innocent before that so claims the incident youre on to know before they just can. Get that 1st victim flawed he is 5 years old the task is the same and lottie also wants that stick or. Something now i have one and then lets play again its not going according to plan for a lot. But at 5 her cognitive abilities are well enough developed that shell figure it out. And then if she finds it she gets to keep it but if she doesnt then its yours. The stick isnt in their look in their. Brain is ready to fit at the age of 5. You know. 6 year old antonia is already a true diva of deception. On the next try she takes it a step further and changes tactics. Ok back to have a look. When tony away to hide it. Shes consciously chosen the other hand because she already knows that the other player can change strategy too. Is is. That people is a fact of life. When you grow up in a society where its a fact its very important that you learn to lie and understand lies otherwise youd be completely helpless and at the mercy of those who do. Believe that say. The lie has 2 faces. It deceives but that knowledge helps to reveal reality. You wont believe what happened to me today as i was coming out of the office some idiot nearly ran me over the place i was shocked and shouted stop him stop him. Mineralized to justify being late. She doesnt pick up the fair bit 1st but still liars send out signals that reveal their fraud. Psychologist and body language expert monica much nic reveals deceivers by examining their facial expressions. She uses an experiment to show how she does it. Youre going to tell me a little story about your last vacation. One is true the other is a lie lets start. Last summer i was in norway alone yes actually just with a backpack and a tent. I just went and picked a little ruse like a bailout how long were you there just 2 weeks west where were you on vacation so i didnt know i was with a friend in barcelona the summer thats how close are you doing in barcelona we went out drinking and partying at night you know who i am where did you start. In our lives and what was the next station the time start a little telnet remember the name anyway i took the ferry across. At him and i dont know about your friend whats he like and. Hes really funny and plays music too. I havent seen him for 20 years and that was very emotional. Kens to do you know this person youre talking about yeah. I guess thats the truth. And he said this is your life. But even a cunt among the you can see the asymmetry is the smile was one sided and only in the lower face it wasnt honest laughter. But i can just walk in and the eye contact was choppy and i couldnt make contact he looked away then it means then away again. Take a shot. Thats the dog i did but that doesnt mean liars always do that. So some use extra long eye contact to the line in the open to pick up. What theyre doing is trying to hide their immediate genuine emotions. Joy anger grief contempt fear and surprise are the 7 basic emotions they present themselves in the same way in the facial. Expressions of every human being. To do that 26 facial muscles must work in concert. If for example we feel joy the facial muscles react within a fraction of a 2nd. Researchers call the short reaction a micro expression. It momentarily reveals genuine feelings and cant be faked. Only after that can liars control their expressions. But the face reveals even more. d researchers look at the nose as if their subjects were the puppet pinocchio. They say the nose changes when a person is lying. American researchers used to say that the nose increased in size by millimeters if a person was lying. Researcher in media gomez milan from granada spain has been observing this phenomenon for several years. If it is something actually the pinocchio effect is the holy grail of lying. Researchers have always looked for a qualitative key to distinguish lies from the truth you know that i know that. Using a thermal imaging camera researchers film people telling whoppers and find facial and hand temperatures change systematically. For us the lie has at least 3 components one is the level of physiological activation which increases when you lie this value can be measured at the tip of the nose and the tip of the middle finger. Gomez milan tests this with a series of questions the respondent can decide whether to lie or not be. The researcher clearly recognizes falsehoods in one tale. Nose and finger temperatures drop as the test subject makes up the lie ringback. Thats just one clue. Ringback ringback cognitive effort is the 2nd component of lying the brain must do heavy lifting it up its own up inside. This effort shows in other parts of the face. Ringback the forehead and cheeks get warmer seen here and yellow. Since the law is a highly complex conceptual feat the brain works at full speed. Increased blood circulation in the frontal lobe raises the temperature of the forehead. Mirror neurons also become active in the front of the frontal lobe. They pick up the emotional state of the person being lied to and lead the liar to have warmer cheeks. Getting higher wants to make a good impression is he being believed if not you can see it in his cheeks. If you use the other person isnt convinced youre blushing. But other factors influence face and figure temperature intensity as well. The researchers suspect the recipient and gravity of the lie contribute to. Do it in. A way youre going to avas been given a special mission. Week shes supposed to. Convincingly to someone close to her. The 22 year old tells her mother shes pregnant knowing full well news like that would be a shock to a parent. This highly emotional shows up particularly clearly on the imaging camera. The nose and finger as forehead and cheeks. Are reveals the truth to the temperatures normalizing. Its especially easy to expose the lawyer. But it also depends on other factors such as personality. Still one thing is certain if the full range of evidence for lying shows up we know with a probability of 90 percent that the person is really lying. For decades the lie detector has been used to identify liars on the basis of physical reactions. Secret Services Still use it to expose Double Agents or criminals. The idea of using physical clues to identify criminals is a very old one. At the end of the 19th century. A physician from to try to determine the external characteristics of born criminals he measured suspects Blood Pressure during questioning. The suicide. Later used to galvanometer to measure skin conductivity during sweating. At the university of victoria developed the polygraph it measures respiration and pulse. Theory was that if a person is lying excitement would cause heart and respiration rate. To change. But lie detector results still arent considered irrefutable evidence a conventional polygraph wouldnt have unveiled this thief. The measurements are too inaccurate because nervousness can happen in many situations not just during a lie. The woman isnt a real thief shes a research subject. From the university of birth board has set up some items at a fake crime scene he wants them to be stolen. He aims to use whats known as the guilty knowledge test to show that breathing pulse heart rate and skin connectivity can be significant. Attack isnt as bad as. The guilty knowledge test is based on the idea that you dont detect the lie itself so you dont ask a question like did you kill so and so because it accorded you steal the cash box on file instead you ask about certain details of the crime details that only the perpetrator can know that he can come. Shows these details to the test subject. A recorded interrogator asks if she recognizes the objects on the screen she supposed to deny it all cloth back. No. Gum or can read her reactions on the monitor. Or document folder. No whenever she recognizes something the reading changes. No mobile phone. This becomes particularly clear with the picture of the stolen mobile. Phone. The test person begins perspiring more. Than monday you know if you recognize things youve seen before or experienced in the context of a criminal offense for example. Then you are more receptive to these details. You sure are stronger skin conductivity which means that the skin is more stor you sweat a bit more and the reaction has nothing to do with the line itself. This is a reaction that depends on its importance certain details are more important so the perpetrator reacts more strongly to these details that it ties the idea to teach or to signal stick or. Everyone wants to win even if they have to lie to do it. That was the case with lance armstrong. Allegations of doping plagued his career but one thing is clear today he cheated his way to his triumph in the Tour De France and other races. Oh. I have not. Even then he was sending out signals that could have supported the medical findings. Its about us learning to cluster thats what does that mean we have to serve people from head to toe and try to find as many clues as we can i know movement has it. Only then do we have a shot at getting it right i know. There were incidents like that could never happen ok how clear is that. Monica much nick can find many giveaways in a 2005 interview with lawyers of armstrong sponsors. And. Out of the scene was when he said no and kept on saying what are the sort of 100 percent. He would have nodded if it were really true had to make and on tonight. And its exactly the same if someone. I would say great idea and great argument to high speed yes yes im open to anything and there you can see the body language doesnt harmonize with the words nor does it seem credible. Even experienced liars give themselves away especially if theyre stressed. By junior budget minister in france. Implicated himself in a web of lies about secret foreign accounts in 2013. He. Also. Went to him you only see nonverbal signals indicating struggle but. The rigid focused gaze style for tooting chin and his variant phatic language on stock. Thats someone whos fighting even when they lie often i think. Even bill clinton couldnt conceal his world famous lie. I did not have sexual relations with. These allegations for forbes. So i knew. His negation was so vehement and so strong. That his eyes were blinking faster. And he distanced himself from this woman mention that when people lie they dont use names he said that woman that. Sooner or later the truth will out in the end nevertheless politicians lie and lie and lie and donald trump is a premier league liar who tops all the standings. Its the largest tax cut in the. Of our country and reform but tax cuts. Newspapers like the Washington Post record trump swappers thousands and thousands of them. In any other country. No u. S. President has lied more than trump. Theres actually a relationship between lies and power and everyone lies every day in politics the lies are more common there are many studies on power and from them we can conclude that the more powerful someone is the easier it is to lie and the more they feel right about it the. Deception helps to disguise that strategy has a long tradition politics were already being conducted in secret during the renaissance. The less people knew about what happened in the chambers of power the better. Political philosopher belly openly condemned lying as immoral. Yet indirectly he called on those in power to do it. Doesnt advise the prince to lie because the law it cannot lead to anything positive. Song in his political tract the prince machiavelli tries to advise the prince on how best to maintain his power. Or maximum knew he advised him to hide part of the truth because for him the secret is required for the success of a political act for me it was so clear then just. Simply saying nothing is an alternative to lying with unpredictable cant. Quinces as history shows. Europes climate worsened in the 18th century causing crops to fail and famine everywhere. In france people starved needed someone to blame and found them. Even though the royals were also plagued by low supplies the king lived up the people smelled a rat. The rumor spread that the king the monopolists and the ministers were deliberately trying to starve the people. When rumors like this came up when grain prices got too high longer does that defend going to have been of course there and thats when the peasants took up arms. The things all. Back then fake news led to uprisings in 775. People chanted down with the king we want bread down with the king. As supplies became scarce the poor took to the streets of paris. In search of food they looted shops and markets. The revolt is known as the flour war in french history. These are special moments of crisis when power is weak. A power vacuum is created because it such times we have a sequence of difficulties that cause instability and unrest. Revolt triggered by rumors that led to the french revolution. And later ended the monarchy in france. This is total loss no more can we have 0 of the emergence of false information fake news in propaganda precisely at moments of historical crisis. This is very striking in the case of the revolution there were waves of bogus news fake news that circulated through all camps more or less being exploited to support the interests of someone or other but theyre also a sign of fear of. Then as now truth clearly tends to lose its meaning in a crisis. Experts say a similar system is in operation among the Yellow Vest Movement in france. It started as a protest against rising gas prices and continue to be stoked by more fake news online. Example of dont you see many rumors circulating on social networks with respect to the yellow vest under arrest. For example theres the rumor of a belgian lady who was killed during a demonstration one day. Why are there such rumors. Because people inform each other and communicate among people like themselves and above all because they dont believe a word of what the Mainstream Media says yet they see the socalled official media mass media etc mass media. Mistrust among the population is growing. Fertile ground for more lives. Through. Now there are also social networks where the lower classes create somewheres are everywhere as they say in england. On longer there thats their own or. Ality their own interpretation of reality and it merges an ideological phenomenon we no longer believe in the elites with the technological one we can Say Something and circulated on the internet. Thats an explosive mix certainly for the elites. Many experts agree lines and bogus news pose a serious threat to political systems. It doesnt matter who spreads deception those in power or the people. They primarily so mistrust and destabilize democracies. Yet theres no magic bullet to counter this trend. That we can enact a whole range of laws to monitor and prevent fake news but its not going to go away. Because there are plenty of laws all very old. By the 13th century we were already talking about sins of language which are condemned just as they are now and so its not the law that will prevent the spread of lies. I say the question is whether individuals and citizens in particular are able to identify them and refrain from giving them recognition they dont deserve. It. Experts say the number of lies online will merely multiply as the inhibition threshold continues to fall. Meanwhile the rate of daily remained constant with most people lying between 2. 00 to 80. 00 times a day still awareness and observation can reveal falsehoods. Research has led to making lies a visible and measurable in Part Technology that may develop for later use. Said airports and by the police and justice authorities. And the powerful theyll continue telling whoppers theyre lying is a part of the political system and firmly rooted in power seekers d. N. A. Nothing. Meanwhile in private the means will go on justifying the ends. I tell me have you ever thought about surgery. Some are you crazy. Research has yet to prove it liars have long noses. More snouts. In any case a lies half life is manageable. Dissembling is hard wired into the brains of living beams. Yet the cognitive ability to lie goes hand in hand with the capability to expose liars. To. Enter the conflict zone with sarah kelly my guest this week is involved oil minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade cboe c soloing as a former army chief he was also the face of the military coup that 1st held and none babatz of power will zimbabwe ever be able to see genuine political and economic reforms. Like the. 13 double. That i used to need to keep a debate on the role for the over russian home before swine flu in the fall of the most recent article in. The bottom of the valley that announced dragons is worth recalling the horror. Are they friends that is. Or are they even enemies i have a word for right jeff. Donald trump and flooding youre proving our 2 part documentary analyzers just little relationship between russia and the us and between their president how does their rivalry and their dangerous mutual admiration affect the rest of the world. Bosom bullies trump and putin starts august 3rd on d w. This is d w news live from berlin tonight the tax bill that apple does not have to pay a European Court today overruled a decision requiring the tech giant to pay 13000000000. 00 euros in back taxes to ireland the decision is a major blow to efforts in the European Union to crack down on sweetheart tax fields for big business also coming up tonight punished for speaking up for l g b t why she was put in prison for protesting the criminal