Computing. Welcome to tomorrow today the science show on d w. These days Internet Access is considered nothing less than a basic need but the more data you want the faster the connection speed you need. Over the past few years the volume of digital data has risen by about 30 percent annually. Transposing such a large quantity of information at speed requires a powerful data highway. Each generation of while a Cellular Network has been faster than the previous one creating new capabilities the 1st generation one g. For short enabled us to make calls with cell phones. We could send Text Messages to. Reduce all the advent of the smartphone and easy access to the web while 4 g. Is speedy enough to allow us to share and stream music and film these. 5 g. Promises to be much faster. The key to this Development Higher frequencies. In one a Cellular Networks High Frequency electromagnetic waves transmit data from masts to users. The frequency is the number of wave oscillations per 2nd the higher the frequency the greater the possible bandwidth and the greater the ability to support high Data Transfer speeds. At present best talk of using band work for over 24 gigahertz socalled Millimeter Waves this is a new development but as little is known at present about how this form of radiation affects the human body these frequencies are not licensed for use in the european union. Present regulators there have only approved the use of frequencies below 6 gigahertz. Socalled centimeter waves are in the same spectrum as previous wireless networks. Even with these lower bound with 5 g. s more efficient Data Transfer enables download speeds of up to 2 gigabytes per 2nd more than twice for g. s theoretical top speed. In addition to much faster speeds 5 g. Will have other advantages too it will make Data Transfer up to 1000 times more efficient thus saving energy. Response times of 30 to 50 times shorter this will enable data to be processed in almost real time. Than networks are said to be more stable and often huh. I use a density 15 g. Transmission last can connect 100 times as many devices at the same time as for. Cell phones communicate by transmitting electromagnetic radiation the electromagnetic spectrum encompasses a wide range of wavelengths and frequencies the frequency is a measure of the energy that the wave carries at the low energy end of the spectrum other waves that mobile networks use radio waves and higher frequency microwave signals with wavelengths of a few centimeters. Visible light has wavelengths in the know me so range. Especially short wavelengths and High Frequency is characterized x. Rays and gamma rays this high energy part of the spectrum is known as ionizing radiation and that is potent enough to cause changes to our d. N. A. Well cell phone radiation cant do that the technology does warrant a closer look. The Us National Toxicology program carried out a high profile long term study on potential Health Hazards linked to mobile phone radiation. Scientists there exposed thousands of rats and mice to radiation 9 hours a day for 2 years. The doses of radiation were acquittal and to what you would be exposed to if you were on the phone continually over that time. And the animals whole bodies were exposed not just their head or even. The findings of the study are summed up in a 260 page report among the most important results is the observation that the male rats exposed to radio frequency radiation showed more malignant brain tumors than control animals. The researchers also noted an increase in cardiac schwannoma as a kind of hard tumor. This was followed soon after a by another study from scientists at the ramat seanie institute in italy. Here scientists exposed more than 2000 rats to radiation the levels were much lower than those used in the us study the dose was the equivalent to constantly standing around 50 meters from a mobile phone mast. The animals were exposed for around 1000 hours a day throughout their lifetimes starting while still in their mothers womb until their death. The result all the animals displayed evidence of brain tumors. The scientists also noticed a significant increase in heart tumors. So was mobile phone radiation hazardous to human health or can these results not be transferred to humans. Those are questions that cell biologist David Schumann from the university of basel has also been studying. He was somewhat taken aback by the results of the 2 studies on rats. So you start off of the ball at 1st i was surprised that we saw anything at all that the 2nd surprise was that there were also more cases of the same kind of cancer in the study from italy even though the doses there were much lower of. Bearish. One cause of cancer is when d. N. A. Is damaged and theyre not corrected by the bodys natural repair mechanisms sherman wanted to find out how radiation affects human d. N. A. So he exposed human skin cells to the upper limit of mobile phone radiation that is currently allowed. As a control you also analyzed skin cells that werent exposed to any radiation. To provide another comparison sherman conducted a 3rd test using radioactive radiation known to damage human d. N. A. Cells and sure enough in that test the mutation of the cells occurred in the 1st 5 minutes of radiation. In the control group there was no change but interestingly in the cells exposed to mobile phone radiation there was also no change. I thought one day of exposure with a value around the upper limits and we did another experiment with higher and lower values as well we found no evidence of any effect on the genetic substance. If it given what we currently know i think were on the safe side with our current upper limits so. This is the 5th course we cant be absolutely certain that we havent overlooked something. Because research always lags a bit behind. It. Since 2011 mobile phone radiation has been categorized by the World Health Organization as possibly carcinogenic to humans so what does that mean exactly. That. That means that there are certain indications but that one cant rule out that the indications are effects of the methodology so there are many substances in the category possibly which means its not been proven that they are really carcinogenic or take red meat which is probably cause on a genic so fine particulate matter which is proven to be carcinogenic these things are high up on the scale. And the fact remains that so far no Scientific Study has been able to conclude that mobile phone radiation is hazardous to human health. How times have changed over the past few decades our relationship with computers has shifted dramatically. The brief history of the technology that has made such a difference to our lives 6 6 6. The 1st commercial computer appeared back in 951 it was so big it filled an entire room. In 1976 came the 1st ever Apple Computer this one for ordinary people. 18 years later the neck in touch a matched featuring a graphical user interface. In 2001 the 1st tablets appeared on the market could Quantum Computers be the next leap forward. In 2019 googles quantum processor completed a task faster than the most powerful supercomputer many of us it was a milestone achievement that made headlines around the world but quantum physics is actually long been a part of our lives has been thrown. In and there are many Quantum Phenomena that are used all the time in technology we have things in our smartphones and our computers that are based on Quantum Mechanics. But the idea behind a quantum processor is that we can use even weirder Quantum Phenomena to solve much more complicated problems and its hundreds of. The computers we normally use are based on a simple binary principle each unit of information called a bit is in either one of 2 states 0 or one bits are grouped together into cells and store Information Destruction makes computers highly efficient calculators but quantum bits although they also work with zeros and ones have a decisively different capability. Im sure in classical physics every system is in a well defined state like a crying thats either heads or tails. Income some physics of a system can be heads and tails at the same time in life thats called superposition. And its only when you measure or observe the system that it decides and collapses into heads or tails. With 3 classical binary bits for example its possible to represent 8 different states. Different values in the course of a computation but an array of quantum bits or cubits can exist in a superposition of all possible states of the system meaning that it can represent all 8 values at the same time. And that advantage over classical systems doubles with each additional cubit. The google processes 54 cubits allow some 9000 trillion states to be represented simple tenuously that number of grains of rice would easily and go for the eiffel tower the real one that is. Some bits because we have several of them its important for them to be working closely together thats a property known in Quantum Mechanics as entanglement and they have to join up to form an entangled state that means you have a single state in which all the cubits perform together instead of each one leading its own life. Before a measurement these quantum coins are in a mixed state of heads and tails but when one of the coins takes on a defined state so does the other. This is Quantum Entanglement one of the spookiest phenomena in quantum physics entangled objects seem to know whats happening to the other objects even when theyre apart this means they effectively transmit information to one another. Creating entanglement between the cubits theres a huge technical challenge. And entangled quantum system is highly unstable the slightest contact with the surroundings like a collision with a molecule in the air or a photon destroys the entanglement. Quantum processes can only function in complete isolation from the outside world to date entangled. Its have been made to last for just several milli seconds and the usual way of realizing them involves an extremely cold environment just a few degrees above absolute 0 conditions that can only be achieved in a laboratory. Despite these obstacles the project financed by google succeeded in building a quantum computer that could go down in history for the 1st time the processor called sycamore reportedly solved a mathematical problem many times faster than a classical supercomputer claiming quantum supremacies. Come up with from googles sycamore processor represents a major advance in quantum computing it took place last year the thing is this quantum computer was built for a very specific problem probably in ga and it can only solve that specific problem but much faster than a classical processor. What wed like to see is a quantum computer that can also solve real World Problems efficiently. Most experts say its likely to be decades before the 1st Quantum Computers could be anything like market ready. Arrays of cubits are by their very nature extremely prone to error. For what we need is a further advance that will enable us to correct the errors and address the really important practical problems that arent there probably in its owners. And even once thats been solved the benefits of Quantum Computers would probably be limited to very specific applications. Theyd be unbeatable when it comes to filtering out the best value from a vast number of possibilities such as searching in gigantic databases or figuring out optimal moves in chess. And some Research Areas would also profit from quantum computing some. Relating large molecules is one example that is so complex that today supercomputers can only produce approximate solutions. Computers based on quantum mechanical principles would be in their element for such tasks and that could take fields like microbiology pharmacology to an entirely new level. The famous physicist Richard Feynman once said if you think you understand Quantum Mechanics then you dont understand Quantum Mechanics but even if we never really understand Quantum Mechanics at the deepest level we can use it and work with it to create things that function in the real world or. The advent of quantum computing has raised concerns about data privacy. As a the widely used data encryption method which is used in Online Banking for instance could be easily hacked by Quantum Computers. The principle behind it involves factoring a very large number into just 2 large prime numbers its a mathematical problem that todays computers still cant master but the special ability of a Quantum Computers to test many possibilities simle tenuously would make it solvable. Still despite potential applications its likely that the quantum advantage will remain limited to a small number of fields it wont change the way we use computers in everyday life so dont expect to see quantum smartphones or quantum laptops in the foreseeable future. Whether its Clinton Technology us official intelligence few of us would consider even the smartest technology to have anything resembling solved. But what if alec. Animal friends. From this weeks video question comes from other melnyk and ukraine. Do animals have a soul. First of all what is a soul many think of it as feelings a conscience understanding according to legends the soul is immortal. There is however no concrete universal definition. The philosophy of a descant was convinced that animals were soul this beings. However recent Research Shows that many animals do seem pretty soulful elephants for example appear to mourn their dead often doing so within a set ritual. And countless have a favorite grazing partner they even recognize their best pal in a photo as this study shows. And all dog owners know what a wedding tell me things excitement and joy dogs have even been known to show empathy which is no real surprise after all theyve been domesticated for 15000 years. Animals also seem to express pain and fear to mice pretend to be dead when theyre in danger. Starlings warn each other when theyre under threat and wasp state when they feel under attack some animal species also seem to possess a sense of self chimpanzees and dolphins recognize themselves in the mirror. Which is a prerequisite for what we call a psyche or soul. But unlike people animals cant express their thoughts or emotions. In words. We can only guess what they might be experiencing. We still insist on treating them like objects or source of commodities like meat and fish despite the fact that science shows that animals ability to think and feel strongly suggests that they have an inner life. If outlet is read why are the bottom even if they. Do you have a science question then send it in as a text video over as well. If we answer it on the show well send you a little surprise as a thank you. Come on just ask. For more sign stories check out our website d. W. Dot com slash science and do drop us an island on twitter and facebook. Hey google whats on the calendar today the 1st event is a space day at kevin school. We can already communicate virtually with machines even if its not always perfect but in the future machines may also be able to identify and respond to nonverbal cues like facial expressions. Recognizing emotion is one area where people excel over machines could that be about to change. Fear. Grief. Joy. Anger. These actors are expressing some of the most recognized of Human Emotions the force it is part of a Research Project of the found will fight institute in the city of allen and in southern germany. The aim is to develop software that will be able to identify feelings for she notes but there are various areas of the face involve them expressing emotion. Different Muscle Movements showed joy anger grief and so on these are pretty universal to most cultures and we can teach software to identify these emotions as humans do with a very high degree of accuracy what we can to of courses teach you to dig deeper and to find out what someone is really thinking or if theyre just pretending for. Human emotions are highly complex and whether a certain Muscle Movement really does express anger joy or grief is open to interpretation but researchers believe software can be taught to link emotions to certain facial expressions. And we were point where we can recognize very subtle reactions the socalled emotional valence that is whether a person is assessing something positively or negatively and its become really sensitive so were reacting to various subtle facial reactions. The researchers also use still images the faces with clearly defined expressions to train the algorithm. But whats the point. Why you train machines to identify peoples feelings. And interaction between people and machines would be a typical application we are working on an exciting project at the moment where were teaching robots to recognise Human Emotions and the technology will be used to teach autistic kids to better understand social cues and facial expressions they often have difficulty in this area with the robots they can learn how to recognise emotions in a playful way. And. Theyre also applications in areas like auto mobility where the technology is used to monitor the condition of drivers and passengers the point there is to recognise emotional conditions especially. Those that show whether the driver is distracted or stressed or overwhelmed as well. But is this kind of Technology Open to abuse or could it lead to wrong conclusions on the part of the authorities. Its one thing for a machine to know who you are but to know how youre feeling is another. The last or ever be used to predict someones intentions. Theres always a certain chance of getting things wrong with facial analysis you can only ever recognize what you see on the computer and. Its often the case at train stations or airports that people are stressed and dont look that relaxed and when this thing got to conclude that individual is agitated because there may be planning an attack would be fundamentally wrong that. Were all on edge when we travel and. The researchers and airline and dont envision emotional analysis to be used in surveillance after all just as humans can misinterpret peoples expressions so too can machines have some emotions like anger and aggression are expressed in the body facial expression is only one indicator albeit the most important one. For. This kind of technology certainly could allow you to monitor and manipulate people and for this reason its especially important to actively engage with it and to consider its potential impact. We can only do this when we have a clear grasp of the technology and its potential. New. Software can be trained to match certain expressions with particular feelings but to know if these subtle gestures truly do represent a certain a motion is a far bigger challenge whether youre a human or a machine. That wraps up this edition of tomorrow today. Thanks for watching join us again next time for more from the world of science and technology. And. Local. Coverage 19 pounds. 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Crime fighters are back ever goes most successful in radio drama series continues this season the stories focus on hate speech cholera prevention and sustainable charcoal production all of a sos are Available Online and of course you can share and discuss on africas Facebook Page and other social media platforms. Crime fighters tune in now. My smile is most. Likely. To. Paint me. As. I post names food those who look at me. On. My own say. I. And i was sold a golden age of. The secret of. Stores july 3rd d. W. This is news and these are top stories the u. S. Governments top Infectious Disease expert has issued a grim warning about the rapid spread of the corona virus in the country Dr Anthony Fauci says the number of daily cases could reach 100000 if the country fails to contain a surge in infectious infections in several states. Belgium is continuing to reckon with its colonial legacy in africa the city of ghent has removed a statue of a