Ready. Over the centuries the slave trade forged new worlds and devastated others as violence subjugation and profit imposed their own roots the slave system created the greatest accumulation of wealth the world ever seen up to that moment to. The late 18th century saw on the slave trade reach its pinnacle with over 100000 captives abducted and deported every year. At the extremes of human domination even in slavery we find there is always resistance there is always tension and theres always trouble. At the dawn of the 19th century the brutality of the Transatlantic Slave Trade brought about its decline europeans had to find alternative means of accumulating wealth after abolition they expanded the limits a concept of slavery. Plague. Brazil bears the legacy of slavery finally years right as the slave trade was banned a 2nd wave of captives from africa were swept up in the bay of Rio De Janeiro overtures 1000000 slaves landed there during the 1900 centuries making rio the largest slave trade port in the world. People in brazil the ground for going to south makes it very clear that brazil is. The 2nd largest african country in the world the only country who has more people of african descent brazil is my jury. In certain neighborhoods however simply being young black and poor can get you shot dead in the middle of the street over the past decade the rio police have been carrying out regular raids in the favelas on the pretext of ridding slums of time these operations have made brazil the want leader in Police Violence against the black population. You supersede the 2 for them will always be poor black for velour people well never see is any other way. It should give us or them were all criminals people stare at us because of our hair because of our we live with their prejudices but i think its tough because theyve got the power and will always be a minority community. Living with. 130 years after the abolition of slavery africa brazilians are still by far the countrys poorest community 2nd class citizens in a world divided along color lines. Or you think its very important for people to realize that for 1820 for every european that traveled across the atlantic there were probably 4 africans. But i dont think anyone had any idea about the whole of the history of the americas was written in terms of european settlement. In the late 18th century africans and mixed race creole descendants constituted the overwhelming majority of the population in brazil venezuela and the caribbean the only presence of africans in this society was depicted in watercolors by a french botanist during his stay in rio among the white population this massive presence of slaves fed fears of conspiracy poisoning and murder. Everywhere whites were a minority they had slaves in their kitchen in their living quarters everywhere they were the majority so there was this constant fear that they had collectively mobilized to kill the whites. And here at the heart of the new world those fears were actually materializing in the form of uprisings among the slave population by 791 cent a man had become a powder keg primed to ignite and potentially destroy the entire slave system from the america all the way back to europe. 45000. 00 new african captives landed every year on the coast of this French Island colony where slaves made up 90 percent of the population. After the 789. 00 revolution in france the declaration of the rights of man rang out like a rallying cry for the newly arrived captives. Their slave loot is coachman and 4 minutes cetera you felt that the whites were no longer in control of the situation but their power headway and they were only a few troops left the time had come to rebel. And rebel they did it began on august 22nd 791 with accounts from that night describing a tempestuous storm. Slaves gathered at a man. To listen to the prayers of a voodoo priestess and plan for insurrection. Although its unclear whether this clandestine ceremony actually occurred the date nevertheless marked the unleashing of a revolution that would sweep aside the entire plantation system. God who created. Created the sun. God who holds up the ocean. Who makes the thunder wrong. God who has ears to hear you who are hidden in the clouds who watches from where you are. You see all that the white has made a sucker in the white mans god asks him to commit crimes for the god within us who wants to do good in. Our god who is. Just orders us to revenge our wrong. He who will direct our arms and bring us the victory it is he who will assist us we all should true way the image of the white mans god so. Listen to the voice for liberty that speaks in all our hearts. Lets say and we need to work through all the same also ramoni called upon it and such strong african day to us. Its important to know that voodoo was present and each stage of the struggle against the colonial slave system thats. Nearly as clever as use it was the voodoo religion that eventually united all the slaves who sought clearing you know this is a scrub the war of liberation would last 12 years the resulting slave army was led by. Duty. Man and force want to sound the former coach driver was dubbed into their tool for his capacity to open up enemy lines the socalled black jacobins named after the revolutionary movement in france inflicted a 1st defeat for new french leader napoleon. Slaves also repelled subsequent british attempts to reconquer the island in 1804. 00 the 1st black republican history was born in haiti derived from the indigenous our walk name for the island the word freedom now resonated throughout the world and with it fears of the revolution spreading across the americas. It was a revolution made by slaves that had world historical consequences that slave real revolution in center maying destroyed the most productive colony of the in the world in a time when theres demographic growth and increasing demand for slave produce commodities half the worlds production was withdrawn from the world market by the haitian revolution so not only is there expansion theres a huge hole in this horse sources of supply so that reconfigured the hole that led to the economy. By the time durham woke up from the haitian nightmare 10000 white inhabitants had already fled the island. Plantation owners quickly found new lands to settle in and partners eager to capitalize on their knowledge of intensive farming. Sugar in cuba cotton in the us and coffee in brazil. The freedom slaves had acquired in haiti had a paradoxical consequence it consolidated slavery all over the american continent. In rios hinterlands the power either valley used to be covered with impenetrable primary forests today the mountain sides or bare trees were cleared on musts in the early 1900 centuries to make way for intensive Coffee Farming a new source of wealth. As goods by the others a vote by about a large fires and the farms in the pot i have a valley had up to 90 percent 1st generation african slaves. Maidens basket that would in a very short time practically uninhabited area was very rapidly populated with countless slaves working on the farms with the hop in them and. Some plantation owners possessed up to a 1000 slaves all applied a Scientific Organization of labor rigorous accounts were kept of each days activities output per slave became the fundamental principle guiding plantation organization. Everything. It was built around the coffee drying grounds the slaves had to go out in groups in the morning to plant or to pick and the big plantations they had slave quarters enclosed barracks with one entrance and so that it looks like a car so situation was really hard to escape but the other reason is you could get the slaves up all that once in the morning and then as they marched out the gate you could give them their tools. So the space organizes the flow of labor. Every thing has a function so that you dont even have to watch the slaves because you know what theyre supposed to be. d so its a kind of Industrial Production producing Industrial Raw Materials for the factories of britain and new mass consumption markets so theres a huge transformation of production which means for the slaves its much more exploitative the output per slave goes up 10 times an average in each of those crops from what ive been in the 18th century. From 9000 kilometers away from europe these men and women where the hidden face of the industrial revolution. The world was changing in the early 19th century europe was urbanizing and amassing more and more wealth money flowed freely and london was now the worlds economic at the center in the british capital a growing middle class flocked to the new Department Stores over looking at the satin dresses combs ivory umbrellas and sweets they purchased with the fruits of slave labor. Theres a distinction between whats happening in the colonial societies and whats happening in the magic on societies and the metropolitan policy makers begin to disavow whats happening in the colonies in some ways and they stop recognising that kind of violence as their own violence slavery is the opposite of liberal freedom so britain as the bearer of freedom has to say slavery is wrong british abolition of the slave trade is the greatest justification say well were really disinterested its not for intra economic motives but for ideological motives were for freedom. The Business World was looking for less precarious investments buying stakes in british cotton mills was indeed far less incriminating. There was no monster plan in setting up the Global Economy as we see it today there were just you know manufacturers in britain developing new machines these machines suddenly needed much more cock so they tried to buy those cotton somewhere they didnt really care where it came from but the place where they found it where they were able to buy huge quantities ever had cheaper prices this was in the americas and this was eventually in the United States. In this new Industrial Society the supply of Raw Materials was the key to success from an Economic Perspective the worlds leading financial power no longer needed the slave trade. In 1807 britain resolved to abolish the Transatlantic Slave Trade. The thing that i think also needs to be said is that this was not simple as. Truism on the part of Great Britain in other words it wasnt simply the humanitarianism of the Abolition Movement its that britain did not want other imperial rivals to have the benefit of slave labor when in fact they didnt. In 815. 00 armed with its naval supreme a c. Britain imposed the cessation of the slave trade on its commercial rivals as abolition took effect among the leading european slave powers the decision gradually shut down the northern atlanta slave trade routes but it also set off fresh deportations too and within countries where slave ownership was still prevalent by grouping together the captives born on its soil the United States was also about to enter a new era of slavery a fairly small percentage of the people brought over to the americas in the slave trade actually came to north america probably 345 percent and yet another time you get to 180825838 very large percentage of the a slave population is in the United States because of natural population growth so that is a very important part of the story Thomas Jefferson for example who advocated closing the slave trade did so at least in part because he knew that the slaves that he was going to sell from his plantations into the new plantation regions would become more valuable with the closing of the slave trade. The farming concentrated most of the country slave labor along the banks of the mississippi by foot or by boat sold or brought by their owners 1000000. 00 slaves from new york baltimore washington and st louis were deported down south of new orleans and natchez became massive slate. Markets. After brazil the United States became the new land of industrial slavery. Most of the people were between 14 and 22. They were sold single and there were roughly a bias to mation half men have women so if you think about that here young people take them out of their families out of their communities ship a 1000 miles away to really a very exploitative place where they have to form their own communities and their own families from scratch because that all the cut military that they had in their lives with such as it was was taken away the. Plantation owners saw 2 options for increasing their human life stock buying captives of both sexes and inciting unions so that they would reproduce. The reproductive capacity is the conception of children the bearing of children to term the raising of children has many meanings one of them is an economic meaning for slave holders and for the slave economy in general. Womens wombs were now part of the Production System ringback as their masters enjoyed complete dominion over them. Rape is very common. One of the most important stories that we have is that of a young woman named celia celia lived in Central Missouri on a small farm and she was brought there at the age of 14 and endured 3 years of rape Sexual Assault by her owner borth read. Children she eventually kills her own or and is tried for murder there in Central Missouri and while she is ultimately convicted of murder and executed shes convicted because by law shes not permitted to assert selfdefense as an slave and that no one disputes that she was raped. To procure a slaves resilin had to opt for another strategy perpetuating the slave trade but this time by what were now illegal means. Despite britains efforts to put an end to the slave trade it mushroomed in the Southern Hemisphere within 35 years over 2 and a half 1000000 men women and children were transferred from west africa to plantations all over the world they were soon joined 5400000 captives on the continent the eastern coast where the main market was in zanzibar. If you look from 815 to lets about around 85855. There were actually more slaves transported across the atlantic did it in the equivalent time in the history of the slave trade at the time is supposed to be done. In. The indian ocean is one of the oldest commercial Exchange Zones in the world africa and the east have been trading here for over 2000 years ivory Food Products and clothes changed hands along these routes as well as african captives. Driven by western demand zanzibar became a strategic crossroads it was here that one of the worlds last slave trade ports was about to develop. Zanzibar developed in the 19th century largely as a major center of trade. But also became the center of a large commercial empire the something of zanzibar controlled not only zones about but tried to control the whole course of light. By 18 sixtys Something Like 20000 slaves water coming through. But all of these slaves 8006000 maybe. What exported out. In the eyes of philanthropists from the biggest slave trading nations britain and france others were now to blame for the cruelty and ignominious slavery. In zanzibar the others were arabs and swahili traitors. And then slavery became the criteria for creating a hierarchy the states of the americas including the United States were less than britain because they could live with slavery the brazilians the cubans were morally corrupt because they werent bothered by my coexisting with the evils of slavery so they were they were on a lower standard than the british. Africans were ruled out. The world map was redrawn to distinguish and lightened powers from what were considered half civilised countries barbarian kingdoms and lands populated by savages religions political regimes and degree of Cultural Development made of a value system used to rank peoples around the world according to these standards slavery had become a backward practice unworthy of a civilized nation merely fighting the slave trade was no longer enough slavery itself had to be eradicated with this global surge and abolition slavery an institution as old as humanity found itself on the retreat it began in the former spanish colonies. Then came the british colonies followed by the french and finally dutch territories. All the victory of the abolitionists saw slavery become a thorny issue for the United States. How could they renounce slavery when the American Economy was dependent on southern plantation owners this wealthy elite often considered themselves as the heirs to greco roman civilization which legitimated slavery many were eager to make the connection expressing it in the architecture and interior decoration of their lavish homes for them slavery was a mainstay of the social order. Eventually the clash over slavery became one of the primary factors that saw the south attempt to secede from the United States in 1981 the country was plunged into a devastating civil war nearly 200000 africanamericans and rolled in the Northern Union army. For africanamericans the war is a war for abolition from the start be they enslaved people who watch who wait who take their opportunities at every chance during the war to further the unions interest or free africanamericans a half 1000000 of them in the north many of whom will raise troops volunteer themselves for the union forces raise money and care for black soldiers when the union army fails to do so. Hard. That. 865. 00 after 4 years of destructive warfare the u. S. Declared the abolition of slavery. At last they would claim their place amongst the supposedly more enlightened nations of the world. So workers gain their freedom but this freedom is very. Very limited and its especially limited economically and of course then the reconstituted state governments of the American South bay are deeply repressive and they are deeply interested in fixing workers to places not allowing them to work in other sectors of the economy. Freedom essential in name only in the u. S. As well as in france or jamaica laws for bidding for treatment of freed slaves were promulgated they were denied their right to vote to legitimate selfdefense and denied freedom of Movement Many of those who protested were killed those who refused to work were jailed and sentenced to forced labor. Race itself without slavery gets reconfigured through the loss through the courts through political practices in race itself is that justify slavery race itself is the basis for confining the now freed population to the south producing the same crops under conditions that are really not free unequal they become a cheap labor force subject to social discipline and control so it has a social dimension but also of production to measure. The concept of race bound former slaves to specific territories legally confining them she ghettos without any hope of escape former slaves were from then on subjugated by virtue of their skin color violence committed by any white person against any black person was permitted by law. With emancipation in the United States in 865. 00 with the end of this. The war 4000000 Cotton Growers enslaved Cotton Growers when their freedom europeans by the 806870 is try to find ways to secure a carton and one of the places they begin to look at is the continent of africa which has a very long history of cotton agriculture. The abolition of slavery had unexpected repercussions in africa in the eyes of europeans the emancipation of former slaves concentrated along the coast of africa justified sending in their armies the belgians then the french settled on the western coast the british followed in nigeria and on the eastern coast all in the name of progress and the good of humanity. About the fight against the slave trade in zanzibar led to control than occupation medicine has although initially there was no intent to colonize this fight against the slave trade almost inevitably led to colonial occupation. Wherever britain intervened it applied pressure to put an end to the selling of slaves. In 1973 it negotiated the abolition of the slave trade with the sultan of zanzibar. This is in some ways ironic that the british mean to abolish slavery and slave trade but by doing it it really forced people to say well if we cant export slaves we will do the slaves within to produce things that we can export. Spurred on by these grand moral principles a number of europeans went off in search of adventure ready to invest in the wrong materials that their continent needed the missionary dr David Livingstone became the figurehead for abolitionist explorers the people who supported these missions what businesspeople people with money so they probably had some idea of why the interested its not just interested in finding talk. Of africa but when it comes to missionaries livingstone was actually quite clear in your what the capitalists what interested you. The missionary organization he told them that this is philanthropy last 5 percent that there is an interest for you as businessmen and he said quite openly philanthropy joined us to fight against slavery. Abolish slavery because there is an interest for you or you will produce cloth to sell to the people. Some explorers made the most of the local merchants advice and Logistical Support among the latter was to put it one of the most important slave traders in central and Eastern Africa he controlled an immense territory on long Lake Tanganyika with the help of Henry Morton Stanley went up the congo river and coerced the Traditional Village chiefs into signing contracts that stripped them of millions of acres of land for the benefit of the belgian king leopold the 2nd after landing in bergen more you can restamp they penetrated deep into Central Africa and renamed the cities of kiss on gandhi and kinshasa after himself and he was soon joined by other european explorers who entered africa from the west these expeditions marked the transition from evangelizing missions to imperialism. As a young boy began to trade along that settled route into it when the congo traded over a large area and was the most powerful figure there. Also had his own almost no army. Although now in a state of neglect to putin is house in zanzibar tells us much about the fortune amassed by the powerful merchant in his autobiography he recounted his negotiations with stanley and the belgian diplomats. Stanley arrived with a dozen europeans we met at the consuls and he told me. We wish you to accept to become governor in the name of belgium and that your voice the belgian flag in the districts or under your rule i harvested wanted Stanley Falls when i arrived i my men did the same wherever we came. Former slaves were enlisted in the conquering armies weapons in hand the french the belgian and the british went deeper and deeper into the equitorial forest. Europeans placed peasant communities under military control and forced them to produce Palm Oil Rubber cocoa coffee and of course. Its very clear every single state used forced labor all of them. In some cases this labor strongly resemble slavery. Where they would take people from their villages and pay them almost nothing especially for socalled public works yet. Leak they had to provide for their own food and were later sent back home where some no longer fit in. Really that if you do feel. In this forced labor system missionarys became witnesses to the farmers abuses armies bankrolled by the belgians terrorized villagers and coie rebellions every bullet was counted and to prove that they had used their weapons efficiently soldiers had to bring back the hands of their victims. A stray bullet meant an innocent could lose a limb. In funny just to feel. They had to justify domination violent military conquest 1st civilized society. Africans were there for instilled into accepting the supremacy of europe to accept the civilizing Mission Europe claim to could undertake in africa. And africa. With its droves of doctors anatomists and colonial it minutes. Writers europe used race as a scientific tool to justify its domination africa became a homogenous entity relegated to the very bottom of the human scale. Race and the struggle against slavery as principles were the 2 pillars of colonialism. The continuation of racial hierarchy is often emancipation if not remotely surprising. Because it was all there in the way so much the oppositionists thought the numbers of abolitionists who truly had a conception of african culture african men and women in any way equal to them was relatively small. Even the most egalitarian of the population its assumed that you know British Culture is civilized evolved at cetera et cetera i mean thats part of the thats part of our understanding. That. Once they had progressed deep into the african interior the europeans build railways to the coasts at the end of the lines the capitals of the new colonies grew the current blog douala put mark luanda cape town dar es salaam. Oil rubber cocoa and ivory were transported to these ports and then shipped all over the world. Im not. Sure. What will be. At the time of the colonial conquest african rulers with whom the europeans had been trading for 5 centuries were deprived of all their rights. Brazil one of the 1st territories to seal large scale sugarcane fields flora was one of the last to ban slavery on may 13th 1888 the princess regent of brazil ratified the socalled golden law ending 450 years of afro brazilian enslavement. Moving into what his son used to be thought yours were but as you dont want a victorious Abolitionist Movement in brazil was a conservative one led by whites the movement wasnt radical it didnt include black people watching a jew but as you essentially it said that brazil had to progress and civilize itself. The progress with us it is this idea of progress and civilization directly depended on the elimination of the barbarity of slavery. Yet at the same time this movement also intended to raise black people from the history of brazil and being it was near goose they stay because in a sense they were considered barbarians at the minute in. The writings of rhyme window Nina Rodriguez a professor of forensic medicine at the university of buy here illustrate this point. In 891 he reflected on the destiny of slave descendants. The negro race in brazil will forever constitute one of the factors are inferiority as a people it would be important to time and to what extent this in for yards he lives in the negro populations inability to civilize itself and therefore the whole mixing races compensates this in for your. Both the government and the planters wanted to whiten the population of the former to erase any traces of slavery the latter to reduce their dependency on these newly freed workers in 891215000 europeans arrived in brazil 3 times as many people as in the darkest hour of the slave trade Human Trafficking was replaced by the immigration of millions of poor europeans. Racism didnt cause slavery its the history of racism that stems from that of slavery not the other way around all doubt. Over the course of 12 centuries an estimated 9. 00 to 12000000. 00 african captives were transported on the trend sahara and eastern brutes from 1516. 00 onward in 3 and a half centuries 13000000. 00 men women and children were deported to the americas amidst the pillaging abductions famines wars and epidemics this globalisation of violence caused the death of an estimated 15000000 africans direct and indirect victims of imperialism historians are still evaluating the demographic economic political and social impact of this human tragedy this criminal enterprise unparalleled in scale to this day. I think will truly be making progress when we all accept the history of slavery as all of our history so this true slavery is not black history and its not just the history of white colonization but the history of human equality is the legacy for all of us and its a legacy we all must contend with right not a white person only thinking about themselves as the decision of a slave holder but the white person thinking of themselves the descent of a slave to the black person view themselves as a sense of slaveholders way of thinking that weve inherited the basic structures of these societies right these basic inequalities but what we do with that is up to us that can really help us move forward as a society. Grappling with such tricks. Expressing feelings. Very creative yes but i would love to be considered an artist monday looking for new perspectives on doing any way to reclaim this breakthrough via canada doing things differently. Come to the place where we reflect on society armstrong didnt. Come to spawn d w. Ws crime fighters are back with africas most successful radio drama series continues all of us owns are Available Online and of course you can share and discuss on w. Africas Facebook Page and other social media platforms to crime fighters tune in now. Ringback this is the news line from berlin in a country of 1300000000 people take from the virus lock down its 4 hardest indian day labor. As are scrambling to return to their home towns suddenly out of work and during starvation Prime MinisterNarendra Modi apologizes for their suffering but the worst may be get to come as the max mass exodus threatens efforts to contain the virus. And hungarys Prime Minister wants and open ended extension to emergency measures in the battle against the pandemic