The 10th of april 815. 00 indonesia experienced a Massive Volcanic eruption be able to the eruption of tambura was one of the largest in the last 1000 is. Around 100000 people died in the eruption more than ever before due to a volcano. But this was only the beginning of the eruption triggered Global Climate change rain and cold calls dramatic crop failures in the Northern Hemisphere and famine stalked large parts of europe. Anyone who could emigrate did so those who had to stay could only fight for survival or rebel. Or if there was correct 0 obvious for use across europe but they were all powerless against one enemy its kept terrible epidemics killed hundreds of thousands of people. A new and deadly strain of cholera triggered by the Freak Weather conditions in the indian subcontinent quickly spread around the world. It was an epidemic raging out of control. How could a single volcano at the other end of the world cause so much death and suffering. Temperatures effect on the climate lasted for generations shaping the Industrial Revolution and causing widespread political and social upheaval. Now 200 years after its eruption historians geoscientists Climate Researchers and geneticists are working together for the 1st time to determine how tom bora changed the world. American environmental historian Dylan Darcy Wood from the university of illinois is in london tracking the global consequences of the tempura eruption and how it shaped the 19th century world. Londons tate gallery houses the largest collection of british art works from that period including works by the famous romantic landscape painter john constable. Constables depictions of clouds make him an important quantock layer of the Global Weather catastrophe following 10 boars eruption. Coastal sees himself as a kind of scientist of the skies as a time to leave me here all it used the history of european landscaping to go up until this time the background of the horizon in the sky is being moralistic ready for a mantle with generic. Depictions of clouds the way in which calls to pull stock converge is with the story of town bora is that owing to tam wars or option the 18 taints the cloudy just in which its decay of the millennium. But people in europe still didnt suspect that their misery had been caused by a Natural Disaster on the other side of the world on the indonesian island of sumatra. 200 years on the 2850 metre high volcanoes flanks are covered by vegetation and its crater rim gives little sign of the cataclysmic force of its a rupture. Geologist sprouse get to see from kill university in the United Kingdom is surveying the area around the volcano. One in 5 or he has been working on tom bora for years and is one of few experts to carry out Field Research there. Hes trying to reconstruct the exact course and extent of the eruption. It isnt coming from i use this range finder to measure the height of the wall and that wall was formed by deposits left by the pirate clastic flow from the tempura eruption in 115 because about 9 metres of deposits here. The vast amount of material comes from a mountain that was once over 4000. 00 metres high. But the volcano had been dormant for centuries before it suddenly reawakening in 815. At the time nobody had any inkling that tom bora would wipe out some ball was population in a matter of days. 200 years later archaeologists are searching for traces of the people who once lived here many archaeologists call it the pompei of the east because like the ancient roman city the settlements around the volcano were suddenly buried by an avalanche of hot ash. So far just 4 buildings have been on earth but archaeologists suspect that an entire village could be buried under their feet. Its a major project still in its infancy. Scientists at the mox Planck Institute for meteorology in hamburg are using computer simulations to investigate the fallout from the tambura irruption and shark climatic changes around the world in its wake. They have worked out various scenarios almost all of which show severe disruptions to Global Weather systems. I would imagine. That if. They based their calculations on the location time and duration of the eruption as well as the size and altitude of the clouds of sulfur as gases it releases into the atmosphere. Case at least 60000000 tons of sulfur dioxide were blasted more than 20 kilometers up into the stratosphere where high winds spread around the globe. Average annual temperatures dropped sharply in many parts of the world. At the British Library in london darcy wood is comparing the results of the Climate Researchers simulations with contemporary records and. There he discovers a source that sheds a completely new light on the consequences of the tub or eruption from a region that researchers have largely overlooked so far the bay of bengal in northeastern india. Its a medical book written by James Jamison a doctor the British Government sent to report on an increase of cholera outbreaks in the region. But jamieson started with about 80 pages of detailed weather records the most meticulous description of the consequences of the tambura eruption available to historians today. Jamiesons records clearly show that the normal alternation between the dry and monsoon periods in india was completely disrupted from 816 onwards. Interest in meteorology interest in medicine interest in Public Health in this case in a humanitarian disaster that he saw himself as a writer who. Capturing all things chicks. Made 816. Wins from the seat usually bring heavy rains during the monsoon season but not a drop had fallen this year and the country was facing a severe drought a fall in temperatures meant differences between sea and land were too small to draw human error inland and the fields were dry as a bone. The poor rural population was facing a surveyor crop failure. To hit the turning point finally came 3 months later than usual at the end of august as the wind swept in the sorely needed rain. But they also brought catastrophe even by indian standards. Rivers burst their banks sluicing away precious fertile soil. The weather turbulence continued for the next to yours. Jamiesons meticulous records made him the most important quantock layer of the most profound distortions of the monsoon system since time immemorial. In bengal the chaotic weather laid the ground for a devastating outbreak of cholera which would soon make history worldwide. Cholera bacteria have always naturally occurred in the ecosystem of the nutrient rich brackish water. During the monsoon season myriad rivers in the region flushed large quantities of nutrients into the sea. Plankton carpets form on the surface of the water. But in 816. 00 the unprecedentedly long dry spells led to an explosion of plankton and also of cholera bacteria. The high concentration and rapid spread of the pathogens infected more people than ever before. Within a few days cholera causes a life threatening loss of bodily fluids that often leads to death. And also get to is on his way back to tambura helicopter is the only way to reach the inside of the deep crater at all. Today looks like a tropical paradise of rain forests and coral reefs. But above it all the brooding volcano. The volcanologist has already been up to the volcanoes rim once. They took him several days to climb up it on foot so he knows theres no way down into the gigantic crater. Its his long cherished dream to stand on its floor. At last the chopper touches down on the crater floor where hardly anyone has ever set foot before. But he doesnt have a lot of time the pilot cant risk switching off the engine if it doesnt start again theyll be stranded because there was no radio or phone coverage in the crater. To get to so walks to the foot of the crater wall to make his measurements here we can see the elemental for still slumbering close to the surface. Of us and if we go to the edge of the crater we can see volcanic gases escaping indicating that the volcano is still very active if the gases consist mainly of water vapor you can also see Elemental Sulfur filming around the gas whence the magnetic gas originating from the still active magma reservoir inside the volcano and thats what this will console we are. Today the volcano is barely 3000 meters high which means it lost around 1200 meters one 3rd of its height in the huge eruption. The unimaginable blast devastated the whole island and buried under meters of ash but its completely unclear why such a gigantic eruption occurred at all let alone whether it could happen again now because of its remote location volcanologists have hardly been able to carry out any research into time for at all now get to is using rock samples from the different layers to reconstruct the volcanoes history. He can read the deposits like a book. On important funded samples from 815 deposits teach us a lot about the processes within the volcano before it erupted water for example by analyzing the samples we can determine how far below the surface of the Magma Chamber was and where the magma was and how long it had been there before the eruption. We can also use an array of analytical methods to work out the magmas gas content and how much so furious gas was released during the eruption then gas. Pushed him and we feel sorry for the awesome budget movie and that if. One of. The so for formed tiny droplets so called aerosols in the stratosphere and they reflected much of the suns energy back into space and dispersed or absorbed the rest. That meant much less heat reached the earths surface and temperatures dropped. And it took several years for the particles to sink back down to the ground. In the museum of bread culture in own preserves the memory of these years in southern germany to this day. The kingdom of britain back was particularly hard hit by the climatic turbulence. If this is hard to say often we know today that 816 had a very very bad harvest due to Freak Weather conditions. So this is the proverbial year without summer has gone down in history. As against a bad weather lots of thunderstorms of it. And very little sunshine led to a disastrously poor harvest. This spring had already been. Stream lee cold and wet so some farmers one able to sow their fields until the end of april some merchants had recognized the early signs of a bad harvest and were moving from village to village buying up the farmers remaining stores of grain. The pious swabian thought they were getting a good deal. But it was the merchants who really profited. As the price of grain soared in the next few months many became very rich. And paid. His guns is. Not as high as. The whole thing was 200 years ago so we have plenty of evidence here. And Check National example the exhibition features one of stettner as hollow metals in many up to its miniature pictures and text describing the famine. Would push high on the lens each. Just a few tidbits almost every picture features thunderstorms and incredibly dark skies. As it does such so this in comprehensibly Strange Weather is this climatic change he says must have made a huge impression on people who had never experienced anything like it. Summer 816 near lake geneva a young british couple both aspiring writers were visiting their old friend lord byron. But their excursions into the countryside were thwarted by under usually cold weather. The couple had landed at the epicenter of a europe wide climate catastrophe. As the harvest Eastern Switzerland failed starving farmers left the Barren Mountain regions and desperately wandered through the country in search of something to eat. Byron quickly got his friends away from the beggars and out of the raging storms. This summer is following almost constant rain keeps us tied to the house one night we enjoyed a finer storm than i had ever before beheld. These remarks came from 18 year old mary goodman who was later to become famous under the name mary shelley. The young writer was already working on a gothic novel that would mark the birth of modern horror literature. Frankenstein is the story of a scientist who creates a monster on a stormy night. But it was the poor who really suffered the true horror of these months the situation in switzerland france and southern germany was deteriorating fast. I thought it was. As the famine spread people stole out of desperation. Many hadnt had a regular meal for a long time and were completely emaciated malnutrition diminishes the bodies defenses. Hundreds of thousands of people in Central Europe were affected. This is you go from to put into house how to deal killer than 50 percent of the households were really poor and really hungry if he is. Mentioned thats a huge number and people were already starving to death and thats and its captain if im going to hurt us lord of the famine also caused terrible epidemics that killed hundreds of thousands of people you know towers in the financial. Time boris trail even takes us to philadelphia a metropolis of millions on the east coast of the usa. Here amidst the skyscrapers of the college of physicians we find the midterm museum which houses one of the u. S. A. s most important medical history collections. Surrounded by bizarre medical specimens paleo geneticist hendrik point are has discovered unique evidence of time boris deadly legacy even decades after its eruption. What is special about this collection is that many preparations date back to a time when tissues and organs were still preserved in alcohol and not informally and. That means remnants of pathogens that would otherwise have been destroyed have been preserved. And part of the collection comprises samples taken from the intestinal tracks of cholera victims. They were harvested during the cholera epidemic that struck philadelphia 849 and claimed more than 1000 lives. Cholera is strictly a disease of the gut so theres no way to get it from skeletal material so theres really almost no way to study the history of cholera from a normal skeletal cholera burial for example which exist actually all over the globe you can find cholera pits this was you know a dream come true for. Because we could actually sample these these collections and then using the technology that you know we used to to pull out these small snippets of d. N. A. We could actually reconstruct this genome. Genetic analysis of these cholera bacteria shows a direct correlation to the cholera epidemics reported by James Jamieson in an 816. 3. Its quite clear that this is a strain that had its origin sitting in the indian subcontinent and then spreads by as we know today by you know travel trade boat shipping companies that eventually then seed these cholera human specific adapted strays into the new world and parts of europe basically across the globe it becomes goes from a localized epidemic in the indian subcontinent to this larger pandemic worldwide. Cholera was initially spread through Southeast Asia by soldiers merchants and pilgrims reaching the philippines japan and china before finally moving west by both land and sea routes to persia and from there on to russia. By the early 830 s. It had reached Central Europe and finally north and south america by sea by england. The eruption of a volcano in indonesia had turned cholera into a global killer for the 1st time millions of people perished during. What happens in sort of london with 5000000 inhabitants then the largest city in the world was particularly badly hit as cholera spread like wildfire through the citys filthy and poverty stricken slums which were often built on former swamps near the thames. But this is where the culture of the 1st epidemic in 1032 claimed several 1000 lives and even more in 3 subsequent outbreaks over the next 3 decades. The thames got to such a discussing study that quite literally the awful smell of all of this sewage in londons river arrived at the doors of the house of parliament. And the politicians had to do something in their own self interest so they helped to create the London Metropolitan board of works that would create this grand intercept to try and clean up its hands and help solve the problem of color. Because the area an extensive and interlinked sewage system proved to be the key in the fight against cholera by diverting much of the citys waste water into the thames downstream from the capital. Similar measures in many parts of the world finally stopped the spread of cholera but it is still not completely died out even today. Back in indonesia. Is on his way to one of the archaeologists digs hes curious to see what they found so far. The excavations are going well and sunny we were saunas team has uncovered another building. Archaeologists can tell from the remnants that it had been built on stilts and that its walls were decorated with palm wicker work. At the back was the kitchen which is recognisable from the many stones that mark the fireplace in the middle of the street for a story but apart from the fireplace we were so no is keen to show get to Something Else that hes found. Human bones its only the 5th set of skeletal remains they have found so far whats strange is that these bones are as charred as the others and. Another surprise is this is the only victim they can find although the house seems to have been built for an extended family. That happy now will get the money maybe the people who live there are already frayed perhaps during the 1st phase of the eruption on april 5th. To get there this could mean that there were only a few people left here which would explain why we have found very few bulges. He said to get. The scientists gradually managed to piece together an exact picture of the volcanic eruption. Tempura was a huge mountain back then towering some 4200 meters into the sky down below the Magma Chamber about 1000 meters below sea level was full but the initial eruption on april 5th was relatively minor. That led the locals to underestimate the danger and they stayed put even as ash began to fall on their village but 5 days later things got dramatically worse im very height of the eruption on the 10th of april and i was an enormous explosion youre. Up to 50 cubic kilometers of ash and rock were forced out of the volcanoes chimney. Forming a column that rose 43 kilometers into the air. The earth shook and the volcano growled. Nobody there knew what that meant nor that they only had a few hours left to live. If thats why after about 2 or 3 hours the eruption called them completely collapsed in on itself and float down the slopes of a volcano in socalled pyra clastic currents you have a 4. 00 to 500. 00 degrees in temperature and moving at between 10200 kilometers an hour hes currents destroy everything in their path this is what caused the more than 10000 direct fatalities during the eruption of mt hope to. Traces of the tambura catastrophe can still be seen in greenland today preserved in the islands glaciers like an archive of climate history. In the years following the eruption the stratospheric aerosol slowly died down and snowflakes crystallized on the particles which ended up trapped in the ice. The researchers at a camp on the ice use drills to penetrate deep into the glacier. Its back breaking toil in the service of Climate Research which is possible only a few weeks a year. But its worth it the ice cores they extract enable a complete reconstruction of the climate of the past down to the exact year. Researchers from all over the world come to this special laboratory at the ousted bay nigga institute in play maha and to examine ai samples from the earths polar regions at minus 20 degrees celsius. Ice cores are vital for the reconstruction of volcanic eruptions because they cover such long periods of time. These ice cores come from a place even more remote than greenland the interior of the antarctic. Even here researchers have found 10 boris fingerprints. If we look back in the past and for a country where volcanic eruptions we saw as of town bora in the last 200 years they all kind of was the most important eruption of our recent past and a cool way eruption in 40 and 58 is another very large one and then we have a series of eruptions in in 12 in the 12 fifties and before then theres many eruptions that you can look at back through time and. That means huge eruptions with global consequences have been far more frequent than previously believed. Mankind has probably experienced several such crises and tempura wont be the last. In southern germany the sudden Climate Change and famine spurred a 1st wave of immigration. And on hundreds of emigrants made their way down the river danube and simple wooden rowing boats socalled boxes. Theyd accepted an invitation from the tsar. Of russia who had Promised Land and russian citizenship to anyone who wanted to flee to his country. Many people also sought their fortunes on the other side of the atlantic in the United States. But most of the people there were already bracing themselves for the next disaster. The us east coast had also been hit by severe turbulence after the tambura eruption. Thomas jefferson the former u. S. President and father of the declaration of independence had been running his monticello plantation in virginia for many years. The regions climate was comparatively mild and he had made a lot of money from it so far. But it was a deceptive itll as the records of his quote prove. 3 years. From 816 on words drought cold and thunderstorms repeatedly destroyed parts of his harvest. 816 has gone down as one of the coldest years in american history. Hoping for Better Weather jefferson repeatedly took out new loans and eventually went bankrupt. The whole east coast of the usa was affected by the terrible weather with drastic consequences. After 816. 00 the United States witnessed a massive demographic. Economic refugees from new england and down the atlantic seaboard abandoning their farms and villages and moving all mass west would the 1st large scale westward migration in. You were sophistry. However indonesia suffered the most serious consequences even 500 kilometers away from the volcano itself everything was buried in ash the livelihood of the rural population was destroyed for decades. The people who had escaped the clouds of embers and ashes now faced an equally merciless enemy hunger. An estimated 100000. 00 people died as the indirect result of the eruption that indonesia and several ethnic groups were entirely wiped out. Nature has since recaptured some by one entries once more cover time boris flanks. People have long since resettled at the foot of the volcano. But the Sleeping Giant still lurks in the background. Knowledge of us are sure it will erupt again they just dont know when or how big it will be and. Plainest us little problem is that we actually know relatively little about tom bora. We know a lot about the 815 eruption because very little about the older ones who cons so its very hard to predict how long itll be before it has another great eruption as it did in 815. To put its afternoon in the same. Meanwhile the situation in europe was getting worse by the day as people started to die from harmless infectious diseases. The official cause of death emaciation. Saw to not fall or was a priest from sick money and helplessly watching his parishioners starve to death he tried to preach a gospel of hope. But in vain. He and his cousin desperately look for a way out perhaps they thought the forest could provide nutritious herbs roots or fruits as an alternative to the insanely expensive bread made from pure grain. Their early experiments were a failure but they kept on going. Documents in the museum for bread culture and show they werent the only ones looking for new recipes at the time. When father and his cousin started meeting potatoes into the dough it marked the turning point in his search. In retrospect potato bread in southern germany was perhaps the most important call unary invention of the 19th century. Its success was also due to the fact that the potato harvest in contrast to the great harvest wasnt a total write off. A baker could therefore sell potato bread much more cheaply than bread made from the flower. Kings vilhelm the 1st have written back wanted to alleviate the suffering of his subjects so he duplicated the recipe and handed it out to the public. Can explain him touched and i feel him understood such a symbolic policy very well. And so he set up kitchens for the poor and took other social measures with. He had a very positive impression. And did assured the population that the government was on the side of the little people. To doubt it and that they could trust it to do the right thing and offer tolland astutely. Its not and highest. In france on the other hand famine led to riots in some parts of the country. Many of the rioters had lived through the french revolution and reverted to tried and tested methods to get food. But their targets in this case want the political elites but mainly traders and merchants. Across the channel in britain however the longer the famine lasted the more politically explosive the issue of crop failures became the greatest threat to europe was not the extreme weather itself but its impact on food yields on agriculture and reporting in the newspapers becomes more conflicted and political effect the government of lord liverpool in britain 916. 00 suppressed its usual publication all grain yields of crop yields in summer and for all of 16 precisely because they did not want this information why do you know that they did not want the panic. One measure taken was the construction of the regions can all in north london which was built between 8168192 provide a livelihood for the many unemployed and starving pour. The idea is that you bet it connects Agricultural Production with market towns so that in future events of food shortage is an economic distress that cities like london would be better connected fraud so the light 18 teens and thats had borne of urgency governments felt no such responsibility toward the citizens so we see the beginning of a new. Era of proactive Government Intervention and involvement in social approve meant and public works and humanitarian relief. But such moves did little to diffuse rising public anger. Despite the crisis parliament refused to resend the controversial corn laws which used heavy taxation on grain to keep prices high. But the situation finally exploded and massive riots took place in london and other british cities. The disturbances climaxed in manchester with the socalled peterloo massacre. You have crowds of women and children set upon by gottesman old horses wielding shorts and machetes sloshing their way through the crowd you have just told in the distance is one of the most notorious instances of all state violence inflicted on the British Population it will be us off to waterloo. Progressive and were for most forces in britain it exposes the corruption softly ruling classes in england and facially or a more liberal social regime coming out of beijing 32 before. The tab or eruption 200 years ago had almost faded into history until today scientists started to look at it more closely. The world may have experienced a severe crisis in the years following me around but famine rebellion and disease also forced many countries to make positive changes. The fear of colorado drove the elites to install Sewage Systems in the big cities without functioning sewers todays modern megacities wouldnt exist. Sudden Climate Change triggered the 1st waves of immigration in the 19th century and accelerated the westward expansion of the United States. In europe fear of the starving masses prompted Major Political reforms that ultimately led to the development of the welfare state. All of these developments and more were consequences of the volcanic eruption that changed the world. China quarantine diary. Journalist Sebastian Labelle zeek documents daily life in beijing where protective measures grow tighter every day. The state controls and monitors with a heavy hand. But there is resistance. Which im sure youve been close up. 30 minutes. Ringback race destroying itself. We are ruining the basic elements of our systems were using too much water and were killing the water is life. Going to go among our suppliers will last for ever but they wont. When the rains come. Starts march 20th on double. Play. Play. Play. This is still the news live from berlin france becomes the 3rd country in europe to go into lockdown over coronavirus mccall orders the closure of frances borders people will also be forced to stay inside from midday those who dont obey it full face heavy fines for leaving their homes well go live to paris also coming up chancellor
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