This is the story of a world whose borders and territories were drawn by the slave trade a world where violence subjugation and profit imposed their own brutes and forged empires. A backbend there was no oil slaves with a driving force behind these emerging empires. In the 14th century europe discovered that it was located temptingly close to one of the planets most important trading regions. Tend to forget the riches that were produced back then in africa. The Catalan Atlas where did europeans appetite for conquest the winds for the benefit of travelers it also provided information on the military strength of different nations and it provided an economic map tracing the trading routes toward africa and its resources. A small king was the 1st in the rush to seize control of the coasts of africa. Drawn. Very big in this was a portuguese project they would come and. Fight in because mortal times todays hot so part of the adventure to africa. Was. Both locally secure themselves and also maybe secure advantage or against. The largest city in portugal and the only European Capital on the Atlantic Coast at the mouth of the take this the discovery monument evokes nostalgia for a time when the portuguese made the world their home carved in stone some 52 meters above the water the heroes of portugal pioneers of the conquest looked triumphantly towards the ocean that gave them such wealth and prestige. They are headed by prince henry the navigator the architect of a perilous project to open up a new trade route via the Atlantic Ocean his aim was to bypass the muslim arrivals in the mediterranean and gain access to africas gold coast in the 14th century the portuguese succeeded in ousting the arabs from their territory the kingdom now had free reign to begin its campaign of conquest promising gold and power henry the navigator convinced the nobility to follow him in this adventure. Remember the navigator was the crown prince in a way this mythical figure of this great christian portuguese prince was portrayed as very devout and will be going to have the event he started out commanding a brand of raiders pirates who took prisoners before they get. To brave the atlantic and ocean few european sailors had dared to explore prince henry had a new and revolutionary kind of vessel. Canada house. High deck sailing ships that were capable of battling storms in the open sea. The portuguese established a sea route taking in the coast of west africa. Kept by her daughter the islands of arguin and cape verdi in. Smile coverage was a victory over the muslims who were present on the entire northern part of the continent. Portugal has traditionally glorified its great explorers forgetting that most of them built their fortunes on the slave trade. Today lisbon is undergoing a facelift after the discovery monument renovation work extended to the firm of district as construction progressed the riches of the 1st world city resurfaced by chance workers uncovered the foundations of the former commercial harbor. In the space of one century lisbon became the richest capital in europe some distance ahead of paris london or amsterdam chinese vases parts from indonesia ornamental class where from a cow and amid the shards of earthenware from all over the world a woman skeleton was also found. The initial d. N. A. Tests revealed that she was an african slave buried without a name or gravestone. The archaeology of slavery a relatively recent field is examining a long untold history the fate of the 1000000 africans who were shipped off to europe between the 15th and 18th centuries. When they were devoured doesnt because this was an extremely brutal predatory economy and the portuguese were disembarking and arms in and rush to capture the inhabitants of these african crafts starting with mauritania and then senegal home to many poor fisherman they were captured with nets on. Each mission you dozens would be captured and loaded onto these ships to be brought back to your book about this in of your poor dont know a program. In various locations between morocco and more autonomy on prince henrys mercenaries kidnapped unarmed civilians deported to portugal these 1st captives were unloaded in the 1st port on the way home lochalsh. Passing on this coastline one morning in august 14th 44250 men women and children who had been captured on the Atlantic Coast were sold to the highest better it was a major event the 1st spoils brought back to the country by the portuguese conquistadores they had set off on a quest for gold but they came back with slaves the event was so highly anticipated that ghomeshi. The chief chronicler of the realm travel to the beach in person to record the event. The following day it was the 8th of august starting on him because of a. Cruise began to move their boats unload their captives and take them ashore as ordered. d some out their faces down white with tears some note on the others on the road in with grief some looked to high heaven fixing their local night was shouting and out up to it as if asking the father nature will. Others be there cheeks with their palms or threw themselves flat on the ground others made lamentation in a song like manna after the custom of their homeland. And though the words on them language could not be understood by use their sorrow was understood indeed. A sorrow that increased when those in charge. Dividing them came and started to split them one from another to make even groups. To do this it became necessary to take children from parents from husbands brothers from sisters. For kin one can bridge no rule was kept each captive landed where luck would have it. Its new resort out i described an extremely violent scene with your children taken away from their mothers screaming whipping clearly what he is witnessing makes them very uncomfortable for its a soul. Things changed after that to go part of why they had to justify it all up when they did so by pointing to the civilization brought to the savages this from critical to us with all kind of a near disembodied. In the early 15th century Human Trafficking was common throughout the mediterranean in portugal but also in the south of france spain italy and sicily most of the slaves came from the balkans in southeastern europe traded via the ports of cyprus constantinople and aleppo. Back then africans constituted a minority within the slave trade. In list that these proportions would soon be inverted the 1st african captives deported to portugal would be followed by countless thousands more. On the street of the negroes well one of the few alleys that are the only reminders of when this neighborhood the bible dont know campbell included a ghetto reserved for after. 1453 the holy war between christendom and islam resulted in the latters victory. Constantinople the last remnant of the byzantine empire fell into the hands of the Ottoman Empire the christian side of the mediterranean was now separated from lands further east with the movement of slaves from the balkans also blocked for Christian Europe the conquest of the atlantic was now vital. Christendom to ash had reached a maid and the whole area where they had been acquiring slabs for slaves. Was now christianized who is now sized. There was only one region to head for africa becomes associated with slavery as a result of these developments. Officially Muslim Leaders and the Catholic Church condemned the enslavement of free people but in practice the demand for slaves did not diminish and justified continued raids. He did in these societies people were driven by religion but they werent fanatics that term is probably too modern. But religious motivations conquering islamic areas to convert them to christianity were very important since the papacy supported portuguese expansion by granting rights to colonize the the water couldnt easy. To take revenge on the muslims Pope Nicholas the 5th gave the portuguese his moral endorsement thanks to the vatican support they could continue raiding africa with complete impunity. Portugals National Archives in lisbon are home to the romanos pontifex issued by the pope that gave the portuguese Carte Blanche and established a Legal Framework for the enslavement of africa. We had formally by other letters of ours granted among other things free and ample faculty to the aforesaid king off. To invade search out capture bank wish and subject old sarson some pagan and other enemies a price and reduce their persons to perpetual slavery. Perpetual slavery to words decreed by the highest Catholic Authority that amounted to a sentencing of innocent africans. 2 words that would justify everything in the name of god. With the popes blessing the portuguese ventured further and further south along the coasts of africa their caravels and strategies were copied by other european nations eager to take control of african gold and slaves flemish german english generally and the nation merchants from across europe invested in the atlantic adventure. Its not as if africans were passive towards european merchants entering villages to collect individuals and put them in captivity. And captivity. African societies had their own power structures. I. V. They had a capacity for initiative and they negotiated discussed the terms of relations with european merchants tell me what i think. The Tipping Point was when the portuguese entered the south atlantic beyond the equator and the us entered a new economic Space Economic neither they came into contact with the kingdom of congo which would play a big role. 1471. 00 the portuguese took possession of an island off the african coast uninhabited virgin and fertile soil to me also provided a secure harbor 150 nautical miles from the mainland it enabled them to keep an eye on the regions most powerful state the kingdom of congo. Congo is an interesting case of african history very different from. Everywhere else when the portuguese got there they discovered that there was a king and that there was a what they called a kingdom and not only that it was an area where there was no islamic influence at all portuguese entered into relations with the king of kong on virtually an equal basis. And so so were muslims there was not they were was no hostility on the basis of religion. And them for reasons i dont think we fully understand the the king of kong of congo decided that he was going to convert to christianity. Became all forms older 1st and he welcomed the missionaries from portugal. The portuguese were the only ones to supply products from the mediterranean to king of funds. For the 1st time they had established a monopoly on an African Territory blip of to give up even those uses the yosh easy when the more chickies arrived in a Hierarchical Society where the nobles in short ate more and better than the others dressed more elegantly than the others and consumed luxury items these all the people do use it it dont believe it evolved to do so when the portuguese arrived with all these new items how should i put it on the congo aristocracy went completely crazy its not the should they became infatuated with all of us you can sense that the customs and behavior were changing and they did indeed change. The drawings of the 1st missionaries who arrived in congo illustrate this new bartering system. But gold fever encouraged the portuguese to continue their conquest. They learned that the a kind people as gold mines were in elmina for the invaders the only way to get their hands on the precious war was to offer the icons what they needed most slaves to descend into the mines. As such they became the empires slave traders. Good production which have been going on in west africa for centuries including the area of guinea mali and an apostle of senegal but i do moved into a commodore fields in guyana and trying to because gold you know. Was booming out and. It was a measure a wealth of the mine and they were after the gold of the what they call the gold coast because a lot of gold does come from the interior right there. The 1st triangular trading system in history was launched between south tell me the icon mines and the congo. European goods for slaves in congo slaves for gold in elmina. The portuguese used this bartering system to create an autonomous trading network. Video game with. The portuguese brought about major changes including because they made the direct connection between elmina the coast of congo consult on the. It was an interesting triangulation because the system that would thrive in the america that was 1st tested out in that region. Did not imo. This portuguese crucifix commemorates the annexation of south tell me which would open a new chapter in the history of slavery. It was here that the portuguese would create the 1st platform for the mass deportation of captives and it is here that is straightforward slave trading system would evolve into a massively profitable Production System the sugar plantation. With thousands of slaves disembarking on its beaches so to me became an island exclusively dedicated to sugar production. Say i need this autonomy and rossi or a laboratory here because thats where we witness the marriage of a black man and sugarcane. In the column the size to function well together. So well marry the black man with sugar cane well i do my deal so. The idea was simple the auden was transformed into a plantation where slaves within easy reach were imported. Each year 4000 slaves arrived in fill this very limited space before that means big concentrations. And so this was the 1st example of a black colony and a Slave Society no National Model became a global system system global unsound to me time seems to stand still sugarcane was replaced by coffee then coffee by cocoa. When they landed on the island the 1st slaves brought with them their knowledge of working the soil in the tropics but to this day south to mate remains one of the poorest countries in the world and farm workers continue to live in the slaves old huts. You dont really need a survival population to grow sugar. But to grow it on the scale they were doing you know you did what you needed slaves because what you did during the harvest period was you made him work 14 hours a day all year all right into the night and want to any night there were there was a moon you know that you just kept cutting all night long. Are down with fatigue the risk of injury increases so it was very risky and it was extremely hard work. Something mase the lab in various ways it is the 1st big experiment with sugar cane in the tropics and thats what the louse later on the transfer of the Sugarcane Production in to brazil and later into the caribbean. After Christopher Columbus his journey to the americas peytral opened a new sea routes to the west the portuguese were still obsessed with the search for gold but now they knew that if they failed sugarcane could potentially replace this precious metal on april 23rd 1500. 00 pounds ship docked in unknown territory after our departure from the island as your majesty now as we reached the Canary Islands and then the cape that we followed on sale heading west across the city. That same day and the hour vespers we sighted land that is to say 1st the very Ragged Mountains and other low ranges of hills to the south of it on a plain covered with large tree. Petal covered had just reached brazil only to find no gold to be profitable this immense newly discovered land would have to be cultivated. This in turn meant that a new trade route for slaves from africa to brazil would be set up. To sent a man said look for slaves on the coasts of the african kingdoms and bring them to south pole may. And starting in 1516. 00 they would start bringing them to brazil they were intermediaries. Millions had the monopoly on the supply of slaves to brazil. 1516 ringback from south contingents of captives were now being shipped to brazil and the caribbean the 1st Transatlantic Slave Trade routes were established between the kingdom of congo. Brazil and portugal. Meanwhile in europe itself hundreds of captives arrived each year via portuguese ships. In lisbon black and whites noblemen a stance a plea lived on an equal footing they shared a common language and the same interests all grew rich from the slave sugar and gold trades among them german merchant and banker. In economy to listen to me involved in the political and trade elites from both european and african societies local sovereigns collaborated with the portuguese some converted to christianity took portuguese names and sent their children to portugal to be latinized and study in the university of people. These elites became the predatory ones that it could at least. On the west african coast the riches that portugal devoured seemed inexhaustible. In the district of less than the building of this year only most monastery was financed by the slave sugar and spice trades. The splendor of its architecture are testimony to an era when lisbon dominated the world and flooded other European Capitals with its goods. Like lead to you have to emphasize that this was a black slave trade as this economy was based on african slaves would. This trade was the main income for the crown and for part of the portuguese elites the state was being built upon overseas income so a new phase started busker minuto fasm. With the arrival of europeans in africa the history of slavery assumed a whole new dimension. For the 1st time the trade focused exclusively on Equitorial Africa and the number of deportations reached an unparalleled scope and scale. War. There its not comparable in terms of scale because for the islamic trade were talking about a roughly a 1000 year period a much bigger impact in a shorter period of times in the americas. To. Have. Her. Home. In lisbon the history of african slaves who arrived in europe has largely been forgotten most traces of their presence were destroyed during the 755 earthquake and any lasting pieces of that memory were scattered when the city was rebuilt. In this Hunting Lodge a few miles from the capital a painting by a flemish artist depicts lisbon in 1580. The kings fountain portrays a neighborhood that no longer exists where people of different skin colors dance together. Here a black man in shoes embraces a white woman with bare feet. Musicians play for a pair of lovers. A knight of the order of christ in chains or in ceremonial dress africans present their wealth to europes smallest kingdom in image of an era when this connection between africa and portugal made list been the most important economic capital of europe. On his team can dois any missile saw as early as the 1510 percent of lisbons population was black that it is not counting december this is a put its available similar to barcelona and. Today in Southern Europe in portugal italy spain and Southern France an estimated 50 to 60 percent of the population could have african ancestry. Seen a kiss from a little like its a question which all scholars of slavery have wondered about we think of what happened to those black people in europe and all you dont need some say the figures arent that big you thought they melted into the population and disappeared on their own the poll numbers will do but its hardly tenable to argue that thousands tens of thousands of people are hundreds of thousands disappeared without a trace without passing anything on to next generations which you know us was fueled by a new story out for us historians who work on archives its fairly easy to find an african ancestor but for peoples Family History is there something that they forgot or half suppressed. About methyl novel. Merchants went to round up slaves in the Border Regions of the congo kingdom everywhere the raids multiplied. And became one of the crossroads at the original trance atlanta explains trade in congo the relationship of equality between africans and portuguese collapsed so the wound of the game from then on from 50 ninetys on became the most important single port the single place in africa from where africans left for the americas 23 percent Something Like that out of all africans a lot from. Going heavily to brazil which of course is the biggest area where africans go in the americas by far almost half of all africans and often brazil and was the was really an outpost of brazil many ways indeed the media. Down muscle devoutly they determined that emergent should import 20000. 00 slaves per year that these slaves became contractual objects they stopped bartering with if you did it then became something highly speculative. So figures then amounted to thousands of slaves were counted by lots and no more one by one and even the language changed they spoke of pieces please define the slave in terms of stature and age as calculations were made in terms of profitability. With this club the this is more you have to use the expression slave production because within Central African states and especially the congo kingdom in small states that had separated from middle because there wasnt a slave trade strictly speaking about a joy you can go. Yup i do. Comment so the system and conditions that had to be created this mythical industry is on its not like that here it was people from the outside who fed antagonisms that might allow people lets say free people citizens to end up in the Slavery Networks today yeah its a proven best clearly none of these or the risk level. Amidst all the traffic between the african coasts and brazil a slave ship ran aground off the coast of south tony. The engelaar ish are the descendants of those castaways their ancestors found refuge on this beach for nearly 500 years the engelaar ish lived here far from the plantations and the portuguese poor and secluded but still free. Theyve made this story the bedrock of their identity and of their spirit of resistance all. Over the world the ship came from angola. With people on a voyage and. Until. The ship capsized and the people started to swim to save themselves. And if the 4 of them swam to celeste the beach going on to the ships daybreak. Once they got to the beach they stayed there for a long time and then. They eventually found a family and had children. I think santa mays also a laboratory for a new forms of social relations and for a new society because you have a society mainly based on slave labor which has fast majority of the population in slaves and where social relations between in slaves and masters will be very tense. Unsubtle me the jewel of the empire the sugar plantation system gradually began to crack the island was impossible to control. In the heart of the forest groups of fugitive slaves set up more cumbers places of sanctuary where they organize themselves into armed groups. The distance between lisbon and sound may prove troublesome for the portuguese crown the kingdom of congo was reluctant to intervene in the islands affairs while the portuguese lacked armed men on the ground to defend their interests so to solve the problem they decided to manufacture them so we had to live in paris as the. Body it was easy and the one of the fundamental elements of the society as a laboratory was the creation of mestizos as they were called to us part of a concerted plan devised by the portuguese ranks corps near this the portuguese such a cross for white men with black women now she created a mixed race population popish times for 2 years the population where according to the texts of the time the White Fathers would transfer portuguese values to their mixed race children meet the eye the law of the 2 leaders and yes the aim was to create a group within society who could offend white portuguese interests on south tom a video says do what i do for 2 years and some to me only we often completely forget that interbreeding stemmed from violence very often these children were the product of rape or relations between master and slave. In a letter addressed to the king it sound to me as administrator ben out of the good out explained how he intended to use these mixed race children the empires bastards. Many settlers have children with their slaves and if your highness granted freedom to a few of them they would be allowed to live as free citizens. As they are no other free children they would remain free of the service of god and of your highness. Crossing white men with black women and so to me the mixed race individuals fathered by portuguese men were a separate group called the sons of the land by defending the crowns interests they became crucial figures in the slave system. That the enemies often. Look at. The fearful sons of the lab had no secure position in the country and would therefore live off the Straight Network which brought them well that gave them Authority Like that of the portuguese invisibility lemmen because they did that they too were children of the country and mrs oconnor was it is awful to be if. We mustnt see this just as a black and white issue that locked in the 16th century maybe later but not at that time it wasnt about race because it was about the economy money discover see my grandfather also had slaves they were black and all im slaves to today were slave letters too. And they had it enslaves themselves. Is it that i live this story its in my blood i know in the world. And on the poor. As demand mushroom and the sons of the land started kidnapping citizens of congo despite the religious diplomatic and cultural links between portugal and the kingdom. In a letter to his counterpart in portugal king of funds of the 1st told of his dismay and desperation. Afonso i think was far more intelligent than alleged. When hes presented as a very Christian King like he appears as some sort of byproduct of fortune. But he tried to modernize the kingdom by integrating the resources that came from portugal. On met the goal of the venue do you fault but he soon realized that his country was losing its soul. Every year sent to mainz reenact this 1st merger between africa and europe to exercise its violence incarnate all the roles where appropriate costumes a dance in which victims and persecutors live side by side the sons of one in the same family. From the 1st session is called. And said to originate from the word tragedy. This is the slavery leads to societies that are constantly searching for themselves due to a lack of identity perhaps its a vineyard love faith and memories of africa are so vague even for a subtle mans group of about 200 to 250 kilometers from the culture in the pooper or closer to the african coast and the intel is already union kids even here memory is a problem thats on the water memory store i have of africa theres no need and yet im black. If. In 5095 tensions boiled over on cell atomic. On a door a slave born on the island headed an uprising one of the sons of the land were unable to contain mills factories and harvests were destroyed. The center main experiment had revealed its limits. But the union between african slaves and sugarcane had been consecrated the portuguese knew that they could export the system everywhere one by one they disassembled the mills the ovens and the Sugar Factories and rebuild down in brazil. The key which changes the direction of the slave trade is the transfer of sugar as you mentioned earlier from one side of the atlantic to the other. And that then makes the hop to the part of the americas closest to europe which is the car bit. A year after the uprising im a daughter the leader of the rebellion was executed in public. The result of a large scale experiment between portugal and africa salad despite the violence it was born in has shaped its own history a history founded on the whole roic struggle of the 1st slaves. To ensure the survival of their economic model the portuguese took their slaves with their agricultural insights to brazil. By demonstrating that the model could be exported to the america as they inspired other europeans to do the same sound to. The intermediary stage of the spread of sugar are in him in some ways where was. The 1st caribbean island although it was in the caribbean. In 1620. 00 the portuguese were the uncontested masters of the slave trade 25 years after the revolt headed by amador they had already deported 300000 captives to brazil and Central America soon it would be the other european powers turn to embark on conquests of the new world with them the slave trade tentacles spread all across the atlantic and reached a new target the caribbean. Play. A. Clip from the slums of mumbai out into the world and ecommerce start up a launched an Online Platform the Global Merchants can use it to offer their products on bigger markets and expand beyond their own local clientele and give them a close the look again and says from. The apartment. Building. D. W. P. Has. Been in good shape. Our drugs the right way to manage pain. Doctor cost and make a ton of searching what is the medication indigent it is not stupid. What are the risks of side effects. And are there alternative treatments. In good shape. In 30 minutes on d w. A beethoven piece for me to be told is for you. To be tough on us for help. Beethoven. Is for the. Beethoven is for us. Beethoven is for the law by beethoven 202250th anniversary here on during it. This is good news and these are top stories u. S. President donald trump has congratulated the Federal Reserve for cutting Interest Rates to help shore up the u. S. Economy during the global coronavirus pandemic the president has also told americans that there is no need to hoard supplies. At least 2 inmates have been killed and riding at a prison in jordan the violence broke out after family visits were banned for 2 weeks as part of efforts to tackle the coronavirus