Where to put all our data floppy disks magnetic tape all that belongs to the past the amount of days every producer is ever grabbing forecast say in a few years it will amount to 175 cents of bytes thats 175. 00 trillion gigabytes and our normal storage media only lasts around 30 years well it all end up in the cloud theres another idea of storing data in d. N. A. Then ill try for tyler d. N. A. Has 2 advantages 1st the data in d. N. A. Is extremely durable under the right conditions it can last around a 1000 years and the 2nd d. N. A. Is very compact you can store vast amounts of data in a tiny space many of. Robert gross is a chemistry professor at e. T. H. Circle. University. Together with a team of researchers hes developed a way of storing digital files like m p 3 s. All to official genetic material. The d. N. A. Molecule consists of 4 nuclear bases abbreviated to a c. T. And. The computer assigns a binary code of zeros and ones to each fact. The d. N. A. Synthesizer creates a strand of artificial d. N. A. That the digital file is stored on and that could like to be read. The person to still very complex and expensive i see Companies Like microsoft have been investing in d. N. A. Storage in 1st recent. Time as you can volunteer to see our data storage is Getting Better every year computers are getting faster but the physical properties that our computers currently work with cant keep valving forever at some point will reach a limit its just a matter of physics so the industry is looking beyond the principles of physics and into things like biology and chemistry and what principles that are out there that could be used to store data and when you think about it d. N. A. Is the answer. Dauphine along the din of them with. D. N. A. Is especially interesting as a long term storage solution. Because humans will always be interested in analyzing their own genetic material the devices that read d. N. A. A very unlikely to become obsolete. D. N. A. Can also last a very long time under the right conditions samples of ancient fossils and mammoths frozen in permafrost have shown that the molecules can stay intact for thousands of years. The problem is the d. N. A. Only remains stable if the bone samples have been perfectly preserved. Even in the laboratory a d. N. A. Molecule decays after just a few months then using the new the solution we have is a kind of artificial fossil that will hit us with basically trying to create the equivalent of a bone. A bone is a piece of calcium phosphate with d. N. A. Inside it and what were working on is a small glass beads with strands of d. N. A. Inside and seeing the in austria and parked in. The d. N. A. Should last up to a 1000 years preserved in glass beads a so small they can only be seen under an electron microscope. Each beat contains about 10 killer bytes of data about 2 pages of the book resistance and. What you can see in this image is about 20 or 30 pages of a book of the beauty but remember these particles are at 200000 times magnification human if they really are incredibly small. So if you have 20 or 30 pages here and we zoom out a bit then you have a whole book on the screen. And a bit further out and its not like that now you have the whole floor of the library. Sort of people taken to not if you go even further out you have billions of these tiny beats so you have a whole library on something the size of a speck of dust in from them and theyre going to take you know park. Right now they can only store a few 100 megabytes and thats why so a lot more development is needed before we have a whole library stored in d. N. A. D. N. A. Is also the stuff of research into evolution need to ask analyses have been shaking the human family tree for example d. N. A. Tests have shown that neanderthals and modern humans into acted and even into bred. For a long time the end of thoughts were considered somehow inferior to homo sapiens also in terms of their culture but a study of cave paintings could shed new light on neanderthals. Joke of mine is scraping away at the past just a few milligrams of this limestone is enough to shed new light on human history. His findings are changing how we perceive some of our earliest ancestors i mean a number of archeologists no doubt found our results hard to swallow when. We 1st published them and we got a lot of criticism i think many felt that it didnt fit in with what they thought they knew so it couldnt be right off of congress. But hofmann and fellow archaeologists. And allister pike remain undeterred here in spain in the cave of dallas theyre continuing to look for more proof of their results. Thats why theyre collecting limestone samples from the calc area center on the ceiling but its not actually the line stone itself theyre interested in theyve discovered red ochre pigment underneath it. How did the pigment get there. It wouldnt occur in the cave naturally. Its clear. That assessment its been purposely applied and theyve gone to a lot of trouble its right in the leashes its been sprayed splattered and spat on to the surface we dont know exactly but its definitely the work of humans. But who exactly they need clues that would determine the age of the pigment theres no way of testing the age of the pigment itself but what the scientists can do is test how old the limestone is thats covering it then theyd know the minimum age of the oak or underneath. The studies carried out by hoffman and his colleagues have shed new light on a longstanding question. Who were europes 1st cave painters we know that modern humans 1st arrived in europe between 40 and 45000 years ago much of what we know about how they lived we learned from cave paintings. They were clearly artists among them but the idea that some cave paintings in europe could be much older was considered out of the question. Then. The general assumption is that only modern humans were capable of creating art so the logical conclusion is that cave paintings in europe cant be older than 40 or 45000 years because only then did modern humans arrive. Thats the theory but the findings of his colleagues have ended all that. Theyve already dated the line deposits covering remnants of paintings in another part of the cave. Their results show the ochre pigment on this enter was placed there at least 64000 years ago in other words long before modern humans came to europe. So who were the cave painters. With a minimum age of 64000 years it could only have been the neanderthals at least according to what we know right now and that finding was something of a sensation for archaeologists. Until now it was believed neanderthals were not capable of symbolic thought which would suggest language ability so did neanderthals paint the ceiling in the cave of our dollars to. Do kaufman has brought the limestone samples back to his laboratory at the Max Planck Institute for evolutionary anthropology in lets say germany. The limestone contains radioactive thore and which can reveal when it was deposited. Knowing how old the limestone is will reveal the minimum age of the painting beneath it. More often thought this is always the most exciting moment when you have all the data together and they produce an age its quite nerve wracking unfortunately this time im not jumping up and down for joy. Just sample here is from 13000 years ago so thats when the limestone was formed it which means the red pigment must have been painted on the ceiling some time before that. Ward. But the analysis cant show just how long before hand so in this case they cannot determine who the cape painters were. Of course we still cant rule out that the neanderthals were responsible for the paintings but this data doesnt prove it either. Do kaufmann and the other archaeologists are continuing their search europe has thousands more undated cave paintings. The history of our species homo sapiens is also not set in stone 2 years ago at the devil it has excavation site in morocco an International Team of researchers made a spectacular find fossilized bones of homo sapiens that were 100000 years older than all previously known remains with a skull and teeth similar to those of modern humans this poses a major challenge to the widely accepted notion that homo sapiens arose in east africa 200000 years ago. The oldest earth dwellers are probably bacteria they are thought to have colonized our planet 3770000000 years ago they can even live in parent ice and the cooling water of Nuclear Power plants and of course inside us past monday i wanted to know more. How important are the bacteria in our bodies. Beach one of those is home to trillions of invisible coresidents bodyweight include some 2 kilograms of mark ropes living both on our skin and insiders researchers call this bacterial zoo the micro biome. Mouths alone contain around 600 different kinds of bacteria. And theres a plethora of microbes in the esophagus and the stomach to. Most of the bacteria live in our intestines. Theres precious Little Research data on how they interact and what role they play because less than half of them can be grown outside the human body for study purposes. Its only been 10 years since microbiologists 1st had the Necessary Technology to research the composition of the guts bacterial environment. While what we eat influences the bacteria in our gut our gut flora in turn has an impact on how much we weigh its composition determines how much energy our bodies can extract from food. Healthy foods help to keep the good bacteria healthy whereas fast food can weaken them. With serious consequences imagine that your body is a bustling city and the intestines are the control center for essential functions. Like the Police Fighting criminals the gut bacteria keep certain microbes in check so that they dont make us sick. They can even help to synthesize substances we need to stay healthy like vitamin b. And vitamin k. The good bacteria also work as trash collectors as they ferment indigestible fiber they produce short chain fatty acids a source of energy. Bacteria also release happy hormones such as local main answer turn in. The blood circulation they are transported to the brain where they have an uplifting effect on are moved. Around bodies read why. Do you have a science question that youve always wanted answered it were happy to help out send it to us as a video takes over as well if we answer it on the show well think you a little surprise as a thank you can i just ask. Youll find us online on our website d. W. Dot com slash science and on twitter and facebook. These creatures are definitely not known for their beauty. But the naked mole rat is an amazing animal this burrowing rodent has an unusual physical traits that enable it to survive in a harsh underground environment it feels no pain is extremely long lived and its heart and brain can function for a time without oxygen. And thats what has scientists very interested in the naked mole rat. And what about you we asked on facebook which animal are you most impressed by and why. Karl its the busy bee here at my is this social organization and the benefits they have for us humans. Cull fun is most impressed by elephants he writes when it comes to helping each other they show us the way to live in solidarity. Feels as favorite is the word frog its able to tolerate the cold in winter by cooling down so far that its heart stops beating until the spring thaw. Will is most impressed by the v. Couldna this attractive graceful animal produces a fine and highly prized bull it lives in the andes at altitudes of more than 4000 returns. And ricardo is well not by the mexican axe a lot of especially by its ability to regenerate. Slimness and scientists are pretty impressed by that. 1800 adult excellent rose live and the Research Institute of molecular pathology in vienna. One of its fields of research is the biology of organ regeneration. Cutting a listers researching the actual of those ability to recruit limbs. One of legs amputated under anaesthetic a new one grows from the animals remaining cells. The right leg on this actual little is an original limb the other leg is in the process of growing back. Particularly kind of cell is mainly responsible for the regrowth process fibro blasts to show us these than the excellent well cut them in our most anesthetizes one of the amphibians with the help of u. V. Light she can then examine these special cells. And the fiberglass and connective tissue cells are marked read to people after an injury the 530 this presented herself and they can regenerate bone thousands for example could. Progenitor cells differentiate into all kinds of cells rather like stem cells they make it possible to replace cells from lost or injured limbs. If the spinal cord is injured the actual level is initially unable to move its tail or back legs the injury is visible under u. V. Light theres a gap in the spinal cord. And this one looks like so lets and we always use the full anaesthetic when we enter the spinal cord there are 3 methods of the 1st is to remove part of the tail the 2nd is to partially remove the center of the spinal cord else night and the 3rd. Which is newer is to create a spinal cord compression similar to a human injury so difficult so i mention science what. In peoples spinal cord compressions can lead to permanent paraplegia. The reason for this is that over time scars build up in the injured tissue which prevents new nerve fibers from connecting with the muscles. Without this connection the brain cannot control the muscles and so the paraplegia remains this is very different in actual lottos because they grow new spinal cord tissue without any scars but the cells that form scar tissue in the human spinal cord do not form scars and acts a lot but they do generate new nerve cells because there are no scars nerve fibers can grow out from the injured area and can reconnect enabling the spinal cord to function again which means that the creatures can move again so if you can still feel for the baby. And that breaks the question how did these small amphibians develop the ability to do something so remarkable. As would be on foot if you go but we cant answer that yet but what we do know is that x. A lot of us are highly cannibalistic and they buy parts of which i think legs and tails off by an inch thick and these then regrow. But whether thats the reason why regeneration has evolved in these creatures thats something we dont know stuff and kind dismiss maybe. Now we move on to a creature with somewhat less Exotic Properties the humble and industrious and but even here they have plenty of remarkable things left to discover and study. Showed why there are 13000 species of ants and theyve colonized practically every continent. At the. During goes the National Park in mozambique a young researcher is taking a closer look at these creatures. Point know enough be sente sets out on expedition into gold on goes our National Park she often head streets for the fever tree forest chances are good that a young scientist will find what shes looking for there shes research and ends with the help of an aspirator she gathers specimens of every species she finds. A lot of people work. A big thing. So why. And. I really want or sure that people are not just the big. Any important system but also small one and so because they provide for your. Ecosystem would look very different without bounds they perform important tasks such as spread in seeds eating digest and plants and distribute new trends within the forest by decompose in large quantities of organic matter. And one of the worlds most successful animal families their presence in almost every habitat and have developed in an incredible variety of ways percent estimates that National Park alone harbors over 300. 00 different species. Why its so fascinating because as you see we have different worlds we have a different landscape and also have to contribute in terms of diversity offer and. Not enough incentive belongs to the new generation of female scientists in gorham goza the park wants to see more women working to protect its wildlife u. N. Figures show that countries with great agenda inequality also have greater levels of forest cover loss air pollution and other environmental problems. He sent his colleague lauer out carmel a spot of the d. N. A. Barcode study aimed at analyze and and identifying the parks types she supports the gender policy if you look at on a farm and our Science Department we have more women than men at the scene actually you cool than having having men around is all is im not saying that we should at all is more girls and if you have an entity in general would be very aware of. The work done here is part of we weld wired on the taking to catalog all even creatures and decode your d. N. A. The global genetic database all better understanding of the diversity of life on earth and the different functions of species that 2 women hope they will inspire girls to consider careers in science and conservation though what we do we do community is you know this is i think many sound card a lot of it oh yeah they get married and they have kids they would they make the family. Even before it became have a chance to finish school and its important for them to have role models. Community development is central to go and goes on National Parks conservation approach its authorities want to turn local residents into Nature Conservation allies using education clinics Economic Development plan d yet it theres a standard key element in this is the girls club led by 2 mentors girls meet in the village to learn and discuss problems. Is the leader of the program for hair education is the basis for everything here and on. The girls clubs was basically to encourage parents to send their goals to school and because we men generally do not have a value in this community is and also they are not empowered and nobody gives value to the education of women. For the impact to this is the Long Term Strategy it will hopefully guide people out of poverty and generate opportunities for young woman to lead selfdetermined lives maybe some will even join dissenting and her colleagues on good goes a scientific team. In recent months not enough sente has already identified 200 species shes the 1st female scientist to map this diversity in goals are certainly one to be their last. Check a lot of effort to move this gigantic apparatus to its new workplace now the device dubbed cutting is in cars who are in southwestern germany where its carrying out extremely precise measurements on some of the rarest particles in the universe. Join us for that next time on tomorrow today but i. Mean. I am. Thanks to globalization we can buy just about whatever we want whenever we want the. Most people are aware that others pay. The price for this casual consumption but do they know how far reaching the consequences really are. Trade wars refugees the great fallacy the globalization. In 15 minutes on d w. Birth mob home going to movies of species going to home worth saving and. Good given those are big changes and most start with small steps but global ideas tell stories of creative people and innovative projects around the world body to use the toilet use to clean Image Solutions and reforestation good. Interactive content teaching the next generation of doesnt want to touch a. Good news in all channels available to inspire people to take action and more determined to build something new for the next generation the idea is the environment series of global 3000 on t. W. And online. The remaining gambit. Of the shoes above his wrist bands. Is above the battle. Of. The british love me a sudden responded with loss of blood. Blood shoot up a space above. The sunshine of the ship played last summer slump. Oh. La. La. Respects. The state of your news life from berlin hong kong cleeses storm a university occupied by antigovernment protesters as police laced siege to the citys Polytechnic University protesters fight back with fire bombs and bows and arrows authorities have to use live ammunition against the demonstrators will get an update from our correspondent on the ground